Houze Robert A., Jr. Cloud Dynamics

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

jet

model, 230-236

starting plume, 230, 236-239

thermal, 235-238, 258, 261, 269, 295

Convective

available potential energy, 283-287, 331, 500

clouds, 54, 189-191, 197-199,203-205,221,

222, 226, 234, 238-239, 247-268, 295,

297, 334-335, 340, 385, 439, 498, 531,

534

line

(see Squall line; Squall line with trailing

stratiform precipitation)

precipitation, 123-124, 197-199,268-282,

341, 363

region

(see Squall line with trailing stratiform

precipitation)

Coriolis

force, 27, 30-31, 33-35, 38, 45, 47-48, 51,

53,54,67,251,289,299,310,406,413,

453,508

parameter, 27, 68, 442

Critical

layer, 515

radius, 70-72, 81-82

Crossover zone, 363-364, 367

Crystal lattice, 82-83

Cumuliform clouds

(see Convective clouds)

Cumulonimbogenitus, 179

Cumulonimbus, 8, 22, 54, 66, 167, 177, 189,

197,211-213,221,225,226,252,254,264,

265, 320, 383, 400, 405, 498, 501, 534-535

electrification, 270-273, 275-276, 280-282,

353

isolated, 268-329

outflow of ice cloud from, 17-19, 179-185

small, 13, 138, 156-157, 167,268-273

Cumulus, 8, 13, 19,66, 138, 152-174, 189, 197,

225-226,228-230,233-236,239-241,244-

247, 253-254, 257, 265, 268, 273, 297, 320,

405,498,501,530-531,534,537

congestus, 8,

191,221,295,297

fair weather, 221

humilis, 10, 221

Curvature

critical radius of, 71-72

effect on drop growth, 74

Cyclogenesis, 438-439, 449, 498

Cyclone

extratropical, 24-25, 196, 275, 447-449

tropical

(see Hurricane)

Cyclostrophic balance, 35, 278, 288, 299, 301,

304-305, 319

Deformation, 125-126, 530

Dendrites, 86, 101,202-203

Index 559

Density current, 477-478 (see

also

Outflow,

thunderstorm downdraft)

Depolarization ratio, 118-120

Deposition, 84-88, 100, 106, 187, 189, 195, 198,

200,204,210,214,217-219,351,374

Detrainment, 227-228, 230, 235, 245-247, 257,

262,428

Dew, 147-149

Differential reflectivity, 118-119

in microburst, 324-325

Diffusion, 94, 97, 98, 103, 104, 114, 141-143,

242

growth and evaporation of drops by, 72-75,

97-100, 157,201

growth and sublimation of hail by, 88, 93

growth and sublimation of ice particles by,

84-85, 141-143, 202-204

Divergence

effect on particle concentration, 98, 100, 141,

241

equation

(see Equation, divergence)

in downburst, 320-321

in mesoscale convective systems, 335, 384,

394-404

in mixed layer, 159

in thunderstorm, 253

in tornado, 306-307

in warm frontal rainband, 487

measured by radar, 125-126

of mass, 223

of pressure gradient, 224, 290

of Q-vector, 445

of radiative flux, 175,

181

of turbulent flux, 151-152, 264

Doppler

multiple Doppler synthesis of wind field, 127-

129,130

radar, 109-110, 122-123, 128,293,319,324,

354-355, 396, 428, 478

range folding

(see Radar, range folding)

retrieval

(see Retrieval of microphysical and

thermodynamic variables)

spectrum, spectral width, 121-122, 124

turbulence, 120, 122, 124

velocity, 108, 120-133

velocity-azimuth display method, 124-127

velocity folding, 122-123

velocity structure of frontal cyclones, 473-

474, 477, 486-487

velocity structure of hurricane, 408-409, 415,

428, 430-432

velocity structure of mesoscale convective

systems, 397, 399

velocity structure of squall lines, 355-358,

360, 369, 371

560 Index

velocity structure of stratiform precipitation,

207-208, 215, 383, 386-387

vertical incidence, 123-124, 473-474

Downburst, 247, 268, 320-329

acceleration, 324-326

definitions and descriptive models, 320-321

dry and wet, 320, 326

evaporation in, 324-327

hail in, 324-326

microburst

(see Microburst)

rain in, 326

relative humidity of, 326

Downdraft,

179,222,247,251-252,257,261,

264,273,278-279,285,289,301,309,313,

320-329,326-327,333,396,400-401,478,

481

forward-flank, 293

in hurricane, 413-415, 418, 423, 433, 437

in squall-line convective region, 329-333,

348-369

in squall-line stratiform region, 348-355,

369-

394

outflows, 253

rear-flank, 293, 294-295

Drag

coefficient, 422

of precipitation on air, 36,

179,222,251,279,

324, 327, 350

Drizzle, 9, 76, 94, 97, 112, 137, 146, 157-158,

197, 502

Drop size distribution

(see Particle size distribu-

tion)

