Gates Charles. Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
472 INDEX
pottery: Cyprus 155; Greek 212, 213, 232–4, 232,
233; Indus Valley Civilization 76; Neolithic
Near East 15, 19, 22, 26; seriation 5
Priene 273–8, 274*, 276, 277, 279, 282, 290;
Bouleuterion 275, 276; housing 278*, 279;
Temple of Athena 278; theater 264, 277
Primaporta 349
processional ways 182–4, 231
Ptolemaic dynasty 286, 297, 299
public baths 250, 361–2, 362*, 388–90, 390*, 391
public hygiene 70, 73, 265–6, 291, 340
Punic Wars 200, 202, 311, 332–3
pylons 106, 107, 108
Pylos, Palace of Nestor 135–6, 136*
pyramid towns 99–100
pyramids 87–96
Pyrgi 317
Pytheos 278, 283
Pythia, the 238, 240
Pythian Games 244
Quibell, J.E. 81
radiocarbon dating 5, 6–7
Rakhigarhi 69
Ramses II 107, 108, 116–17
Ramses III 117
Ramses VI, tomb of 114*
Rao, S.R. 73
Rap’anou 163
Ras Ibn Hani 158
Ras Shamra see Ugarit
Rassam, Hormuzd 169, 176
Reburrus, T. Crispius 409
red-figure pottery 232–4, 233
relative dating 4, 5–6
relief sculptures: Anatolia 150–1, 151;
Çatalhöyük 27–8; Egypt 105; Etruscan 326,
327; Greece 222–4, 223, 236–7, 241–2, 241,
242, 257–60, 258, 259, 260; Kalhu 171–3, 172;
Narmer Palette 81–2, 81; Nineveh 176, 177;
Pergamon 294–5, 295; Persepolis 187, 188;
Rome 352–5, 353, 354, 383, 384, 385, 386, 421;
Stele of Hammurabi 61, 62; Stele of Naram-Sin
53–5, 54; Stele of Ur-Nammu 59, 63; Stele of
the Vultures 41, 42, 43, 54; Sumer 44–5, 45;
Yazılıkaya 150–1, 151
religion: Anatolia 148–9, 149–51; ancestor
worship 18–19; ceremonial center of Göbekli
Tepe 22–5, 23, 23*, 24; Christianity 251,
409, 415, 422; cult of Asklepios 270, 297;
cult of Demeter 296; cult of Re 96; cult of
Serapis 299, 398; Egypt 96, 105; Enkomi 157;
fire worship 72, 188; Greece 270, 296;
Hellenistic 299; Neolithic Near East 18–19,
20, 22–5, 27, 28; religious centre of Ur 56–9,
57*; Roman provincial cities 393, 398, 411;
Sumer 31, 36–8; Tyre 195–6, 195; Ugarit
163–4, 164*; see also churches, sanctuaries,
temples
Renfrew, Colin 126
Rhoikos 224
roads, Roman 333–4
Robinson, David 279
Roman Empire 328, 332–5, 372, 414–15;
army 372; army camps 334–5, 334*, 372;
colonies 305, 335–9, 372; map 373; provincial
cities 393–413; roads 333–4
Rome 202, 297, 309, 311, 328–47, 341*
, 356, 369,
374*, 411; absorption of the Etruscans 318,
332–3; in the age of Augustus 348–55;
aqueducts 343–5; Ara Pacis 352–5, 353, 354;
Arch of Constantine 420–1, 420, 421; Arch of
Titus 383, 384, 423; Aurelian Wall 332, 414–15;
Basilica Aemilia 342; Basilica Julia 342; Basilica
of Maxentius and Constantine 419–20, 419*,
420; Baths of Caracalla 389, 391; Baths of
Trajan 388–90, 390*; bridges 343; Capitoline
Hill 329, 330, 342; churches 421–3, 422, 422*;
Circus Maximus 345; civic buildings 340–2,
385–90, 386, 387, 389, 390*, 391; civic
institutions 331–2; Colosseum (Flavian
amphitheater) 385–7, 386, 387; commemorative
monuments 382–5, 383, 384, 385, 386; Domus
Aurea 375–7, 375*, 376; early history and
settlement 329–31; Etruscan influences 317,
330–1; expansion 287, 317, 332–3; Flavian
Palace (Domus Augustiana) 377–8, 377*; Forma
Urbis 345, 346; Forum of Augustus 350*,
351–2, 351; Forum of Julius 350–1, 350*;
geography 329; Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli 378–9,
378*, 379; imperial fora 350–2, 350*, 351, 388;
imperial period 371–92; imperial tombs 390–2;
later third century 419–23; markets 342–3; Old
St. Peter’s 421–3, 422, 422*; palaces 374–9;
Palatine Hill 329, 330, 342, 377; Pantheon 3,
380–2, 380, 381*; Punic Wars 200, 202, 311,
332–3; Republican period 328, 330*, 331–47;
