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376 ENGLISH AS A LINGUISTIC SYSTEM
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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 377
AAVE (African American Vernacular English)
11.4.3; 3, 74, 215, 250, 262, 263, 264,
265, 268, 271, 341
abbreviations 25, 34, 38, 163, 283
Aboriginal (English, peoples, languages) 296,
297, 301, 302, 306, 312
abrupt topic changes 188
academic texts 154
accent 7, 11; see also GenAm, RP
accent marks 282
acceptability 146
accusative with infinitive (a.c.i.) 136
acrolect 268, 269, 315, 330, 332, 341, 342,
343
acronyms 35, 38, 163
action:
knowledge 187
structure 191
active see voice
activities 118
acts 118
discourse interaction 7.3.5; 174, 183
address 42, 184, 195, 198, 223, 307, 310, 323,
327, 329
addressee 119, 152, 156, 157, 189
Adelaide 300
adjacency pairs 189, 191, 193, 221
complaints 185, 186
greetings 185, 186
invitations 185, 186
offers 185, 186
question-answer 179, 185, 186, 192
requests 186, 192
adjective phrase see AdjP
adjectives 33, 37, 39, 44, 46, 98, 103, 104,
130, 140, 286, 289, 345
AdjP (adjective phrase) 106
adjuncts 5.3.4; 109, 141
administration and law, language of 9, 155,
267, 296, 309, 315, 318, 323, 325, 329,
330, 333, 342
adverbials 17, 57, 108, 116, 118, 122, 123,
138, 151, 153, 190, 263, 289, 320,
327
passive 37
phrase see AdvP
specification 117
adverbs 46, 73, 87, 98, 103, 104, 105, 130,
285, 290, 346
advertising, language of 18, 47, 152, 154, 281,
282, 323
AdvP (adverb phrase) 106, 109, 110, 123
aesthetic function 18, 46, 152, 162; see also
text types
affective meaning 43
affixes 39, 163, 321
proverbial 60
affricates see consonants
African American Vernacular English see
AAVE
African English 14.1; 228
African languages 268, 307, 309, 339
Afrikaans English 13.3.2; 310, 311
Afro-Caribbean London English see BrE:
British Black English
after + an {-ing} form 244
age 13, 26, 66, 91, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201,
202, 203, 204, 209, 215, 217, 223, 238,
245, 255, 259, 268, 297, 298, 322, 327
agent 107, 122
agreement see concord
ain’t 230, 259
Aitken’s Law 239, 241
Alaska Natives 251
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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 379
Index
Bold is used to indicate section numbers.
Alberta 253
alliteration 58, 61, 154
allophones 68, 69, 76
allusions 49
alveolar see articulation
AmE (American English) Chap. 11, 12; 7, 11,
13, 25, 27, 28, 39, 42, 44, 45, 69, 72, 73,
75, 79, 89, 108, 111, 112, 118, 127, 137,
141, 186, 199, 200, 201, 205, 208, 214,
216, 244, 302, 304, 313, 317, 333, 339;
see also AAVE, GenAm
Appalachian English 255, 257
Eastern New England 255, 256, 257
Inland North 256
Middle West 272, 273
New England 74, 84, 216, 255
North 74, 255, 256, 257, 262
Northern Cities Shift 256
Ozark English 257
South 74, 84, 85, 196, 203, 204, 205, 206,
246, 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 272, 276,
287, 341
Southwest 251, 261
Tidewater South 84
West 203
amelioration 43, 44
American Indians, American Indian English
11.4.1; 251
American Virgin Islands 265
Amerindian languages 265
anaphora 167
anaphoric reference 138, 150, 151, 159
anecdote 176
Anglo-Indian 291
Anglo-Saxon 29, 30, 155
Anguilla 265
Anniston, Alabama 259, 271
Antigua-Barbuda 265
Antilles 250, 339
antonymy 26
apologies 181, 183, 185, 186, 199, 322
appealers 183, 184
appropriateness 2, 4, 146
approximants see consonants: semi-vowels
a-prefixing 257
Arabic 291, 315, 331
archiphoneme 68, 81
Arizona 251
articles 56, 73, 98, 105, 128, 150, 151, 161,
167, 195, 196, 286, 287, 316, 331, 335,
346
articulation 70, 71, 73
alveolar 68, 70, 76, 216, 243, 273, 274, 275,
312, 327
dental 70, 76
place 68
see also voicing
Asian English 13.2; 228, 316, 320
aspect 5.4.3; 116, 136, 142, 160, 228, 263,
320, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345
aspiration 67, 68, 73, 76, 246, 335
assimilation 16, 76
assonance 58, 61
attitudes 10, 11, 19, 248, 252, 253, 262, 270,
290, 300, 305, 323, 337
AusE (Australian English), Australia 13.1; 3, 7,
11, 66, 73, 74, 79, 84, 85, 196, 201, 205,