Dry growth of hail, 88

Dust devils, 295

Echo free vault

(see Supercell, bounded weak

echo region)

Eddy

kinetic energy, 43, 143, 183,266

kinetic energy equation, 43, 266

mixing

(see Turbulence)

Eddy flux, 64-68, 418, 421, 423

convergence, 42, 145, 187, 219

of buoyancy, 163

of hydrometeors, 131, 141, 143, 145

of latent heat, 147, 155, 161-162, 184,418

of momentum, 42-43,

67,130-131,143

of potential temperature (see Eddy flux,

sensible heat)

of sensible heat, 42, 131, 143, 145, 147, 155,

160-163, 181, 184, 187,418

of total water, 162

of water vapor, 145, 148

Ekman

layer, 66-68, 166-167

spiral,67

Electric field

effect on coalescence, 78

(see also Electrical structure; Radar, electric

field vector)

Electrical structure

of multicell thunderstorm, 275-276

of small cumulonimbus, 270-273

of squall line with trailing stratiform precipi-

tation, 353

of supercell thunderstorm, 280-282

Electrification

(see Electrical structure; Light-

ning)

Entrainment

in cirriform clouds, 181-184

in cumulus clouds, 222, 226-248, 252, 256-

257,262,267,268,269,285,287,301,

326,401,405,501

in stratus and stratocumulus, 155-163, 165,

171,173

Entropy, saturated moist, 418-420

Equation(s)

Boussinesq,

37,40,45,47-48,303,313

Clausius-Clapeyron, 73

continuity, 29, 37-38, 41, 43, 45, 49, 52

(see

also

Continuity equation)

continuous collection, 76, 78, 85

stochastic collection, 79, 100

diffusion, 72, 146

divergence, 49, 223

hypsometric, 447

kinetic energy, 40, 43, 66, 68, 266, 311, 519

of motion

(see Equations of motion)

of state, 27, 41, 73

omega, 445-447, 487, 498

perturbation form, 40-43

Poisson's, 224

radar,

111

radiative transfer, 175, 187

Sawyer-Eliassen, 458

semigeostrophic, 31-33, 453-463

shallow-water, 46, 49, 52, 516

thermal wind, 34, 443, 456

thermodynamic

(see Thermodynamic equa-

tion)

vorticity

(see Vorticity, equation)

water continuity

(see Water continuity equa-

tions)

Equation(s) of motion, 26-27, 30-33, 35-37,

42-43, 48, 58, 62, 129-130, 140, 144, 223,

233-234, 236, 258, 263, 288, 305, 311, 323,

418,519

anelastic, 35-37,

129,222,264,266

geostrophic, 31-32, 444

quasi-geostrophic, 30-31, 442-443, 455

semigeostrophic, 31-33, 453-460

Equivalent

buoyancy, 443

potential temperature

(see Temperature,

equivalent potential)

potential temperature, saturation

(see Tem-

perature, saturation equivalent potential)

potential vorticity, 40

radar reflectivity factor

(see Radar, equiva-

lent reflectivity factor)

Ertel, 39, 457

Etages,

5-9,

13, 179

Evanescent wave, 506-507, 522

Evaporation, 72-75, 103,

179,201,210,218-

219, 222, 251, 350, 375

at soil surface, 147

effect on radar measurements, 114

in altostratus, 191

in boundary layer, 66

in cirrus, 16, 179

in downburst, 324-325, 329

in downdrafts, 222, 279

in entrainment, 228-229, 235, 241-244

in fog, 141-143, 149

in frontal clouds, 461, 482, 496

in mesoscale convective systems, 350,

374-

377,383

in stratiform precipitation, 201, 210, 214, 217-

219

in stratus and stratocumulus, 157, 159

in thermodynamic equation, 28-29

microphysics of, 70, 84, 88, 98-99, 102-104,

106

producing downburst acceleration, 324-327

Exchange coefficient, 65, 68, 140-141, 144-146,

149, 186-187,266-267,304

Exner function, 28, 37, 130

Explicit water-continuity models, 97-101, 241

Extratropical cyclones, 24-25, 196, 275, 438-

500

frontogenesis, 451-463

rainbands, 472-496

satellite cloud pattern, 467-472

Eye, 23, 25, 35, 203, 406, 409-418, 423, 425,

499

Eyewall, 213, 266,406, 411-416, 417-418, 425-

437

circulation, 409, 414-416, 423-425

cloud, 418, 423, 425-435

detrainment layer, 428

multiple, 433-434

Index

561

propagation, 433-434

vertical motions, 409, 411, 413, 415, 427-433,

437

Fall speed, 110, 113, 122-123, 126-128, 189,

192, 353, 372, 374, 415, 474

of drops, 75-76, 99

of graupel, 91, 106, 372

of hail, 91-93, 106

of ice particles, 90-94, 106, 189, 203, 213, 372

of particles in hurricanes, 415

of rain, 94, 103, 105, 112, 114, 201

of snow, 106, 197,201,217

mass weighted, 103, 113, 146, 187

terminal, 75-76, 91-92, 94, 103

Fall velocity

(see Fall speed)