Roman Forum 330, 339–42, 341*; Servian
Wall 332; Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
331*; Temple of Mars Ultor 351–2, 351;
Temple of Portunus 343; Temple of Venus and
Roma 382; temples 331, 340, 342, 343, 351–2,
351, 379–82, 380, 381*; Theater of Pompey 345,
346; Trajan’s Column 383–5, 385, 386; Trajan’s
Forum 388; Trajan’s Market 388, 389
roofing techniques 48–50, 321
Rosetta Stone 83
Salamis 154
salinization 32
Samaria 196
Samnite Wars 332
Samnites 356
INDEX 473
Samos 226*; Heraion 214–16, 214*, 215*, 224,
225*, 234–5, 234, 288; Tunnel of Eupalinos 226
sanctuaries 296, 297; Egypt 106; Greek 214–16,
238–51, 270–2, 271*; Sanctuary of Demeter
at Pergamon 296; Sanctuary of Eshmun at
Sidon 196; Tyre 195–6; Yazılıkaya sanctuary at
Hattusa 149–51, 150*, 151
Saqqara 83, 90; mastaba tombs 84–7, 85; Step
Pyramid 87–9, 87, 87*, 89, 92
Sardis 218, 227; Pyramid Tomb 284
Sarepta 192
Sargon the Great 42, 52–3, 53
Sargon II 169, 173
Sassanian Persians 400, 404, 414
Satyros of Paros 283
Schaeffer, Claude 154, 157
Schliemann, Heinrich 118, 130, 131, 139, 140, 141
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise 39
Schmidt, Erich 186
Schmidt, Klaus 24, 25
sculpture: Greek 234–7, 234, 235, 236, 246–9,
247, 248, 257–61; see also figurines, relief
sculpture, statues
Sea Peoples 117, 155, 158
seals 38, 75
Seleucia 286
Seleukos 286
Semites 53, 61
Senate 331–2
Seneca 361
Sennacherib 169, 174, 176, 180
Serapis 299, 398
seriation 5
Servius 319
Seti I 107, 108, 116
Severus, Septimius 406, 407–8, 424–5, 426
Severus 375
shaft graves 131–2
Shalmaneser III 171
shipbuilding techniques 165
ships: boats in burials 86, 93, 108–9;
Phoenician 193, 194
shipwrecks 153, 164–6
Sicily 202; Greek colonies 208, 309–11, 314–17;
Piazza Armerina 415, 416, 416*
Sidon 190, 196, 197; Sanctuary of Eshmun 196
Sinope 304–5, 304*
social distinctions 2
Socrates 268
Soles, Jeffrey 120
Solomon, king 190, 196
Solon 229
Sostratos of Knidos 297
Sparta 228–9, 243, 252; Peloponnesian War 254,
269, 316
Sphinx, Great 90, 93, 95–6
Split, Palace of Diocletian 415, 417*, 418
spolia 420–1
Stais, V. 271
Stamatakis, Panayiotis 131
states, development of 28–9
stamp seals 75
statues: Egypt 89, 90, 93–4, 93, 94, 95–6;
Etruscan 322–3, 323; Greece 234–6, 234, 235,
236, 244, 246–9, 247, 248, 260–1, 260, 262;
Mari 64; Pergamon 292; Rome 311, 348–9, 349,
419–20, 420; Telloh 55–6, 55; Veii 322–3, 323
step pyramids 87–90, 87, 87*, 89, 92
stoas 215–16, 275
stone 78, 87–8, 218, 219
Strabo 297, 305, 408
stratigraphy 5–6
Suetonius 348, 349, 375
Sumer 15, 208; building materials 4–5; early
cities 30–51; Neo-Sumerian Revival 55–61;
Sumerians and their environment 31–2
Sumerian King List 8
Sumerian language 61
Sun temples 96–7, 96
Susa 53, 186
Syracuse 208, 311, 314–17, 315*, 316, 318
Syria 157–64, 177–8; Palmyra 399–403
Syro-Hittites 144, 177–8
Tacitus 361
Tarquinia, tombs 323–6, 325
technology 75–6
Tell el-Amarna 98, 109–13, 109, 110*, 111*; Great
Temple 111–12; houses 112*, 113; Palace 110,
111
Tell Asmar 44, 55, 75; figurines 45–6, 45
Tell Dor 192
Tell Qannas
40–1, 40*
Tell al Rimah 48
Telloh (Girsu) 39–40, 41; statues 55–6, 55; Stele
of the Vultures 41, 42, 43, 54
tells 5–6
temples 214; Babylon 184; Cosa 337; Doric
and Ionic 219–25, 220, 221*, 223, 223*, 225*;
Egypt 93–5, 102–9, 111–12, 116–17; Giza
93–5, 93, 94; Greece 210, 214–16, 219–25,
229, 238–40, 254–61, 256, 258, 259, 260,
262–3, 263, 267–8, 267, 278; Hattusa 148, 149;
Hellenistic 287–9, 288*, 291–2; Jerusalem
178–80, 179*, 196; mortuary temples 88, 93,
