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410 References

Index

2-D survey 336

3-D survey 336

aa 264

abandonment facies 193

ablation zone 102

ablation moraine 109

abyssal plain 164

abyssal zone 164

accommodation 354

accommodation space 354

accretionary complex 389

accretionary lapilli 42

accretionary prism 389

accumulation zone 102

acetate peels 30

acme biozones 315

acoustic impedance 336

acritarchs 320

aeolian 114

aeolian dunes 118

aeolian environments 114

aeolian ripples 118

aeolianites 118, 229

ages 299

agglomerate 42

aggradation 356

aggregate grains 33

aggregates 6

ahermatypic corals 32

airgun 336

alabaster 37

albite 18

algae 32

Alizarin Red-S 30

allostratigraphic units 302

alluvial 130

alluvial fans 141

alluvial plain 130

amino-acid racemisation 334

ammonites 319

ammonoids 319

amphidromic cells 166

amphidromic point 166

anabranching 131

anaerobic 40, 154

analysing filter 14

anastomosing 131

angle of rest 44

anhydrite 37

anisotropic mineral 16

annual tidal cycle 166

anorthite 18

anoxic 172

anthracite 293

anthropogenic activity 98

antidune cross-bedding 57

antidunes 57

apatite 38

Apatite Fission Track Analysis 100

aquifer 122

aragonite 29

architectural elements 251

architecture 139

arc–trench gap 388

arenaceous 10

arenite 10

argon–argon dating 326

arid 116

arkose 13

arkosic arenite 13

ash (coal) 40

ash (volcanic) 42

ash content 293

ash-cloud surge 267

ash flow 266

assemblage biozones 315

attached falling stage systems

tract 364

authigenic 12

autobrecciation 265

autoclastic 264

avulses 138

avulsion 138

backarc basins 389

back reef 235

backshore 201

badland 97

bafflestone 34

baked margin 271

balanced fill lake 160

ball-and-pillow structures 278

banded iron formations 39

bank-full flow 130

barchan dunes 119

barnacles 31

barred basins 242

barrier island 203

barrier reefs 235

basal debris 106

basal sliding 105

basal tills 106

base surge 266

basin-floor fan 359

bathyal zone 164

bathymetry 163

bay-head delta 208

beach spit 203

beachrock 229

bed (stratigraphy) 305

bedform 50

bedform stability diagram 57

bedload 46

bedload rivers 131

bed-set 67

belemnites 31

benthic 31, 172, 317

benthonic 317

bentonites 292

berm 201

Bernoulli effect 46

Bernoulli equation 47

beta decay 327

BIFs 39

bifurcating pattern 138

bimodal pattern 168

bindstone 34

bioerosion 235

biofacies 81

biogenic 29

biogenic fragments 12

bioherms 233

biostratigraphic unit 302

biostromes 233

biotite 11

bioturbation 176

biozone 315

bipolar currents 167

bipolar pattern 168

birds-eye limestone 232

birefringence colour 16

bituminous 293

bivalve molluscs 31

black shale 172

black smokers 261

block flow 266

boghead coal 41

bogs 292

borehole cuttings 341

borehole scanners 347

borings 173

bottomset 189

Bouma sequence 62

bounce marks 66

boundary layer 50

boundary layer separation 51

boundstone 34

brachiopods 31, 319

brackish 157

braided river 131

braidplains 134

breccia 7

breccio-conglomerate 7

brines 157

brown coal 293

bryozoa 32

bulls-eye pattern 243

burial models (dolomitisation) 289

burrows 173

by-pass margins 237

calcareous 29

calcareous ooze 258

calcareous sandstone 12

calcite 29

calcite compensation depth 259

calcrete 148

caldera 270

caliper log 344

cannel coal 41

cap rocks 295

carbon-14 dating

carbonaceous 40

carbonate atoll 227

carbonate banks 227

carbonate factory 226

carbonate lagoons 229

carbonate mud 33

carbonate mud mound 236

carbonate mudstone 34

carbonate pavement 231

carbonate platforms 226

carbonate productivity 225

carbonate ramp 228, 237

carbonate shelf 227

carbonate shoals 233

carbonate slopes 257

carbonates 29

carbonatite 29

casts 216

cataclasis 280

catagenesis 294

catchment area 130

CCD 259

cement 282

cementation 282

central lagoon 209

cephalopod 31

chalcedony 19

chalk 236

Chalk (The) 237

chamosite 39

channel 65, 130

charophytes 161

chemical weathering 91

chemogenic oceanic deposits 261

chemostratigraphy 329

chenier ridges 207

chert 19

chevrons 66

chicken-wire structure 231

chloralgal 228

chloride lakes 157

chlorite 22

chlorophyta 32

chlorozoan 228

chron 299

chronostratigraphic unit 302

chronostratigraphy 298

chrysophyta 32

chute channel 136

cirque glaciers 105

clarain 41

clastic dykes 277

clasts 5

clast-supported 8

clay 21

clay minerals 21

cleavage 15

climbing ripples 53

clinoforms 339

Cnidaria 32

coal 40

coal bed methane 295

coal grade 293

coal rank 41, 293

coarse lag 131

coarsening-upward 50

coastal plain 202

coasts 199

coccoliths 32, 320

cohesive 23

cold glaciers 104

colluvial fans 141

combined flow 218

compaction 279

complex (stratigraphy) 306

compositional maturity 27

compound bars 132

concavo-convex contacts 281

concretions 284

concurrent range biozone 315

condensed sections 171, 236

conglomerate 7

conodonts 320

consecutive range biozone 315

continental rise 163

continental shelf 164

continental slope 163

continuous reflectors 339

contourites 257

convolute bedding 276

convolute lamination 276

coprolites 38

coral atolls 236

corals 32, 319

core logging 343

Coriolis force 88

correlative conformity 359

co-set 67

cosmogenic isotopes 333

Coulter Counter 25

counter-flow ripples 55

craton 385

crest 51

crevasse splay 139

crinoids 31, 319

412 Index

critical velocity 47

cross-bedding 67

cross-beds 54

cross-laminae 51

cross-lamination 51, 67

cross-polars 16

cross-stratification 67

crustal loading 390

Cruziana 173

Curie Point 330

current ripples 51

cyanobacteria 32

cycles of sedimentation 27

darcy units 296

daughter isotope 325

debris flows 45, 61

debris-flow avalanche 268

decay constant 325

decompaction 397

dedolomitisation 290

deep-sea chert 259

deflation 116

delta 179

delta cycles 194

delta plain 183

delta slope 183

delta top 183

dendritic 138

density currents 61

density logs 346

denudation 95

depositional coastlines 199

depositional couplets 143, 159

depositional lobes 251–2

depositional margins 237

depositional zone 129

depth conversion 337

desert 116

desert rose 160

desert varnish 116

desiccation cracks 64

detached falling stage systems

tract 364

detrital mineral grains 10

detrital sediments 5

devitrifies 291

dewatering structures 276

diachronous unit 304

diagenesis 279

diamict 106

diamictite 106

diamicton 106

diapirism 278

diatomite 161, 320

diatoms 38, 320

differential compaction 280

dinocysts 320

dinoflagellates 320

dipmeter log 347

discharge 130

discoid 9

disconformity 302

dish structures 276

dissipative coasts 199

dissolution breccia 291

distally-steepened ramp 239

diurnal tidal inequality 166

diurnal tides 166

doggers 284

dolomite 29

dolomitisation 289

dolostone 29

downlap 340

draas 120

drainage basin 130

dreikanter 116

drill string 341

dropstones 111

drumlins 109

dry subtropical 89

dump moraines 108

dunes 54

Dunham Classification 34

durain 41

duricrust 149

ebb tide 167

ebb-tidal deltas 207

echinoderms 319

echinoids 31, 319

electromagnetic propagation log 346

electron spin resonance 333

elutriation 267

elutriation pipes 277

enclosed basins 138

end moraines 108

endorheic 138

endorheic basin 383

englacial channels 108

enterolithic 231

eogenesis 293

eogenetic cements 281

eolian 114

eons 298

epeiric seas 164

ephemeral 130

ephemeral lakes 153, 158

epicontinental seas 164

epilimnion 154

epochs 299

epsilon cross-stratification 136

epsomite 38

equant 9

equilibrium profile 354

eras 298

erg 116

erosional coastlines 199

erosional truncation 340

erosional zone 129

escape burrows 174

eskers 109

estuary 179

eustasy 350

eustatic sea-level change 350

evaporites 6, 36

exfoliation 91

expanded succession 363

extensional backarc basin 388

extinction (species) 314

extinction (optical) 16

extruded sheet 277

fabric 24

facies 2

facies analysis 81

facies association 81

facies sequence 83

facies succession 83

faecal pellets 33

fair weather wave base 165

falling stage systems tract 360

fan apex 142

fan delta 182

fan toe 142

fan-head canyon 142

feeder canyon 142

feldspar 17

feldspathic arenite 13

feldspathic (arkosic) wacke 13

fence diagrams 74

fenestrae 232

fenestral cavities 232

ferricretes 149

ferroan 30

ferruginous sandstone 12

fetch 58

fiamme 42

fining-upward 50

firmground 178

first cycle deposit 27

fissility 21

fission-track dating 100

fissure fills 277

flame structure 278

Index 413

flaser bedding 67

flash-floods 96

flint 38, 284

floatstone 34

flocculate 23

flood basalt 269

flood-tidal delta 206

flood tide 167

flooding surface 363

floodplain 130

floods 130

flow attachment point 51

flow axis indicators 75

flow fragmentation 265

flow separation point 51

flow tills 106

fluid dynamics 45

fluidisation 274

flute cast 65

fluvial 130

fluvial distributary systems 138

Foraminifera 31, 319

foraminiferal ooze 258

foramol 228

forced regression 351

forced regressive wedge systems

tract 362

forearc basin 389

foredeep 391

forereef 235

foreset 189

foreshore 165

foreshortened succession 363

formation (stratigraphy) 304

formation evaluation 343

fossil fuels 292

framestone 34

francolite 38

free stream 50

freeze–thaw action 90

freshwater lakes 153

frictional drag 46

fringing reefs 235

frost shattering 90

Froude number 57

functional morphology 173

fusain 41

gamma-ray log 344

gas seeps 296

gastropods 31, 319

genera 313

genus 313

geochronologic units 297

geochronology 298

geohistory analysis 396

geophones 336

geophysical logging tools 343

geophysical techniques 335

geostrophic currents 170

geosynclines 382

geothermal gradient 101, 385

Gilbert-type deltas 189

glacial abrasion 95

glacial advance 103

glacial plucking 95

glacial rebound 113

glacial retreat 103

glacial striae 95

glacial surge 105

glacio-eustasy 373

glacio-eustatic mechanism 373

glaciomarine 110

glaebules 148

glauconite 39, 170

glaucony 39, 171

Global Standard Section and Point 301

Glossifungites 174

goethite 39

golden spikes 301

goniatites 319

graben 384

grading 49

grain fall 118

grain flows 64

grain surface frosting 117

grainstone 34

granulometric analysis 24

grapestones 33

graptolites 318

graticule 14

gravity flows 61

gravity surveys 395

green algae 32

greenalite 39

greywacke 13

grooves 66

ground surge 267

groundwater 91, 122

group (stratigraphy) 305

growth faults 275

growth structures 395

gutter casts 66

gypsum 37

hadal zone 165

haematite 39

half-graben 384

halite 37

hardground 178

Hawaiian eruptions 269

HCS 218

heavy mineral analysis 79

heavy minerals 11

hemipelagic 260

hermatypic corals 32

herringbone cross-stratification 168

heterolithic 210

hiatus 309, 321

high flow stage 130

high-density turbidity currents 64

high-efficiency system 249

highstand 358

highstand systems tract 358

Hju

lstrom diagram 47

holotype 312

homoclinal ramps 239

hopper crystal 37

horizonation 147

horsts 384

hot shales 345

humic coal 293

hummocky cross-stratification 218

humus 92

hyaloclastites 265

hybrid basins 392

hydraulic jump 57

hydraulically rough 50

hydraulically smooth 50

hydrocarbon maturation 293

hydrocarbon migration 295

hydrocarbon trap 295

hydrocarbons 293

hydroclastites 265

hydrologically closed 152

hydrologically open 152

hydrolysis 91

hydrophones 336

hydrothermal deposits 261

hydrovolcanic processes 265

hypersaline 157

hypolimnion 154

ice caps 103

ice sheets 103

ice shelves 103, 110

ice wedges 110

icebergs 104

ice-cored moraines 109

ice-distal glaciomarine sediments 111

ice-proximal glaciomarine

sediments 111

ichnofacies 81, 174

ichnofauna 173

ignimbrite 266

414 Index

illite 22

illite crystallinity 287

illuviation 147

imbrication 9

incised valleys 359

inclined heterolithic stratification 210

induction logs 346

inertinite 41

inland sabkhas 160

inner ramp 237

interbedded 66

interdistributary bays 183

internal deformation 104

interparticle porosity 282

interval biozones 315

intraclasts 33

intracratonic basins 385

intraformational conglomerate 8

intraparticle porosity 282

iron formations 39

ironstones 39

isochronous horizon 322

isochronous surface 302

isopachous cement 290

isostatic uplift 99

isotopes 325

isotopic fractionation 333

isotropic minerals 16

jasper 38

jo¨kulhlaups 109

kame terraces 109

Kames 109

kandite group 22

kaolinite 22