Fallout

(see Sedimentation)

Fallstreak, 175, 179, 193, 195, 207-208, 496

Feeder-seeder mechanism, 207-209, 482, 484,

530-531

First Law of Thermodynamics

(see Thermody-

namic equation)

First-order closure

(see K-theory)

Fog, 13, 65-66, 68, 137-138, 139-152, 502, 534

advection, 9, 143

artificial modification of, 139-143

definition,

6-9

orographic, 19

radiation, 9, 138-140, 143-152

sea-smoke, 139

seeding, 140-143

steam, 9, 139

supercooled, 143

warm, 140-149

Fohn wall, 20, 513

Free

atmosphere, 5, 66, 68, 158

slip, 506-507

Frictional

acceleration, 26-27, 36, 43, 75, 144

convergence, 433

dissipation, 43

source of potential vorticity, 56, 461

Front-to-rear flow, 351-354, 363-365, 372-374,

377-379, 383-384

Front(s), 25, 31-32, 34, 38, 124, 137, 155,201,

262, 340, 438-439, 445, 448-496, 501

Arctic, 500

cold, 25, 207, 212, 266, 447-449, 465, 474-

484

gust

(see Gust front)

occluded, 449, 465, 474, 491

warm, 25, 447, 449, 465, 474

562 Index

Frontal

circulation, 449-467, 481, 484

cloud, effect of orography on, 532

clouds,

19,25,203,205-207,460-463,467-

475, 495, 498-499, 532

cyclones, 24-25, 438-440, 445-449, 463-496

precipitation

(see Precipitation, in a frontal

cyclone)

rainbands

(see Rainband, frontal)

Frontogenesis, 126, 203, 438-439, 449-469, 474,

477

confluence mechanism, 451, 458, 462

dry, 449, 460-462

geostrophic, 458, 460

moist, 449, 460-463

quasigeostrophic, 453, 460

semigeostrophic, 453-467

shear mechanism, 451

Frontolysis, 451

Froude number, 516-517, 535, 537

Funnel cloud

(see Cloud, funnel)

Genera of clouds,

5-7

Generating cells (see Cell, generating)

Geostrophic

absolute vorticity, 455, 457

blliance,

34,49-53,441

equivalent potential vorticity, 40, 56, 461,

483-484

frontogenesis, 458, 460

momentum approximation, 32, 465

vorticity equation, 447

wind, 31, 449,451-454,457, 459

Gibbs free energy, 70

Glaciation, 81-82, 143, 157,

193,269,487,496

Gradient-wind balance, 33-34, 49-53, 56, 418

Graupel, 86-87, 94-95, 97, 101, 105-106, 110,

210,269,271-272,277,353,481

fall speed, 91, 372

Gravitational force, 27, 75

Gravity current, 313-315

(see

also

Density

current)

pressure perturbation, 224

Gravity waves, 45-47, 51, 309, 361, 489, 505,

516, 520

Group velocity, 47, 508

Gust front, 224, 247, 253, 268, 278, 285,

293-

297, 313-322, 327-333, 350, 353-355,

360-

361, 477-478

convergence lines, 396

head, 321, 355,477

high pressure, 353

Habit

(see Ice crystal)

