36
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɵ-
ɜɨɞɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.2). Ɉɫɶ +1 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɫɶɸ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɭɝɥɨɜ, ɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɶ tt – ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ɉɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɭɸ ɨɫɶ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɚɸɬ
ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ t = 0.
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɄɁ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɤ-
ɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (
A
U ,
U ,
C
U ) ɢ ɬɨɤɚ (
A
I ,
I ,
C
I ). ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ
U ɞɥɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ t = 0 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɨɦ
D
, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɮɚɡɨɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ) ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ
A
I ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
A
U ɢ ɭɝɥɨɦ
. ȼɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ-
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɮɚɡ A, B, C ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ
120
D
; ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɬɨɤɨɜ.
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ ȼ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɄɁ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ K, ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ. ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɬɭɯɧɟɬ ɞɨ ɧɭ-
ɥɹ, ɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɡɚɩɚɫɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧ
L , ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɧ
r . ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ.
Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ (ɚɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɬɨɤ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɤɚ ɄɁ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ⱦɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɗȾɋ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ
Ʉɢɪɯɝɨɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɚɡɵ
Ⱥ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
ɫ
C
AB
AKA
didi di
UriL M M
dt dt dt
, (3.2)
ɝɞɟ
ɫ
L – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ
– ɜɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɡ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨ-
ɤɨɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɚɡ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
CA
ii i , ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (3.2) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ – ɬɨɤɚ ɮɚɡɵ A:
ɫ
AA
AKA KA K
di di
Uri LM riL
dt dt
. (3.3)
Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɫ
LLM ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɚɡɵ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (3.3) ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ; ɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞ-