Gates Charles. Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome

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432 GLOSSARY

architecture – to compensate for anticipated optical illusions. Modern scholars have offered

other explanations.

Relative chronology. Ordering objects or events in a sequence, earlier and later, without refe-

rence to calendar (absolute) dates. The opposite of absolute chronology.

Relief sculpture. Sculpture in which the carved images stand out from the surface, while still

remaining connected with the background. The opposite of “sculpture in the round,” a

sculpture independent of any background that the viewer can walk around.

Relieving triangle. In Mycenaean architecture, a triangular space left above the lintel that frames

a doorway, in order to lighten the weight of masonry on the lintel. The space might be covered

with a thin slab of stone, bearing decorations.

Revetment. In Roman architecture especially, a facing of thin stone slabs, especially marble, used

to cover walls of less distinguished materials.

Rhyton. An ancient drinking or ceremonial vessel, usually ceramic or metal (including gold and

silver); typically either long and pointed, or in the form of an animal’s head; pl. rhytons, or

rhyta.

Sanctuary. In Egyptian temples, the small dark room in which the statue of the deity resided. In

contrast, in ancient Greece, the term normally refers to the entire sacred area (the temenos),

which includes temples, outlying buildings, and open-air space.

Sarcophagus. A coffin, typically of stone, although other materials such as terracotta, metal, or

wood could be used.

Seriation. A method of relative chronology, based on the ordering of objects in an assumed

sequence of manufacture according to stylistic changes.

Stele. An upright stone slab usually bearing a design or inscription. A word of Greek origin; pl.

stelai.

Stoa. In Greek architecture, a free-standing portico (roofed space, with columns on one side, wall

at the rear); pl. stoas. Typically used to line spaces in a city center or in a religious area.

Stratigraphy. The study of layers of deposits at an archaeological site, their nature and their rela-

tionship to each other.

Tell. An Arabic and Hebrew word for “hill.” In archaeology, an artificial hill composed of the

debris of habitation (ancient, medieval, early modern). In the Near East, decomposed sun-

dried mud brick, a favored building material, constitutes the main element of such mounds.

Tepe and höyük are Persian and Turkish words also used in the Near East to designate

tells.

Temenos. A sacred precinct or enclosure; see the discussion of sanctuary, above.

Tepe. See Tell.

Terracotta. Fired clay; in Near Eastern and Mediterranean antiquity, typically used to denote

figurines and other objects made of clay, shaped either by hand or in a mold, then fired.

Tetrapylon. In Roman architecture, a monumental gateway with two intersecting passageways

and four façades, often (but not always) arched; normally erected at a crossroads.

Tholos. A Greek word that denotes a round building; pl. tholoi. In the Aegean Bronze Age, tholos

designates a tomb of round ground plan, both the Minoan type on Crete and the later monu-

mental versions of Mycenaean Greece. In the later Greek period, a tholos is not a tomb, but

a round building of either secular or religious function.

Tophet. Especially in the Punic world, a burial ground for children offered as ritual sacrifices.

Triumph. The entry into ancient Rome of a victorious military commander, celebrated with a

parade and ending with religious rites.

Tumulus. An ancient burial mound; pl. tumuli.

GLOSSARY 433

Vault. Arched roofing that covers a room or other three-dimensional space. Vaults popular in

Roman architecture are the barrel vault, the groin vault, and the dome. Earlier techniques

include the corbelled vault (based on the corbelled arch; see above under “arch”) and the

pitched-brick vault (laying bricks at a tilted angle in order to create a curved form).

Votive. An object offered or dedicated to a god or goddess.

Wattle and daub. A manner of making walls and fences by using stakes or rods interlaced with

twigs or branches (wattle), covered with mud or clay (daub).

Ziggurat. A monumental stepped platform with, according to the Greek historian Herodotus,

a small temple on the top. Made of sun-dried bricks, the ziggurat was an architectural form

popular in Mesopotamia and western Iran in the Bronze and Iron Ages.

