Gates Charles. Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome
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Palaces: Piazza Armerina and the Palace of Diocletian 415
Rome 419
Churches 421
Jerusalem 423
Constantinople, the “New Rome” 424
In conclusion 426
Glossary 427
Further reading 434
Bibliography 441
Illustration sources 457
Index 465
X CONTENTS
Illustrations
1.1 The Near East: Neolithic towns 14
1.2 The Fertile Crescent in the earlier Pre-Pottery Neolithic, ca. 7500–6500 BC 16
1.3 Tower with staircase, PPNA, Jericho 18
1.4 Anthropomorphic figurine, PPNB, Ain Ghazal. Archaeological Museum,
Amman 18
1.5 Overall site plan, Çayönü 20
1.6 Plans, Neolithic and Chalcolithic levels, Çayönü 21
1.7 Plan, Central area (in 2007), Göbekli Tepe 23
1.8 Complex C (foreground) and Complex B, Göbekli Tepe 23
1.9 Partially excavated Stele from Complex D, Göbekli Tepe 24
1.10 Houses (reconstruction), Çatalhöyük 26
1.11 House shrine (reconstruction), Çatalhöyük 27
1.12 Erupting volcano and town, wall painting, Çatalhöyük. Museum of
Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara 27
1.13 Seated fat woman (goddess?), terracotta figurine, Çatalhöyük. Museum of
Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara 28
2.1 Mesopotamia: Bronze Age cities 30
2.2 Overall site plan, Uruk 33
2.3 Plan, White Temple, Uruk 34
2.4 White Temple (reconstruction), Uruk 35
2.5 Plan, Eanna Precinct, Uruk 35
2.6 Uruk Vase, alabaster, from the Eanna Precinct, Uruk. Iraq Museum,
Baghdad 37
2.7 Uppermost register, Uruk Vase 37
2.8 Head of a woman, limestone, from the Eanna Precinct, Uruk. Iraq Museum,
Baghdad 38
2.9 Rolling out a cylinder seal 38
2.10 City plan, Habuba Kabira 40
2.11a Obverse, Stele of the Vultures, ED III, from Telloh (Girsu). Louvre Museum,
Paris 42
2.11b Reverse, Stele of the Vultures 43
2.12 The Temple Oval (reconstruction), Khafajeh 44
2.13 Bronze Lintel with Imdugud (Anzu) and stags, from Ubaid. British Museum,
London 45
2.14 Worshippers, stone figurines, from Tell Asmar. Iraq Museum, Baghdad;
and Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 45
2.15 City plan, Ur 46
2.16 Lyre (reconstructed), from Ur. University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia 47
2.17 “Peace,” the obverse of the “Royal Standard,” inlaid panel, from
Ur. British Museum, London 48
2.18 Diagram: (a) true arch; (b) barrel vault; (c) groin vault; and (d) corbelled arch 49
2.19 Diagram: The pitched brick vault: (a) view from below; and (b) in cross section 50
3.1 Bronze head, Akkadian period, from Nineveh. Iraq Museum, Baghdad 53
3.2 Stele of Naram-Sin, from Susa. Louvre Museum, Paris 54
3.3 Gudea, seated statue made of diorite, from Telloh (Girsu). Louvre Museum,
Paris 55
3.4 Plan, the religious center, Ur 57
3.5 Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu (reconstruction), Ur 58