Hail, 87-89, 93, 95, 97, 106, 119, 210, 222, 277-

279, 324-326

dry growth, 88

fall speed, 91

growth in multicell storm,

276.,..277

growth in supercell storm, 278-279

in downbursts, 326

spongy, 89, 97

wet growth, 89

Heating

diabatic, 46, 210, 220, 387, 445, 451, 460, 498

radiative, 138-139, 140, 150, 152, 183-185,

187, 189, 192, 218, 220

Heterogeneous nucleation, 69, 71, 82-83

High clouds, 15-19, 139, 174, 335, 489

Hill's vortex, 236, 247, 249

Homogeneous nucleation, 69, 71, 81-82, 106

Hook echo, 278

Hurricane, 23, 33, 39, 51, 53, 124, 196,201,

203, 204, 263, 405-437, 501

downdrafts, 413-414, 415, 418, 423, 433, 437

equivalent potential temperature in, 411-413,

416-423

eye, 23, 35, 409, 411, 418, 421, 423

eyewall, 213, 266, 406, 409-416, 418, 423-435

eyewall propagation, 433-434

inner-core region, 405-406, 414-416, 425

outflow temperature, 420, 423

primary circulation, 414-416, 427

radius of maximum wind, 409, 414, 423, 433

radial wind, 409, 416

rainband, 406, 418, 423, 425, 433, 436-437

saturation equivalent potential temperature,

416, 418-426

secondary (radial-vertical) circulation,

427-

430,433

slantwise circulation, 416, 425-427, 432-433

tangential wind, 409, 423, 426-428, 433

updraft, 409, 414, 415, 427

vertical convection in eyewall, 430-433

Hydraulic jump, 309-310, 512-520, 535

definition, 515

Hydrostatic

balance, 33-35, 225, 335, 416, 433, 441, 445,

447

equation, 34, 443

Hypsometric equation, 447

Ice

cloud outflows

(see Anvil)

enhancement, 89-90, 94,

157,269,481,482

nuclei, 83, 89

-phase microphysics in hurricane, 429-430

strands in cumulonimbus, 157

Ice crystal(s),

17,82-84,86,89,101,119,

139,

187,202-203,204-208,281

aggregates of, 174

bullet-rosettes, 174

bullets, 174

columns, 101, 174-175,202

dendrites, 86, 101,202-203

needles, 202, 496

plates, 84-85, 97, 101, 174,202

prismlike, 84-85

Ice particles, 174, 197,208-209,218,351-353,

372-375, 481-482, 484, 495-496

generation by altocumulus elements, 193-194

in altocumulus, 193-194

in cirriform cloud, 174-189

in fog, 143

in frontal clouds, 481-496

in hurricane, 415-417

in nimbostratus, 196-220

in small cumulonimbus, 269

in squall line with trailing stratiform region,

351-353, 372-377

in stratus and stratocumulus, 157, 194

nucleation, 81-83, 204

Ideal gas, 27, 71, 73

Index of refraction (see Radar, refractive index

of scatterers)

Inertial

oscillations, 47-48, 310

subrange, 267

waves, 309-310

Inertio-gravity waves, 48-49, 51

Inflection point, 165, 167

Instability

associated with horizontal shear, 478-481

baroclinic, 440-441

buoyant, 53-56

conditional, 54-56, 413, 415-416, 425, 432-

433

conditional symmetric, 56, 414, 428, 430, 462,

482-484

inertial, 53-56, 432-433

inflection point, 165

Kelvin-Helmholtz, 56-61, 165, 193,319

parallel, 167

potential, 96, 205-219, 411, 487, 498

potential symmetric, 56, 484.

Rayleigh-Benard, 61-64, 166, 169-170, 193

shear (see Instability, Kelvin-Helmholtz)

symmetric, 53-56, 458, 487

Index 563

Intertropical convergence zone, 340

Irrotational flow, 59, 305, 307

Isentropic conditions, 28

Jet

analogy to cumulus clouds, 230-234

rear inflow (see Rear inflow, jet)

stream, 438, 472

K-theory, 65-67, 141, 144-145, 186-187,219,

258, 267, 304

Kelvin's formula, 70

Kelvin-Helmholtz

billows, 166

instability (see Instability, Kelvin-Helmholtz)

waves, 61, 165

Latent heat

of sublimation, 84, 88, 187

of vaporization, 28, 73, 187,461

release, 189, 192, 460

Lee wave, 509-513, 520, 525-526

clouds, 509-515

Lenticular clouds (see Cloud, lenticular)

Lenticularis, 7, 19

Level of free convection, 283, 363

Lidar,ll0

Lifting condensation level, 138, 155

Lightning

cloud-to-ground, 270, 275, 280-282, 353

in a multicell storm, 275-276

in a small cumulonimbus, 270-273

in a supercell storm, 280-282

intracloud, 270-275

Lines of thunderstorms (see Squall line; Squall

line with trailing stratiform precipitation)

Low clouds, 8-13, 152-155

Mackerel sky, 15,61

Macroburst, 320

Mares' tails (see Cirrus, uncinus)