FURTHER READING 437

Hattusa/Bog˘azköy: Neve 1996 (in German); Seeher 2006 and 2007.

Troy: Blegen 1963; Bryce 2005; Wood 1985. For results from the current excavations, see the

periodical Studia Troica, vol. 1 (1992) – present.

Gordion: Darbyshire and Pizzorno 2009; Kealhofer 2005.

Cyprus: Karageorghis 1982; Knapp 2008; Smith 2009; Steel 2004; S. Swiny, Hohlfelder and H.

Swiny 1997.

Late Bronze Age Cyprus: Knapp 1997; Smith 2009.

Enkomi: Courtois, J. Lagarce and E. Lagarce 1986 (in French); Crewe 2007.

Kition: Karageorghis 1976; Yon 2006b (in French).

Ugarit: A. Curtis 1985; Klengel 1992; Saadé 1979 (in French); Watson 2003; Yon 1992, 1997 (in

French), and 2006a.

Sea Peoples: Sandars 1985.

Cape Gelidonya and Uluburun Shipwrecks: Bass et al. 1967; Bass 1987 and 1991; Pulak 1997 and

1998.

Archaeology of Syria: Akkermans and Schwartz 2004.

Archaeology of Israel: Ben-Tor 1994; Stern 1993 and 2008.

Philistines: Dothan and Dothan 1992; Gitin, Mazar and Stern 1998.

Phoenicians: Aubet 1993 and 2001; Blas de Roblès, Pieri and Yon 2004 (in French); Markoe

2000; Moscati 1999; Parrot, Chéhab and Moscati 2007 (in French).

Iron Age colonization: Hodos 2006.

Phoenicia in the Persian period: Jigoulov 2010.

Atlit: Haggi and Artzy 2007.

Tel Dor: Gilboa and Sharon 2008.

Tyre: Katzenstein 1997.

Carthage: Hurst 1987; Lancel 1995; Miles 2010.

Greek cities and civilization

General reference: Bickerman 1980; Biers 1992; de Grummond 1996; Fagan 1996; Finley 1977;

Gagarin 2010; Grant and Kitzinger 1988; Hornblower and Spawforth 2003; Stillwell 1976;

Talbert 2000.

Greek history: Bury and Meiggs 1975; Cartledge 2002 and 2009; Ehrenberg 1969; Hammond

1967; Osborne 1996.

Alexander the Great and his empire: Briant 2010; Cherry, in Alcock and Osborne 2007.

Art and Archaeology of Greece, general: Alcock and Osborne 2007; Biers 1996; Boardman 1993;

Kostof 1995; Robertson 1975; Roebuck 1969; Snodgrass 1987; Whitley 2001.

Iron Age Greece: Boardman 1980; Coldstream 1977; Descoeudres 1990; Osborne 1996; Polignac

1995; Snodgrass 1971; Thomas and Conant 1999.

Iron Age colonization: Hodos 2006.

Iron Age sites

Lefkandi: Catling and Lemos 1990; Popham, Calligas and Sackett 1993; Popham, Touloupa

and Sackett 1982.

Archaic Greece: Osborne 1996; Snodgrass 1980.

Art and architecture of the Classical period: Pollitt 1972.

Greek architecture: Coulton 1977; Dinsmoor 1950; Korres 1995; Kostof 1995; Lawrence 1996;

Scully 1979.

Greek cities: Bean 1979; Cartledge 2009; Hansen 2006 and 2008; Hölscher, in Alcock and

438 FURTHER READING

Osborne 2007; Lagopoulos 2009; Martin 1974 (in French); Murray and Price 1990; Owen and

Preston 2009; Owens 1991; Tomlinson 1992; Ward-Perkins 1974; Wycherley 1967.

Greek cities and houses in Anatolia: Radt 2006 (in German and English); Sey 1996.