3.6 Stele of Ur-Nammu, Ur. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology
and Anthropology, Philadelphia 59
3.7 House plan, Isin-Larsa period, Ur 60
3.8 House interior (reconstruction), Ur 60
3.9 Stele of Hammurabi, from Susa. Louvre Museum, Paris 62
3.10 Plan, Palace of Zimri-Lim, Mari 63
3.11 Investiture of the king, wall painting, Mari. Louvre Museum, Paris 64
3.12 Goddess holding a flowing vase, statue from Mari. Aleppo Museum 64
3.13 Main functional units, Palace of Zimri-Lim, Mari 65
4.1 The Indus Valley Civilization 68
4.2 Plan, the Citadel, Mohenjo-Daro 70
4.3 The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro 71
4.4 City plan, Lothal 74
4.5 Stamp seals, with (a) unicorn, and (b) humped bull, both from Mohenjo-Daro.
National Museum, Karachi (a); and Islamabad Museum (b) 75
4.6 Dancing girl, bronze figurine, from Mohenjo-Daro. National Museum,
New Delhi 76
5.1 Egypt 80
5.2 Narmer Palette: obverse, cross section, and reverse. Slate palette, from
Hierakonpolis. Egyptian Museum, Cairo 81
5.3 Mastaba tomb of Queen Merneith (reconstruction), Abydos 84
5.4 Mastaba tomb also attributed to Queen Merneith (reconstruction), Saqqara 85
5.5 Overall site plan, Abydos 85
5.6 Plan, the Archaic cemetery, Abydos 85
5.7 Royal funerary enclosures, Abydos 86
5.8 Plan, the Step Pyramid and Funerary Complex of Djoser, Saqqara 87
5.9 The Step Pyramid and Funerary Complex of Djoser (reconstruction), Saqqara 87
5.10 Djoser, seated statue, from Saqqara. Egyptian Museum, Cairo 89
5.11 The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Menkaure (left) and Khafre (right), Giza 90
5.12 Plan, the Necropolis, Giza 91
5.13 Cross sections, Pyramids of Djoser (at Saqqara), Khufu (at Giza), and
Khafre (at Giza) 92
5.14 Khafre, seated statue, from the Valley Temple of Khafre, Giza.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo 93
XII ILLUSTRATIONS
5.15 Menkaure and Khamerernebty, statue from the Valley Temple of Menkaure,
Giza 94
5.16 Sun Temple of Niuserre (reconstruction), from Abu Gurab 96
6.1 Town plan, Kahun 99
6.2 Plan, the Citadel, Buhen 100
6.3 Outer fortification wall (after excavation), Buhen 101
6.4 Regional plan, Thebes 103
6.5 Plan, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri 104
6.6 The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri 104
6.7 Plan, the Temple of Amun, Luxor 106
6.8 Plan, the Temple of Amun, Karnak 107
6.9 Central passageway, Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amun, Karnak 108
6.10 Akhenaten and his family worshipping the Aten, relief sculpture, from the
Royal Tomb, Amarna. Egyptian Museum, Cairo 109
6.11 Overall plan, Amarna 110
6.12 Plan, City center, Amarna 111
6.13 Plan, House, Amarna 112
6.14 House (reconstruction), Amarna 113
6.15 Plan, Deir el-Medina 114
6.16 Ground plans of three tombs, Valley of the Kings, Thebes: (a) Tomb of
Thutmose III; (b) Tomb of Ramses VI; and (c) Tomb of Tutankhamun 114
6.17 Coffin for the Organs, Tomb of Tutankhamun. Egyptian Museum, Cairo 115
6.18 Exterior, Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel 116
7.1 Aegean Bronze Age towns, second millennium BC 119
7.2 Plan, The Palace of Minos, Knossos 121
7.3 Fresco of the Bull Leapers, partly restored, from Knossos. Herakleion
Museum 123
7.4 Snake goddess, or priestess; faience figurine, head and left forearm restored,
from Knossos. Herakleion Museum 124
7.5 Lentoid flask with octopus; Marine Style, LM IB; from Palaikastro. Herakleion
Museum 124
7.6 Palace of Mallia from the north-west (reconstruction) 125
7.7 Town plan, Gournia 126
7.8 House model, terracotta; MM IIIA; from Arkhanes. Herakleion Museum 126
7.9 Thera (Santorini) 127
7.10 West House, Akrotiri, Thera 128
7.11 Ship Fresco (detail); South wall, West House; Akrotiri, Thera 129
7.12 Overall site plan, Mycenae: the Late Bronze Age 130
7.13 Gold funeral mask; Shaft Grave V, Grave Circle A; Mycenae. National
Archaeological Museum, Athens 131
7.14 Grave stele; Shaft Grave V, Grave Circle A; Mycenae. National Archaeological
Museum, Athens 132
7.15 Dromos and entryway, Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae 133
7.16 The Lion Gate, Mycenae 134
7.17 Plan, Palace of Nestor, Pylos 136
8.1 Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age 139
8.2 Plan, the Citadel, Troy: major buildings 140
ILLUSTRATIONS XIII
8.3 Troy II, ramp and south-west gate 142
8.4 City plan, Hattusa (Bog˘azköy) 146
8.5 Reconstructed fortification wall, Hattusa 147
8.6 The Lion Gate, Hattusa 148
8.7 Plan, the Sanctuary at Yazılıkaya 150
8.8 Meeting of the Gods, relief sculpture, Yazılıkaya 151
9.1 “Ox-hide” ingots, of copper, ca. 1200 BC. (a) from Serra Ilixi, Sardinia;
(b) from Enkomi 154
9.2 God standing on an ingot, bronze figurine, from Enkomi. Cyprus Museum,
Nicosia 155
9.3 City plan, Enkomi 156
9.4 Diagram: cross-section of wall construction as practiced in Building 18,
Enkomi 157
9.5 City plan, Ugarit 159
9.6 Postern gate, Ugarit 160
9.7 Plan, Royal Palace, Ugarit 161
9.8 House plans from the city center, Ugarit 162
9.9 Plan, Temple of Baal, Ugarit 164
10.1 The Near East in the Iron Age 168
10.2 Plan, the Iron Age Citadel, Kalhu 170
10.3 Lamassu, from Khorsabad. Louvre Museum, Paris 172
10.4 Assurnasirpal supplicates the god Assur by a sacred tree, relief sculpture
from Kalhu. British Museum, London 172
10.5 City plan, Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad) 174
10.6 Citadel plan, Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad) 174
10.7 City plan, Nineveh 175
10.8 Capture of Ethiopians from an Egyptian city, relief sculpture, from Nineveh.
British Museum, London 176
10.9 Assurbanipal and his queen, relief sculpture, from Nineveh. British Museum,
London 177
10.10 Multi-period plan, Old City, Jerusalem 179
10.11 Overall city plan, Babylon 181
10.12 Plan, Inner city, Babylon 182
10.13 Ishtar Gate (reconstruction), Babylon 183
10.14 Dragon, panel of glazed bricks, Ishtar Gate, Babylon 184
10.15 Plan, Persepolis 186
10.16 Apadana, Persepolis: Platform viewed from the north-east 187
10.17 Darius receives homage, relief sculpture, from Persepolis 188
11.1 Phoenician and related cities in the eastern Mediterranean 190
11.2 Plan, Tyre 191
11.3 Phoenicians transporting logs by sea, in an Assyrian relief sculpture, from
Dar-Sharrukin (Khorsabad), late eighth century BC. Louvre Museum, Paris 193
11.4 Phoenician ships: warship (above) and hippos (below) 194
11.5 Plan, harbor and promontory, Atlit 194
11.6 Central shrine, Sanctuary at Amrit 195
11.7 Phoenician expansion in the central and western Mediterranean 198
11.8 Regional plan, ancient Gadir 199
XIV ILLUSTRATIONS
11.9 City plan, Gadir 199
11.10 Plan, early Carthage 201
12.1 Greece and the Aegean basin 207
12.2 Kinet Höyük in the Iron Age (reconstruction) 209
12.3 Town plan, Zagora 210
12.4 Temple model, clay, from the Argive Heraion. National Archaeological
Museum, Athens 210
12.5 Plan, “Heroon,” Lefkandi 211
12.6 The Dipylon Amphora. Geometric vase found in the Kerameikos cemetery,
Athens. National Archaeological Museum, Athens 212
12.7 The Macmillan aryballos. Protocorinthian vase found in Thebes.
British Museum, London 213
12.8 Early Temple of Hera, eighth century BC, Samian Heraion 214
12.9 The second Temple of Hera and the Samian Sanctuary of Hera (Heraion),
seventh century BC 215
12.10 Mantiklos’s dedication to Apollo, bronze fi gurine, from Thebes (Boeotia),
Greece 216
12.11 Lydian and Greek coins in the Numismatic Museum, Athens. Not drawn to
the same scale. (a) Lydian silver coin, sixth century BC, with lion and bull,
and simple punch mark; (b) Athenian silver tetradrachm, fi fth century BC,
with Athena and owl; (c) Gold stater from Panticapaeum, mid-fourth
century BC, with Pan and a griffi n 217
13.1 Elevations of the Doric and Ionic Orders: key elements 220
13.2 Typical ground plan of a Greek temple 221