95, 102–5, 104, 104*, 113; Paestum 311–14,
313, 313*; Pompeii 358–9; Priene 278; Roman
provincial cities 398, 401–3, 402*, 403, 405,
406; Rome 331, 340, 342, 343, 351–2, 351,
379–82, 380, 381*; Sumer 33, 34–6, 34*, 35,
35*, 42–6, 44; Syracuse 316; Tuscan Temple at
Veii 321–3, 322, 323; Tyre 195–6; Ugarit 163,
164*, Uruk 34–6; see also religion, ziggurats
terminology 9
474 INDEX
tessellated mosaics 281–2, 281
tetrastyle atrium houses 362, 363*, 364
Texier, Charles 145
Thales 227
Thamugadi 393
theaters: Greece 263–4, 272–3, 272*, 273, 277;
Pergamon 293; Pompeii 360; Priene 264, 277;
Rome 345, 346; Syracuse 316–17
Thebes (Egypt) 90, 98, 102–5, 103*, 112, 116;
mortuary temple of Hatshepshut at Deir
el-Bahri 102–5, 104, 104*; Valley of the
Kings 113–15, 114*
Thebes (Greece) 216, 269
Themistokles 252
Theodoros 224
Thera (Santorini) 119, 127–9
Thermon, Temple of Apollo 222
tholos tombs 132–3, 133, 272
Thucydides 206, 229, 309
Thutmose III 103, 106; tomb 114*
Thutmose IV 95–6
Tiber river 329, 343, 367, 368
Tigris river 13, 32
tiles, roof 321
Tiryns 118, 137, 139
Titus, emperor 383, 423
Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa 378–9, 378*, 379
tombs see burials
Tomlinson, R.A. 272
trade 75–6; Late Bronze Age shipwrecks and 153,
164–6; Neolithic Near East 18, 22, 26
trading communities: Delos 299–303; Late
Bronze Age 153–64; Phoenician 189–202;
Sinope 304–5
Trajan, emperor 383–5, 391; and architecture in
Rome 388–90
transport amphoras 280
Trier (Augusta Treverorum) 411–13, 412*, 413;
Porta Nigra 411, 412, 413
triumphal arches 333, 383, 384, 420–1, 420, 421
Trojan War 118, 130, 138–9, 143
Troy 118, 138–43, 140*, 142
true arches 49–50, 49, 338
Turin Canon of Kings 8
Tuscan atrium houses 362–4, 363*
Tutankhamun 112–13; tomb 114*, 115
Tylissos 126
Tyre 190, 191–7, 191*, 197–8, 201; in its
Eastern Mediterranean context 196–7;
fortifications 192; harbors 191–2, 193–5,
194*; religious centers and temples 195–6, 195;
ships 193, 194
Ubaid 43; bronze lintel 44–5, 45
Ugarit (Ras Shamra) 153, 157–64, 159*;
housing 162–3, 162*; port at Minet el
Beida 158, 164; religious center on the
Acropolis 163–4, 164*; Royal Palace 159–62,
160, 161*
Uluburun shipwreck 153, 164–6
Umma 41
Ur 46*, 69; houses 59–60, 60, 60*; religious
center 56–9, 57*, 58; Royal Standard 47–8,
48; Royal Tombs 46–50; Ur III and Isin-Larsa
periods 55, 56–60
Ur-Nammu 46, 55, 60; Stele of 59, 63
Urartu/Urartians 177–8
Uruk 32–8, 33*, 34*
, 41, 55; Eanna Precinct 34,
35–6, 35*, 37, 41; religious imagery 36–8,
37,
38; White Temple 34–5, 34*, 35
Uruk Vase 36–7, 37
valley temples 93–5
Van, Citadel of 178
Vandals 415
Vathypetro 126
vaults 48–50, 50, 338–9
Veii 321, 331, 332; ‘Tuscan Temple’ 321–3, 322, 323
Vergina 282, 283
Vespasian, emperor 359
Visigoths 415
Vitruvius 221, 225, 257, 283, 321, 322, 337, 352, 362
volcanic eruptions 127–8, 356, 357
Volterra, tombs 324
votive gifts 45–6, 45, 216, 244
Vulca of Veii 331
Vultures, Stele of the 41, 42, 43, 54
wall facings 339
wall paintings see paintings
warehouses 368–9
warfare 41; hoplite 213–14
water supply 291
wattle-and-daub construction 321
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer 72
Wiegand, Theodor 289
wine 280
Wirth, L. 2
women 236; and athletics 251
Wood, John Turtle 225
Woolley, Sir Leonard 46, 56, 59
writing 7; Egyptian 82–3; Greece 216–17;
materials 293; Sumerians 31, 38, 39–40
written sources 4, 5, 7–9
Xanthos, Nereid Monument 284–5
Xerxes 187
Zagora 208, 209–10, 210, 210*
Zenobia 400–1
Zenodorus 375
ziggurats 33, 58–9, 58, 184
Zimri-Lim, Palace of 61–5, 63*, 64, 65*
Ziyaret Tepe 280