Greek fortifications: Winter 1971.

Greek houses: Nevett, in Alcock and Osborne 2007.

Greek sculpture: Boardman 1978, 1985, and 1995; Leipen 1971; Mattusch 1988 and 1996; Spivey

1996; Stewart 1990, 1993, and 1996.

Greek pottery: R. Cook 1997; Grace 1961.

Greek coinage: Kraay 1966; Carradice and Price 1988.

Maps: Dilke 1985.

Technology: Landels 2000; Roebuck 1969; White 1984.

Writing: B. Cook, in Hooker et al. 1996.

Food: Dalby 1996; Wilkins, Harvey and Dobson 1995.

Athletics and sports: Miller 2004a and 2004b; Morgan 1990; Raschke 1988; Romano 1993.

Sanctuaries and religion: Marinatos and Hägg 1993; Parke 1967; Tomlinson 1976.

Athens: Neils et al. 1992; Parke 1977; Simon 1983.

Delphi: Bommelaer 1991 (in French); Fontenrose 1978; Scott 2010; Valavanis 2004; Walker

1977.

Didyma: Bean 1979; Fontenrose 1988; Tuchelt 1992 (in German).

Ephesus: Bean 1979; Wood 1877.

Epidauros: Tomlinson 1983.

Olympia: Morgan 1990; Raschke 1988; Scott 2010; Valavanis 2004.

Samos: City: Tölle 1969 (in German). Heraion: Kyrieleis 1981 and 1993. Colossal kouros:

Kyrieleis 1996 (in German).

Theater: Bieber 1961; Green 1994.

Athens: Camp 2004; Connelly and Dodge 1998; Wycherley 1978.

Agora: Camp 1986 and 2010; Thompson 1971.

Acropolis: Beard 2003; Bowie and Thimme 1971; Hurwit 1999; Korres 1995; Leipen 1971;

Neils et al. 1992; Pollitt 1972; Rhodes 1995; and Tournikiotis 1996.

Miletus: Greaves 2002.

Sardis: Hanfmann et al. 1983.

Late Classical sites

Mausoleum: B. Cook 2005; Jeppesen n.d.

Olynthos: Cahill 2002.

Priene: Bean 1979; Ferla 2006; Raeck, in Radt 2006 (in German); Rumscheid 1998; Schede 1964

(in German).

Vergina: Andronicos 1984.

Hellenistic art and architecture: Nielsen 1994; Pollitt 1986; R. Smith 1991; Stewart 1993.

Mosaics: Dunbabin 1999.

The Alexander Mosaic: Cohen 1997.

Hellenistic cities

Alexandria: Bowman 1986; Fraser 1972; Hölbl 2000; McKenzie 2007.

Delos: Bruneau and Ducat 1983 (in French); Rauh 1993.

Pergamon: Bean 1979; Radt 1984, 1999 (in German), and in Parrish, 2001.

Sinope: Bryer and Winfield 1985: 69–88; Doonan 2004; Garlan and Tatlıcan 1995 (in

French).

FURTHER READING 439

Italy and the Roman Empire: cities and civilizations

General reference: Bickerman 1980; Biers 1992; de Grummond 1996; Fagan 1996; Finley 1977;

Hornblower and Spawforth 1996; Stillwell 1976; Talbert 2000.

Journal of Roman Archaeology, from vol. 1 (1988) to the present: highly recommended for its book

reviews as well as its articles.

Etruscan civilization: Bonfante 1986; Haynes 2000; E. Richardson 1976; Torelli 2000.

Etruscan writing: Bonfante, in Hooker et al. 1996.

Etruscan art and architecture: Boethius 1978; Brendel 1995.

Roman civilization (general): Cornell and Matthews 1982; Grant and Kitzinger 1988; Scarre

1995; Wacher 1987.

Roman art: Boardman 1993; Elsner 1998; Ling 1991; Ramage and Ramage 1995.