13.3 Plan, Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra 223
13.4 Restored elevation, Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra 223
13.5 The fourth Temple of Hera, Samian Heraion 225
13.6 City plan, ancient Samos 226
14.1 City plan, Athens, Iron Age through the Roman Empire 230
14.2 Plan, Agora, Athens, ca. 500 BC 231
14.3 The Nessos Amphora. Protoattic vase, ca. 615 BC, found in Athens.
National Archaeological Museum, Athens 232
14.4 Three revelers, on an Attic red-fi gure amphora painted by Euthymides.
From Vulci. Antikensammlungen, Munich 233
14.5 Colossal kouros, Heraion, Samos: (a) front; (b) back of head; and (c) side.
Archaeological Museum, Samos 234
14.6 Kleobis and Biton. Archaic kouroi found in Delphi. Archaeological Museum,
Delphi 235
14.7 Kore no. 682, from the Athenian Acropolis. Acropolis Museum, Athens 236
15.1 Plan, Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi 239
15.2 Siphnian Treasury (reconstruction), Delphi 241
15.3 Gods vs. Giants, North Frieze (detail), Siphnian Treasury, Delphi.
Archaeological Museum, Delphi 242
15.4 Stoa of the Athenians and Temple of Apollo (reconstruction), Delphi 243
15.5 Charioteer of Delphi, bronze statue, Delphi. Archaeological Museum, Delphi 244
15.6 Plan, Sanctuary of Zeus, ca. 400
BC, Olympia 245
15.7 Fallen Warrior, west pediment, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina. Glyptothek, Munich 247
ILLUSTRATIONS XV
15.8 Fallen Warrior, east pediment, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina. Glyptothek, Munich 247
15.9 Temple of Zeus and Ash Altar (reconstruction), Olympia 247
15.10 Apollo, Lapiths, and Centaurs. West pediment (detail), Temple of Zeus,
Olympia. Archaeological Museum, Olympia 248
16.1 Attica 253
16.2 Plan, the Acropolis, Athens, fi fth century BC 255
16.3 The Acropolis (reconstruction), Athens, fi fth century BC 255
16.4 The Parthenon, seen from the west 256
16.5 Parthenon, South Metope no. xxxi 258
16.6 Parthenon, West Frieze, Slab II, nos. 2–3 259
16.7 Parthenon, West Pediment (reconstruction), after the drawings of Carrey
(1674) and Quatremère de Quincy (1825) 260
16.8 The Varvakeion Athena, a marble statuette; a Roman copy of the Athena
Parthenos. National Archaeological Museum, Athens 260
16.9 Propylaia, south-west wing, as restored, and Temple of Athena Nike with
bastion, from north-west 261
16.10 Erechtheion, west façade 263
16.11 Lysikrates Monument, Athens 264
16.12 Houses (reconstructed), fi fth century BC, Athens 265
16.13 Plan, Agora, Athens, ca. 400 BC 266
16.14 Hephaisteion, Athens. View from the south-west 267
17.1 The conquests of Alexander the Great 270
17.2 Plan, the Sanctuary of Asklepios, Epidauros 271
17.3 Plan, Theater, Epidauros 272
17.4 Theater, Epidauros. The stage building is modern 273
17.5 City plan, Priene 274
17.6 Bouleuterion, Priene 276
17.7 Bouleuterion, interior (reconstruction), Priene 276
17.8 Theater (reconstruction), Priene 277
17.9 Plans, House no. 33, Priene: (a) Phase 1-West; and (b) Phase 2 278
17.10 House no. 33 West (reconstruction), Priene 279
17.11 House plans, Olynthos 280
17.12 Transport amphoras from the Athenian Agora: (a) Chian, fourth century BC;
and (b) Rhodian, third century BC 280