208, 231, 246, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310,
312, 313, 343
Australian PE (Pidgin English) 340, 341, 343
Australian Question Intonation 298, 305, 307
auxiliary verbs 87, 98, 102, 123, 138, 237
back channel behaviour 16, 183
back formations 35, 36, 38, 163
background information 118, 119, 153
background knowledge 187
backshift 114, 125
Bahaman English, Bahamas 84, 265
Bahasa Malaysia 329, 332
Bajan, Barbados 84, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270,
341, 342
balance strategy see text strategies
Bangladesh 314, 324
Bantu 311, 323
Barbados see Bajan
barbarisms 4, 19
base 55
basilect 215, 267, 268, 270, 312, 315, 330,
331, 332, 341, 342, 343
bath-words 229, 252, 270, 276–7, 299
BBC English 230
be 98, 100, 102, 103, 108, 111, 119, 121, 123,
228, 230, 244, 263, 264, 265, 271, 286,
341
be going to 115
Belfast 217, 240, 241, 245
Belize, Belize Creole 265, 267, 341, 348
Bible 3, 5, 6, 28, 206, 235
bilingualism 9, 10, 251
binary pair see complementary pairs
binomials 3.4; 50, 58, 61, 64
bioprogram hypothesis 340
Bislama 314, 343, 347
Black English (Vernacular) see AAVE
blends 2.7.2; 35, 37, 163
body posture 223
borrowing see loan words
380 INDEX
Botswana 314, 316
boundary sequences 176
bound morpheme see morphemes
Brazil 337
BrE (British English) Chap. 10, 12; 11, 25, 27,
28, 42, 44, 45, 89, 111, 112, 118, 137,
141, 186, 196, 197, 200, 201, 205, 218,
227, 244, 250, 252, 253, 268, 299, 300,
303, 304, 317, 320, 326, 338; see also
Cockney, RP
British Black English 10.4.2; 247, 248,
249
Cockney 69, 74, 84, 85, 203
‘Estuary English’ 249
IrE 74, 75, 84
Ireland 239, 240, 249
Midlands 229
North 8, 45, 79, 84, 203, 218, 229
South 3, 45, 79, 89, 229
Southwest 72, 74, 228, 255
urban varieties 74
Brisbane 300
British Columbia 253
British Jamaican Creole see BrE: British Black
English
British Virgin Islands 265
Buffalo 256
Burma 314
Cajun French 251
California 220, 251, 261
calques see loan translations
camaraderie terms 197, 205
Cameroon, Cameroon PE (Pidgin English) 314,
316, 317, 318, 340, 342, 343, 348
Canadian raising 253, 255, 256
CanE (Canadian English), Canada 11.1, 11.2.1;
7, 10, 11, 84, 250, 270, 298, 314
Cantonese 329
Cape Town 307
Cape York Creole 303
capitalization 129
cardinal numbers see numerals
CaribE (Caribbean English), Caribbean creoles,
Caribbean 11.5–7; 247, 250, 267, 268,
271, 337, 340, 341, 342, 343, 348
case (grammatical) 100, 142, 341
caste 202, 326
catachresis 43
cataphoric 150
catenative verbs 5.7; 103, 133
causality see reason
cause 107, 122
Cayman Islands 265
Cebuano 333
Celtic languages 227, 234, 239
Central America 250, 251
central determiners see determiners
central vowels see vowels
centring diphthongs see vowels
chaining 178
Chancery standard 5
characteristic activities 154
characterization 112
charity principle 174
checked syllables see syllables
Chicago 256
Chicanos see Spanish influenced English
chi-Chewa 314
Chinese, China 10, 202, 251, 314, 329, 331,
332, 337, 338
class 146, 245
clauses, clause types 5.8; 131, 137
cleft sentences 57, 60, 123, 244, 319
Cleveland 256
clichés 50
clipping 38, 162, 163
clock time 288
closed class/set 24, 97, 105, 123, 164
closings 194
Cockney 10.4.1; 246, 249, 297, 299, 310
code 103
code-switching, code-mixing 10, 237, 248,
261, 323, 326, 335
codification 6, 10
cognitive verbs 120, 134, 136
coherence 6.2; 145, 147, 148, 189
cohesion 6.2; 56, 122, 138, 140, 145, 147, 150,
151, 164
collocate 52
collocations 25, 28, 48, 50, 51, 58, 61, 65, 269,
295
fixed, frozen 52
grammatical 51
unique, frozen 52
collocator 55
colloquial see style
Coloured SAE 13.3.4; 308
colour words 213
combination 35
combining forms 24, 39, 40, 41
command and request verbs 134
commonplaces 3.6; 50, 60, 61, 62, 64, 192
communicative competence 169, 193
communicative function 184
communicative interaction 214
communicative strategies (gender) 9.3; 218
communicative structure 122, 141
1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
1
2
3
4111
5
6
7
8
9
20111
1
2
3
4
5111
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40111
1
2
3
44
45
46
47111
INDEX 381