Marshall-Palmer distribution, 104, 326

Mass continuity, 29

Melting, 93, 95, 97, 106, 199-200, 210, 219, 222,

269,324-327,374-380 (see also Radar,

bright band)

effect on radar reflectivity, 200-201

564 Index

layer,

119-120,200-201,203,210,212,217,

275,

372,379,401,416,437,474,482,

495

related to downburst acceleration, 324-326

Mesocyclone, 253, 291-293, 297

Mesoscale

convective complex, 338

defined,5

downdraft, 375, 377-380

structure of mixed-layer clouds, 165-174

updraft, 369-379

Mesoscale convective systems, 22-23, 196,221,

329, 335-404, 416, 436-437, 477

cloud structure observed by satellite, 335-338

definition, 334-335

divergence associated with, 394-401

life cycle of precipitation area, 210-218,

346-

348, 398-404

midlatitude, 341-346

precipitation structure, 201, 203, 213-216,

338-340

size distribution, 335-338

tropical, 340-341

vorticity associated with, 401-404

Microburst, 320-329

driving mechanisms, 323-327

dry, wet, 320

dynamics, 323-329

effects on aircraft, 321-323

outburst wind, 327-329

rotor circulation, 327-329

Microphysical

observations, 201-203

parameterization

(see Bulk water-continuity

models; Explicit water-continuity

models)

processes, 94-95, 98, 102-106

Microphysics

of cold clouds, 81-93, 101, 105-106

of warm clouds, 69-81, 98-101, 102-105

Middle clouds, 13-15

Mixed layer

cloud-topped, 152-174

in cirrus outflow, 179-189

in midlevel cloud, 191-193

Mixing coefficient

(see Exchange coefficient)

Model

axially symmetric, 263

bubble, 234, 245

cloud-topped mixed layer, 157-164

jet, 230-234

mesoscale, 385-391, 465

one-dimensional Lagrangian, 229-230, 233,

238-239, 241-242, 253-254

one-dimensional time-dependent, 254-261

slab-symmetric, 262-263

starting plume, 236

thermal, 235-238

two- and three-dimensional, 262-267

Moist

adiabatic lapse rate, 230, 420

static energy, 228

Momentum, 32

absolute, 47-48, 53-54, 454, 461

angular

(see Angular momentum)

flux, 42-43

Momentum equation

(see Equation of motion)

Multicell thunderstorm, 268, 273-277

electrical structure of, 275-276, 280

environmental conditions, 283-287

hail growth, 275-277

in lines of thunderstorms, 329-333

in squall line with trailing stratiform precipita-

tion, 350-353, 360-361, 367

life cycle, 275-277, 360-361

right-moving, 277

Nimbostratus, 8, 13, 19, 137, 189, 196-220,348,

351, 374, 405, 501

associated with deep convection, 210-218

associated with shallow convection aloft,

205-210

microphysical structure of, 201-203

precipitation structure, 197-199

radar echo structure of, 200-201

radiation in, 218-220

turbulent mixing in, 218-220

Nucleation, 69-72, 94, 97-100,

141,204,242-

243

condensation, 83, 90, 98-99

contact, 83, 90, 157

deposition, 83, 90

heterogeneous, 69, 71, 82-83

homogeneous, 69, 71, 81-82, 106

immersion freezing, 83

rate, 71, 243

Nyquist interval, 122-123

Occluded front, 449,465, 474, 489-496, 499

Occlusion in a supercell, 294

Omega equation, 445-447, 487, 498

Optical effects

corona, 15, 137

halo, 15-16, 19

mock sun, 137

sun dog, 137

Orographic clouds, 7, 19-22,501-538

associated with flow over isolated peaks,

520-530

associated with flow over long ridges, 502-520

associated with vertically propagating waves,

508-509

banner cloud, 22, 529-530

cap cloud, 19, 512, 528

convection, 534-538

Fohn wall, 20, 513

horseshoe-shaped, 19, 522-526

lee wave, 509-513

lenticular

(see Cloud, lenticular)

rotor cloud, 20, 501, 512-520, 535

transverse wave, 525

Orographic precipitation, 530-538

feeder-seeder mechanism, 530-531

lee side enhancement of deep convection, 538

thermal and lee side triggering, 535-538

upslope and upstream triggering, 534-535

upslope condensation, 531-534

Oscillations

buoyancy, 44-45, 53

inertial, 47-48, 53, 309

Outflow

detrainment, 256-257

from hurricane, 409, 420, 423, 427-430

from top of thunderstorm, 17, 179-185,264,

383,396

thunderstorm downdraft, 221, 224, 251, 253,

264,285,287,293-294,297,313-315,

319, 327, 357, 365, 367-369

Parcel

theory, 44, 53

undiluted, 245, 411

Particle size distribution, 72, 78-81, 89, 97-101,

113-114, 124, 141,200-201,242-243,247,

326, 374

effect of entrainment, 241, 243

exponential, 104

Perturbation form of equations, 40-43, 45-46,

50, 252-253, 521

Planetary boundary layer

(see Boundary layer)

Polar low, 25, 438-439, 447, 499-500

Potential

instability

(see Instability, potential)

temperature

(see Temperature, potential)

vortex flow, 305

vorticity

(see Vorticity, potential)