Roman history: Scullard 1980 and 1982.

Roman Italy: Potter 1987.

Western Greeks: Cerchiai, Jannelli and Longo 2004; Pugliese Carratelli 1996; Ridgway 1992.

Paestum: Pedley 1990.

Sicily: Finley 1979; Holloway 1991.

Syracuse: Wescoat 1989.

North Africa: MacKendrick 1980; Mattingly 1995; Raven 1993.

Roman cities: Fentress 2000; DeLaine 2008; Grimal 1983; Jones 2008; MacDonald 1986; Owens

1991; Purcell, in Alcock and Osborne 2007; Stambaugh 1988; Ward-Perkins 1974.

Rome (city): Anderson 1997; Connelly and Dodge 1998; Coulston and Dodge 2000; Dyson

2010; Nash 1968; L. Richardson 1992.

Urban population: Storey 1997.

Early and Republican Rome: Bremmer 1987; Dupont 1992; Potter 1987.

Augustan Rome: Favro 1996.

Cosa: Brown 1980; McCann et al. 1987.

Ostia: DeLaine 2008; Meiggs 1973.

Pompeii and Herculaneum: Berry 2007; Dobbins and Foss 2007; Grant 1971; Laurence 2007;

Ling 1987; Parslow 1995; L. Richardson 1988; Wallace-Hadrill 1994; Zanker 1998.

Aqueducts: Aicher 1995; Hodge 1992.

Roman Architecture (general): Adam 1994; Anderson 1997; Boethius 1978; Kostof 1995;

MacDonald 1982 and 1986; Sear 1989; Ward-Perkins 1981.

Baths: Yegül 1992.

Bridges: C. O’Connor 1993.

Circuses: Humphrey 1986.

Colosseum: Hopkins and Beard 2005.

Construction: Taylor 2003.

Diocletian’s Palace, Split: Wilkes 1993.

Hadrian’s Villa: MacDonald and Pinto 1995.

Houses: Bergmann, in Alcock and Osborne 2007.

Pantheon: MacDonald 1976.

Piazza Armerina: Wilson 1983.

Theaters: Bieber 1961.

Tombs: Toynbee 1971.

Economy: Greene 1986.

Gardens: Jashemski 1979–93.

Roman sculpture: Kleiner 1992; Mattusch 1996.

440 FURTHER READING

Mosaics: Dunbabin 1999; Ling 1998.

Roman daily life: Dupont 1992; Paoli 1963.

Burial practices: Toynbee 1971.

Food: Wilkins, Harvey and Dobson 1995.

Maps and roads: Dilke 1985; French 1996.

Crafts and technology: Adam 1994; Landels 2000; Roebuck 1969; Strong and Brown 1976; White

1984.

Cities of the Roman Empire:

Anatolia (Asia Minor): Radt 2006 (in German and English); Sey 1996.

Egypt: Bowman 1986.

Ephesus: DeLaine 2008; Krinzinger, in Radt 2006 (in German); Scherrer 2000; Scherrer in

Parrish, 2001.

Greece: Alcock 1993; Tobin 1997.

Jerash: Browning 1982; Wharton 1995.

Jerusalem: Wharton 1995.

Near East: Ball 2000; Levick 1987.

Lepcis Magna and North Africa: DeLaine 2008MacKendrick 1980; Mattingly 1995; Raven 1993;

Ward-Perkins 1993.

North-west Europe: Jones 2008; King 1990.

Roman Britain: Jones 2006; Todd 2006; Wacher 1995.

Palmyra: Browning 1979.

Pergamon: see under “Greek cities and civilization”

Perge: Abbasog˘lu, in Parrish 2001 and in Radt 2006 (the latter in German); Boatwright 1993.

Western Empire: Drinkwater 1987; Grimal 1983.

Architecture in the age of Constantine the Great: Krautheimer 1986.

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