17.13 The Alexander Mosaic, House of the Faun, Pompeii. Archaeological
Museum, Naples 281
17.14 Portrait of Alexander the Great (the Azara Herm). Roman Imperial copy of
an original by Lysippos. Louvre Museum, Paris 282
17.15 Mausoleum (reconstruction), Halikarnassos 284
18.1 Major Hellenistic cities and kingdoms 287
18.2 Plan, Temple of Apollo, Didyma 288
18.3 City plan, Pergamon 290
18.4 Gaul killing his wife and himself, Roman copy in marble, after a Hellenistic
bronze original. Palazzo Altemps, Rome 292
18.5 Theater, Pergamon 293
18.6 Great Altar and Upper Agora (reconstruction), Pergamon 294
18.7 Great Altar (detail), Pergamon. Pergamon Museum, Berlin 295
XVI ILLUSTRATIONS
18.8 City plan, Alexandria 298
18.9 Serapis, basalt statue, Roman copy of an early Hellenistic original.
Villa Albani, Rome 299
18.10 Overall plan, Delos 300
18.11 Plan, city center, Delos 301
18.12 Plan, Hypostyle Hall, Delos 302
18.13 Hypostyle Hall (reconstruction), Delos 302
18.14 Plan, Agora of the Italians, Delos 303
18.15 Sinope in its larger landscape, and city plan (insert) 304
19.1 Italy and the central Mediterranean 310
19.2 City plan, Paestum 312
19.3 Plans, Archaic and Classical temples from Paestum: Temple of Hera I,
Temple of Athena, and Temple of Hera II 313
19.4 Temple of Athena, Paestum 313
19.5 Tomb of the Diver (reconstruction), Paestum 314
19.6 City plan, Syracuse 315
19.7 Silver decadrachm with Arethusa, Syracuse. British Museum, London 316
19.8 Villanovan Hut-urn. Museo Nazionale Preistorico, Rome 319
19.9 City plan, Marzabotto 320
19.10 House plans, from (a) Acquarossa and (b) Marzabotto 321
19.11 Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple, such as the Portonaccio Temple, Veii 322
19.12 Apollo, terracotta statue from Veii. Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome 323
19.13 Terracotta sarcophagus of a married couple, from Caere (Cerveteri).
Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome 324
19.14 Terracotta funerary urn, from Volterra. Deceased man (lid); battle with
Gauls (front). Worcester (Massachusetts) Art Museum 324
19.15 Wall painting, Tomb of the Augurs, Tarquinia 325
19.16 Tomb of the Shields and Chairs, Caere (Cerveteri) 327
20.1 City plan, Rome, Republican period 330
20.2 Plan (reconstruction), Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Rome 331
20.3 Diagram, legionary fort, Novaesium, on the Rhine frontier in Lower Germany 334
20.4 City plan, Cosa 336
20.5 Arx Temples: Capitolium and Mater Matuta (reconstruction), from Cosa 337
20.6 Forum, sixth phase (reconstruction), Cosa 338
20.7 Three types of Roman wall facing: opus incertum, opus reticulatum, and opus testaceum 339
20.8 Multi-period plan (through the early fourth century AD), Forum Romanum,
Rome 341
20.9 Temple of Portunus, Rome 343
20.10 Pont du Gard, France 344
20.11 Theater of Pompey, shown on the Forma Urbis Romae 346
21.1 Augustus of Primaporta, marble statue from Rome. Vatican Museums 349
21.2 Plan, imperial fora, Rome 350
21.3 Forum of Augustus with Temple of Mars Ultor (reconstruction), Rome 351
21.4 Ara Pacis, Rome 353
21.5 Procession frieze (detail), Ara Pacis, Rome 354
22.1 Bay of Naples 357
22.2 City plan, Pompeii 358