Precipitation, 6

classification by hydrometeor size and type,

76, 85, 91-95,

101

Index 565

convective (see Convective, precipitation)

drag of, 36,

179,222,251,279,324,327,350

from cirriform clouds, 17-18, 177-179

from nimbostratus

(see Stratiform precipita-

tion)

hypothesis for electrification, 271-273

in a frontal cyclone,

126,207,205-210,467-

496

in an occlusion, 489-496

in downbursts, 323-329

in hurricanes, 406-408

in mesoscale convective systems, 210-220,

338-354

in thunderstorms, 268-282

measurement

(see Radar, precipitation mea-

surement by)

modeling

(see Bulk water-continuity model;

Explicit water continuity model)

not reaching ground

(see Virga)

orographic

(see Orographic precipitation)

particle size

(see Particle size distribution)

stratiform

(see Stratiform precipitation)

Pressure perturbation, 36-37, 43, 130, 132,223-

226,258-261,264,288-291,293,315-319,

355, 359, 360, 364-365, 375-376, 535-537

buoyancy and dynamic sources, 224

development in tornado vortex, 305-306

in one-dimensional cloud model, 229-233,

261

in two- and three-dimensional models, 262,

264-265

Profilers, 110, 126

Pseudo height, 443

Q-vector, 444-447, 451-453, 458, 460-461, 463,

474,496

Quasigeostrophic

balance, 30, 66, 447

equations, 30-31, 442-443, 444, 457

frontogenesis, 451-453, 460

Radar, xiv, 107-133, 196-211,214,217-252,

254,269-271,273-276,278-281,293,313,

318-319, 324-326, 339, 360, 369, 371-388,

391-393,396-399,406-411,415-417,427-

437,472-481,486-487, 494-496

antenna, 107-109, 111, 122-125

attenuation, 109, 111, 116

beamwidth, 107, 109-111, 114

blocking of beam, 114

bright band, 199-201,205,208,211,269,275,

341, 350-351, 353, 369, 371-375, 377,

379, 399, 416, 436-437

566 Index

clear air echoes, 107, 109-110, 120, 125-126

coherent (see Doppler, radar)

conventional, 109

co-plane scanning, 128

co-polar signal, 120

cross-polar signal, 120

depolarization ratio, 118-120

differential reflectivity, 118-119, 324-325

Doppler

(see Doppler)

echo structure of frontal cyclones, 472-475,

478-480,486-487, 494-495

echo structure of hurricane, 406-408,

415-

417,433-437

echo structure of mesoscale convective sys-

tems, 338-348, 352, 399

echo structure of stratiform precipitation,

196-201, 371-374, 386-388

echo structure of thunderstorms, 269-270,

275-281

electric field vector, 117, 119, 121

equation, 111

equivalent reflectivity factor, 112, 114-115,

200-201

frequency bands (C, S, X, K

) , 109-110

hook echo, 278

meteorological, xiv, 107-110, 112,313

multiple-polarization (see Radar, polarimetric)

noncoherent, 109

polarimetric, 108-109, 117-120,324

power returned, 108, 110-112, 114, 121, 124

power transmitted, 111

precipitation measurement by, 110, 112-117,

122

profiler, 110, 126

pulse pair, 121

pulse-repetition frequency, 122-123

range folding, 122-123

reflectivity, 108,

110-117,200,357,369,372-

374

reflectivity factor, 112-113

refractive index of scatterers, 111, 118-120,

201

resolution volume, 110-112, 114, 117,

121

retrieval (see Retrieval of microphysical and

thermodynamic parameters)

sampling problems, 114

satellite-borne, 109, 116-117

scattering cross section, 111

second-trip echo, 122-123

turbulence, 107-109, 110, 112, 120, 122, 124

weather

(see Radar, meteorological)

Radiation boundary condition, 506-507, 510

fog, 9, 138-140, 143-152

in altostratus and altocumulus, 139, 191-193

in boundary layer, 66, 68

in cirriform clouds, 139, 174-175, 180-189

in mesoscale convective systems, 381

in nimbostratus, 197, 210, 218-220, 381

in polar low, 499

in shallow layer clouds, 137-138

in stratus and stratocumulus, 138, 149-163,

169,173

in thermodynamic equation, 28

microwave, radar, 107, 109-111, 117-119,

121-122, 124

Rain

(see Precipitation)

Rainband

frontal, 206-209, 439, 472-496

in hurricane, 406, 418, 425, 433, 436-437

narrow cold-frontal, 474-483

postfrontal, 474

surge, 474, 489, 495-496

warm-frontal, 474, 484-489, 496

warm-sector, 474

wide cold-frontal, 474, 481-484, 496

Raindrop, 76, 80, 87, 98, 103-106, 114, 118,

124, 146, 187, 197,

199,201,203,210,214,

326 (see

also

Particle size distribution)

