Holford Matthew, Stringer Keith. Border Liberties and Loyalties in North-East England, 1200-1400 (ENG)

This book examines the organisation of power and

society in north-east England over two crucial centuries

in the emergence of the English ‘state’. England is usually

regarded as medieval Europe’s most centralised kingdom, yet the North-East was

dominated by liberties – largely self-governing jurisdictions – that greatly restricted

the English crown’s direct authority in the region. These local polities receive here

their first comprehensive discussion; and their histories are crucial for understanding

questions of state-formation in frontier zones, regional distinctiveness, and local and

national loyalties.

The analysis focuses on liberties as both governmental entities and sources of socio-

political and cultural identification. It also connects the development of liberties and

their communities with a rich variety of forces, including the influence of the kings

of Scots as lords of Tynedale, and the impact of protracted Anglo-Scottish warfare

from 1296. Why did liberties enjoy such long-term relevance as governance

structures? How far, and why, did the English monarchy respect their autonomous

rights and status? By what means, and how successfully, were liberty identities

created, sharpened and sustained? In addressing such issues, this ground-breaking

study extends beyond regional history to make a major contribution to mainstream

debates about ‘state’, ‘society’, ‘identity’ and ‘community’.

M. L. Holford was a research associate at the University of Durham and Cambridge

University from 2003 to 2008. He has written on regional cultures and identities and

on the dynamics of local government in medieval England. K. J. Stringer is Professor

of Medieval British History at Lancaster University. He has written extensively on

the related fields of medieval state-making, noble power structures, religious reform,

cultural exchanges, and regional, national and supra-national identities.

ISBN 978 0 7486 3278 7

Jacket images: obverse of the seal of Anthony Bek, bishop of Durham (1284–1311), reproduced by

permission of the Chapter of Durham Cathedral; obverse of the second great seal of Alexander III,

Jacket design: McColm Design

Edinburgh University Press

22 George Square

Edinburgh EH8 9LF

www.euppublishing.com

M. L. Holford and

K. J. Stringer

Edinburgh

B O R D E R L I B E RT I E S

A N D L O YA LT I E S

B O R D E R LIBE RTI E S

A N D LO YA LT I E S

North-East England,

.1200–

.1400

M. L. Holford and K. J. Stringer

B O R D E R

L I B E RT I E S

A N D

L O YA LT I E S

North-East England,

.1200–

.1400

M. L. Holford and K. J. Stringer

Border Liberties and Loyalties

North-East England, c. 1200–c. 1400

M. L. Holford and K. J. Stringer

EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS

M2107 - HOLFORD PRELIMS.indd iM2107 - HOLFORD PRELIMS.indd i 4/3/10 16:12:254/3/10 16:12:25

Edinburgh University Press Ltd

22 George Square, Edinburgh

www.euppublishing.com

Typeset in Minion and Gill Sans

by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and

printed and bound in Great Britain

CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne

A CIP record for this book is available from the British

Library

ISBN 978 0 7486 3278 7 (hardback)

 e right of M. L. Holford and K. J. Stringer to be identi ed

as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with

the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Published with the support of the Edinburgh University Scholarly

Publishing Initiatives Fund.

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Contents

List of Maps and Tables v

Preface vi

Authors’ Notes viii

List of Abbreviations ix

List of Manuscript and Record Sources xvi

Map 1 xxiv

Introduction 1

Matthew Holford and Keith Stringer

PART I THE ECCLESIASTICAL LIBERTIES

1. Durham: History, Culture and Identity 17

Matthew Holford

2. Durham: Government, Administration and the Local

Community 58

Matthew Holford

3. Durham: Patronage, Service and Good Lordship 96

Matthew Holford

4. Durham under Bishop Anthony Bek, 1283–1311 138

Matthew Holford

5. Hexhamshire and Tynemouthshire 172

Matthew Holford

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BORDER LIBERTIES AND LOYALTIES

PART II THE SECULAR LIBERTIES

6. Tynedale: Power, Society and Identities, c. 1200–1296 231

Keith Stringer

7. Tynedale: A Community in Transition, 1296–c. 1400 291

Keith Stringer

8. Redesdale 359

Keith Stringer

Conclusions and Wider Perspectives 413

Matthew Holford and Keith Stringer

Index 433

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Maps and Tables

Maps

1.  e Greater Liberties of North- East England xxiv

2.  e Liberty of Durham ‘between Tyne and Tees’ 18

3.  e Liberty of Hexhamshire 174

4.  e Liberty of Tynemouthshire 204

5.  e Liberty of Tynedale 233

6.  e Liberty of Redesdale 360

Tables

1. Swinburne of Haughton, Capheaton 356

2. Swinburne of Haughton, Little Swinburne 357

3. Swinburne of Knarsdale, Little Horkesley 358

4. Umfraville of Redesdale 362

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Preface

 is book could not have been written without the good o ces of the

Leverhulme Trust, which generously funded the research project on which

our work is based.  e project, entitled ‘Border Liberties and Loyalties in

North- East England in the  irteenth and Fourteenth Centuries’, was con-

ducted under the joint direction of Michael Prestwich and Keith Stringer as

a collaborative venture between the universities of Durham and Lancaster.

It was also associated with the North- East England History Institute when

it was supported as a Research Centre by the Arts and Humanities Research

Council. We are indeed most grateful to all these bodies for their interest

and assistance. It is likewise a pleasure to acknowledge that the publication

of our  ndings has been facilitated by an award from the Marc Fitch Fund.

Part of the ‘Border Liberties’ project was realised in the appearance of

Liberties and Identities in the Medieval British Isles (Woodbridge, 2008),

which was the product of a colloquium held in Durham and edited by Michael

Prestwich. In the present study, Keith Stringer focuses on the North- East’s

secular liberties and Matthew Holford deals with its ecclesiastical liberties,

though each writer has contributed to the other’s work.  e Introduction

and the Conclusion are jointly authored, with Keith Stringer being respon-

sible for their  nal form, and for the editing of the book as a whole. In addi-

tion to Matthew Holford, two research associates, Alastair Dunn and Andy

King, were employed on the project for shorter periods, and we thank them

for the preparatory work they undertook. We are also indebted to Dauvit

Broun, Constance Fraser, Christian Liddy, Cynthia Neville, Tony Pollard,

Michael Prestwich, David Rollason and Alan Rushworth, all of whom have

given welcome advice and support. Another important debt is to the cus-

todians of the thirty archives we have used. Particular thanks are due to

Alan Piper and Michael Stans eld at Durham, and to sta at  e National

Archives; Balliol College, Oxford; Castle Howard, Yorkshire; Cumbria

Record O ce, Carlisle; and Northumberland Collections Service. We are

also much obliged to Esmé Watson of Edinburgh University Press for her

un appability and encouragement. Keith Stringer is especially beholden to

University College, Durham, where his tenure of the Slater Fellowship for

two terms in 2003–4 enabled him to begin his researches for the project in

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PREFACE

vii

hospitable surroundings, and within close reach of major library and man-

uscript resources. His chapters on Tynedale and Redesdale are dedicated to

the memory of Rees Davies, who took a keen interest in the project during

its initial stages, and who remains a constant source of inspiration.

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viii

Authors’ Notes

1. As a rule, modern surname forms are used where they exist; otherwise

surnames representing identi able place- names are given according to

Ordnance Survey spellings.  roughout all surnames normally appear

without any preceding ‘de’ or ‘of’.

2. Knights are not styled ‘Sir’ on their every occurrence, though their

status is made clear whenever it is germane to the argument, and all

knights are recorded as such in the Index.

3. Considerations of space have prohibited the inclusion of a full bibliog-

raphy of relevant printed material, but the key publications consulted

are listed in the Abbreviations.

4. While we have bene ted from earlier prosopographical writings on

the medieval North- East, especially on its o ce- holders, it has not

been practicable to provide regular citations for basic biographical

details.  e chief works for Durham are C. H. H. Blair, ‘ e sheri s of

the county of Durham’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th ser., 22 (1944), pp.

22–81; C. M. Fraser, ‘O cers of the bishopric of Durham under Antony

Bek, 1283–1311’, ibid., 35 (1957), pp. 22–38; and, most recently, M. L.

Holford, ‘O ce- holders and political society in the liberty of Durham,

1241–1345 (part 2)’, ibid., 5th ser., 37 (2008), pp. 161–82.  ose for

Northumberland are W. P. Hedley, Northumberland Families (Society

of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1968–70), and the following

studies by C. H. H. Blair: ‘Members of Parliament for Northumberland,

1258–1327’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th ser., 10 (1933), pp. 140–77;

‘Members of Parliament for Northumberland, 1327–99’, ibid., 11

(1934), pp. 21–82; ‘ e sheri s of Northumberland’, ibid., 20 (1942),

pp. 11–90; ‘Knights of Northumberland, 1278 and 1324’, ibid., 27

(1949), pp. 122–76.

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Abbreviations

AA Archaeologia Aeliana

Acta 1153–95 English Episcopal Acta 24: Durham

1153–1195, ed. M. G. Snape (Oxford,

2002)

Acta 1196–1237 English Episcopal Acta 25: Durham

1196–1237, ed. M. G. Snape (Oxford,

2002)

Acta 1241–83 English Episcopal Acta 29: Durham

1241–1283, ed. P. M. Hoskin (Oxford,

2005)

Bek Recs Records of Antony Bek, Bishop and

Patriarch, 1283–1311, ed. C. M. Fraser

(SS, 1953)

BF  e Book of Fees commonly called Testa de

Nevill (London, 1920–31)

BL British Library

Bodl. Bodleian Library, Oxford

Brand, Newcastle J. Brand,  e History and Antiquities of

. . . Newcastle upon Tyne (London, 1789)

Brinkburn Cart.  e Chartulary of Brinkburn Priory, ed.

W. Page (SS, 1893)

CChR Calendar of the Charter Rolls, 1226–1516

(London, 1903–27)

CCR Calendar of the Close Rolls (London,

1892–)

CCW 1244–1326 Calendar of Chancery Warrants,

1244–1326 (London, 1927)

CDS Calendar of Documents relating to

Scotland, ed. J. Bain, G. G. Simpson and J.

D. Galbraith (Edinburgh, 1881–1986)

CFR Calendar of the Fine Rolls (London,

1911–)

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Holford Matthew, Stringer Keith. Border Liberties and Loyalties in North-East England, 1200-1400 (ENG)

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