ILLUSTRATIONS XVII
22.3 Plan, Forum, Pompeii 359
22.4 Plan, Stabian Baths, Pompeii 362
22.5 Plan, House of the Surgeon, Pompeii 363
22.6 Plan, House of the Faun, Pompeii 363
22.7 Plan, House of the Vettii, Pompeii 364
22.8 Atrium, House of the Vettii, Pompeii 365
22.9 Mysteries wall paintings, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii 366
22.10 City plan, Ostia 367
22.11 Apartment house (reconstruction), Ostia 369
23.1 The Roman Empire during the reign of Hadrian: the provinces, with selected
provincial capitals and other major cities 373
23.2 City plan, Rome, imperial period 374
23.3 Plan, Domus Aurea, Rome 375
23.4 Octagonal Dining Room from the outside (reconstruction), Domus Aurea,
Rome 376
23.5 Octagonal Dining Room, Domus Aurea, Rome 376
23.6 Plan, Flavian Palace (Domus Augustiana), Rome 377
23.7 Plan, Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli 378
23.8 Canopus (Scenic Canal), Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli 379
23.9 Pantheon, Rome 380
23.10 Plan, Pantheon 381
23.11 Cross-section, Cella, Pantheon 381
23.12 Arch of Titus, Rome. View from the south-east 383
23.13 Emperor in Triumphal Procession, relief sculpture, Arch of Titus 384
23.14 Triumphal Procession with menorah, relief sculpture, Arch of Titus 384
23.15 Trajan’s Column, Rome 385
23.16 Relief sculpture (detail), Trajan’s Column 386
23.17 Colosseum (Flavian amphitheater), Rome 386
23.18 Cross-sectional view, Colosseum 387
23.19 Trajan’s Market (reconstruction), Rome 389
23.20 Plan, Baths of Trajan, Rome 390
23.21 Air view, Baths of Caracalla, Rome 391
24.1 Hadrian’s Arch, Athens 394
24.2 Regional plan, Ephesus and environs 396
24.3 City plan, Ephesus 396
24.4 Library of Celsus and South Gate of the Agora, Ephesus 397
24.5 City plan, Perge 399
24.6 South Gate, Hellenistic period, Perge 400
24.7 North nymphaeum (reconstruction), Perge 400
24.8 North nymphaeum, Perge 401
24.9 City plan, Palmyra 402
24.10 Plan, Temple of Bel, Palmyra 402
24.11 Temple of Bel, Palmyra. View from the south-east 403
24.12 City plan, Jerash 404
24.13 Oval Forum, Jerash 405
24.14 City plan, Lepcis Magna 407
24.15 City plan, Nîmes (Nemausus) 409
XVIII ILLUSTRATIONS
24.16 City plan, London (Londinium) 410
24.17 City plan, Trier (Augusta Treverorum) 412
24.18 Porta Nigra, Trier 413
25.1 Plan, Piazza Armerina 416
25.2 Mosaic from Piazza Armerina (detail): comic chariot race 416
25.3 Plan, Diocletian’s Palace, Split 417
25.4 Diocletian’s Palace (reconstruction), Split 418
25.5 Peristyle Court, Diocletian’s Palace 418
25.6 Plan, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome 419
25.7 Constantine the Great, colossal marble sculpture. Capitoline Museums, Rome 420
25.8 Arch of Constantine (north side), Rome 420
25.9 Siege of Verona, relief sculpture, south-west frieze, Arch of Constantine 421
25.10 Plan (reconstruction), Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome 422
25.11 Old St. Peter’s Basilica (reconstruction), Rome 422
25.12 City plan, Jerusalem, fourth century AD 423
25.13 Plan (reconstruction), Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, fourth
century AD 424
25.14 Plan, Byzantine Constantinople (Istanbul), to 1453 425
ILLUSTRATIONS XIX