Rainfall rate, 113-117,326

area-integrated, 115-117, 348

Rayleigh-Benard instability and convection,

61-64, 166, 169-170, 193

number, 63

scattering theory, 111

Rear inflow, 333, 349-352, 360-365, 372-373,

375,377,380-381,383-394,405

jet,

333, 387, 392

stagnation zone cases, 383-385

strong cases, 383-385, 387, 389

Rear-to-front flow

(see Rear inflow)

Reflectivity (see Radar, reflectivity)

Refractive index

(see Radar, refractive index of

scatterers)

Relative humidity,

70,141,149-150,191,

264,

377,423,504

and downburst formation, 326

in hurricanes, 423

Retrieval of microphysical and thermodynamic

variables,

129-133,254,324,357-360,375,

478

Richardson number, 60-61, 65, 68, 144, 165,

167,310,318

Riming, 85-90, 95, 101, 106, 195, 198, 200,

202-

204,207,210,214-217,277,351,481,495

in ice splinter production, 89

Rolls, 9,

14-16,20,61,63,

137-139, 165-167,

188, 193, 247 (see

also

Cloud, streets)

Rope cloud, 476-477

Rossby radius of deformation, 51, 53

Rotation

(see

also

Vorticity)

cyclostrophic balance, 35

in cumulus and cumulonimbus, 226, 250-253,

264-265, 278, 284-294, 296-297, 330

in downburst, 321-322, 327-329

in gradient balance, 52

in gust fronts, 315-316

in rotor clouds, 520, 529

in tornadoes and waterspouts, 249, 278, 299-

309

of earth, 27

vorticity, 38, 57, 59, 125-126,222

Rotor

cloud, 20-21, 501, 512-520, 535

in downbursts, 323, 327-329

Satellite, xiv, 4, 6, 22, 254

Satellite-borne radar

(see Radar, satellite-borne)

Satellite-observed cloud patterns

of cirriform clouds, 19, 174-176

of cumulonimbus, 8, 10, 278-279, 318

of extratropical cyclones, 19, 24-25, 439,

467-475, 492-493, 495

of hurricanes, 23-24, 406, 409

of mesoscale convective systems, 22-23,

335-340,350,396,401

of orographic clouds, 512-513

of stratus and stratocumulus, 13-14, 138, 152,

167-I7I

Saturation, 70

buoyancy, 54

equivalent potential temperature

(see Tem-

perature, saturation equivalent potential)

equivalent potential vorticity, 40, 56

mixing ratio, 16, 28-29, 132, 147, 161, 218,

357-358, 418

moist entropy, 418-419

stability, 56, 420

vapor pressure, 70-75, 81-82, 84-85, 88, 90,

99-100, 104, 141, 143, 159, 174, 187, 197,

203,210,242,283,353,383,

41I, 461,

463,472,482,484,491,493,504

Sawyer-Eliassen equation (see Equation,

Sawyer-Eliassen)

Scale

of atmospheric phenomena, 5

separation, 41

Scattering, 109-1I3, 1I8, 120-122, 124, 138, 175

(see also Radiation)

Scorer parameter, 505, 509, 515, 522

Sea-smoke

(see Fog, sea-smoke)

Sea-surface temperature, 406, 422-423

Index 567

Sedimentation, 69, 75, 94-95, 97-99, 101, 103,

105-106, 1I4, 139, 141, 143, 146,

199,203-

204,212-214,217,241,279,348,350-351,

353, 487 (see also Fall speed)

Seeder

-feeder mechanism

(see Feeder-seeder mech-

anism)

zone, 207-209, 220, 484, 487,495

Seeding of fog, 141-143

Semigeostrophic

frontogenesis, 453-467

motions, 31-33, 39

Sensible heat flux, 143, 147, 155, 169,416,

418

Shallow water

flow, 518, 526

gravity waves, 49, 516

linearized equation

(see Equation, shallow

water)

potential vorticity, 50-52

wave speed, 46

Single-cell thunderstorm, 269

Shear

(see Wind shear)

Slantwise motion, 54-56, 351, 355,

360,415-

416, 425-428, 430-433, 437

Smoking mountain

(see Banner cloud)

Snow, 9,

13,86,90-91,95,97,101-102,

105-

106, 1I0, 1I2, 114, 119-120, 124, 137, 175,

196-197,201,209-210,214,217,220,351,

369, 374, 495 (see

also

Ice crystal)

flakes, 101, 1I9, 198-199

Soil

as ice nucleus, 83

moisture parameters, 146-149 porosity, 147

temperature, 148-149

thermal conductivity, 146

Species of cloud,

5-8,

15-16, 19

Splitting

of thunderstorm, 250-253, 285-291, 297

numerical technique, 266

Squall line, 38, 124, 212-218, 262, 266, 268,

329-333, 341, 416

Squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation,

335, 341-394, 396, 402

asymmetric organization of, 344-346, 351,

389

convective region, 341-345, 350, 353, 369

electrical structure, 353-354

front-to-rear flow, 351-354, 363, 365, 372-

374, 377-380, 383-387

gravity waves in, 361-363

interaction with stratosphere, 361-363

overturning of environment by, 363-364,

366-367

568 Index

pressure field maxima and minima, 349, 351-

353,364-365, 374

rear inflow, 333, 350-351, 363

secondary maximum of precipitation, 345,

349,369, 372, 379

stratiform region, 212-218, 341, 345-346,

348-354,360-361,365-394,396,400,403

symmetric organization of, 344-346, 351,

391-394

transition zone, 374

vorticity in, 389-394

wake low, 349, 351, 379, 383

Starting plume, 230, 236, 238-239

Straight-line winds, 313

Stratiform precipitation, 123, 125-127, 197-

211,213-217,221,275,334-394,396-402,

405,427,437,474,477,

482,484,530

definition, 197-200

role of convection in, 204-205

Stratocumulus,

7-9,

13,

15,23,61,66,68,

137-

139, 152-174, 182, 191, 193-195, 197

actinae, 169

breakup of, 155-157, 169

conceptual models of, 155-157

open and closed cells, 167-174

streets, 165-167

Stratosphere,

4-5,

8, 354, 361-363, 491, 493,

495

Stratus, 6, 8, 9, 13-15, 65-66, 68, 137-174,

181-182, 185, 191, 194, 197,218-219,502,

530,534

Arctic, 138, 150-152

Stretching, 38, 125-126, 252-253, 293-299, 301,

308,321,389,391,393-394,403-404,521

Subcritical flow, 309, 517

Sublimation, 84-85, 88, 106, 174, 187, 189,218,

375, 377

Subsidence, 68, 155, 158, 179,214,350,372,

375,383,411,455,477,489,491,493

Supercell, 268, 277-295, 297, 330

bounded weak echo region, 278, 280, 281

dynamics, 284-285, 278-279, 288-295

electrical structure, 280-282, 353

environmental conditions, 283-287, 289, 289-

291,330

front and rear-flank downdraft, 293-294

hail, 278-279, 281

hook echo, 278

in hurricane, 413-414

mesocyclone, 253, 291-294, 297

storm splitting and propagation (left and right

moving), 285, 288-291

tornado

(see Tornado, supercell)

transition to tornadic phase, 291-296

visual appearance, 278-279

Supercritical flow, 309, 517-518

Supersaturation, 70-71, 74, 82, 84, 90

Surface

layer, 5, 68

tension, 70-71, 74, 83

Swirl ratio, 308-309, 311

Symmetric

neutrality, 411, 416, 418, 420, 432, 462

organization of mesoscale convective system,

346,351,391-394

Temperature

charge reversal, 271-272, 353

cloud virtual potential,

161

equivalent potential, 28-29, 54, 155, 158, 161,

244,363-364,411-413,421,504

of hurricane outflow, 420, 423

potential, 27-28, 44, 53-54, 130, 181-182,

185, 261, 283, 375-377, 465-466

saturation equivalent potential, 54, 283, 416,

418-419, 422

sea surface, 406, 422, 423

vertical profile of, 4

virtual potential, 36-37, 161, 163

virtual, 27, 41

wet bulb, 88

Thermal wind, 34, 438, 441-442, 444-445, 449,

452,456-457,462,486

Thermals, 235-238, 258, 269, 295

Thermodynamic equation,

27-29,41-42,44,46,

48,62,

129, 131, 140, 145, 148,209-210,

218-219, 228, 263, 304, 418-419, 442-443,

453,504

Thunderhead

(see Anvil)

Thunderstorm, 23, 35, 54, 93, 221-222, 224,

249, 251-253, 266, 268-405, 433, 474, 477-

478, 501

cloud

(see Cumulonimbus)

downburst

(see Downburst)

gust front

(see Gust front)

left-moving

(see Supercell, storm splitting)

line of

(see Squall line; Squall line with trail-

ing stratiform precipitation)

multicell

(see Multicell thunderstorm)

propagation

(see Multicell thunderstorm;

Supercell, storm splitting)

right-moving

(see Multicell thunderstorm;

Supercell, storm splitting)

single-cell, 268-273, 285

splitting

(see Supercell, storm splitting)