karst 97

katabatic winds 115

kerogen 41

kinetic sieving 64

kurtosis 25

labile 27

lacuna 309

lacunae 309

lacustrine 151

lagersta¨tten 318

lagoons 205

lahar 268

lake water stratification 154

laminar flows 45

landslide 93

lapilli 42

lapillistone 42

laser granulometer 25

lateral accretion surfaces 135

lateral migration 135

lateral moraine 108

laterites 97, 149

laterologs 346

lava 263

lee side 51

enticular bedding 67

leve

e 139

liesegangen bands 285

lift force 47

lignite 293

lime mud 33

limestones 28

limnology 152

limonite 39

lineage biozone 315

linear dunes 119

linguoid bars 132

linguoid ripples 51

Linnaean System 312

liptinite 41

liquefaction 275

listric fault 275

lithic arenite 13

lithic fragments 10

lithic wacke 13

lithification 6, 279

lithodeme 306

lithodemic units 306

lithofacies 81

lithostratigraphic units 301

lithostratigraphy 302

littoral zone 165

load balls 278

load casts 278

lodgement tills 106

loess 22, 126

long contacts 281

longitudinal bars 131

longshore drift 200

low-efficiency system 249

low flow stage 130

lower flow regime 57

lowstand 359

lowstand fan 359

lowstand systems tract 359

lowstand wedge 359

maars 269

macerals 41

macrotidal 166

magmatic explosions 264

magnetic polarity reversals 330

magnetic surveys 395

magnetite 39

magnetometer 331

magnetostratigraphic unit 302

magnetostratigraphy 330

manganese nodules 40

mangroves 205

mantle plumes 272

marble 29

maritime rift 385

Markov analysis 84

marshes 292

mass flows 60

mass spectrometer 326

matrix 8

matrix-free conglomerate 145

matrix-supported 8

maturity 26

maximum flooding surface 360

meandering 131

medial moraine 108

megabeds 249

megafans 141

meltout tills 106

member (stratigraphy) 304

meniscus cements 290

mesogenetic cement 281

mesotidal 166

Messinian salinity crisis 245

metagenesis 294

meteoric waters 290

mica 18

micaceous sandstone 12

micrite 33

micritisation 33

microbial mats 32

microcline 17

microfossils 317

micro-imaging tools 347

microquartz 38

microresistivity 348

microtidal 166

mid-ramp 238

migration 337

Milankovitch cycles 379

mirabilite 38

mires 292

mixed load 135

mixing-zone model

(dolomitisation) 289

Mohs’ scale 11

molluscs 31

monomict 8

monospecific assemblages 160

montmorillonite 22

moraine 108

Index 415

morphometrics 313

mountain glaciers 102

mud 21

mud cake 344

mud clasts 136

mud diapirism 278

mud drapes 168

mud-chips 65

mudcracks 64

muddy conglomerate 8

mud-flakes 65

mudflats 207

mud-logging 342

mudrock 21

mudstone 21

muscovite 11

nanofossils 320

nanoplankton 32

nanoplankton ooze 258

natron 157

neap tides 166

neap–spring tidal cycles 166

nektonic 317

neomorphism 290

Neptunian dyke 277

Nereites 176

neritic zone 164

neutron logs 346

nodules 284

non-ferroan 30

non-rimmed carbonate shelves 228,

239

normal grading 49

normal magnetic polarity 330

nuclear magnetic resonance logs 348

nue

e ardente 266

nunataks 103

obducted slabs 387

oblate 9

obstacle scours 66

ocean floor 163

ocean trenches 163, 387

offlap 340

offshore zone 165

offshore-transition zone 165

oil sands 41

oil seeps 296

oil shales 41

oligomict 8

olistoliths 257

ombotrophic mires 292

oncoids 32, 156

onlap 340

ooids 33

oolitic limestone 33

opal 259

opal compensation depth 260

opaline silica 284

open framework conglomerate 145

ophiolites 387

Ophiomorpha 173

optical properties 14

optical stimulating luminescence 333

orogenic belt 88, 390

orthoclase 17

orthoconglomerate 8

oscillatory motion 58

ostracods 320

outer ramp 239

outwash plain 109

overbank 130

overbank flow 131

overburden 278

overburden pressure 279

overfilled basin 383

overfilled lake 160

overgrowth 282

overpressured 274

overturned cross-stratification 276

oxbow lake 137

oxidation 91

oxygen isotope stratigraphy 333

packstone 34

pahoehoe 264

palaeobathymetry 397

palaeocurrent indicator 75

palaeoenvironments 81

palaeoflow 75

palaeogeography 3

palaeomagnetism 330

palaeosol 148

palustrine 155

palynomorphs 320

paraconglomerate 8

parasequence boundaries 363

parasequence sets 363

parasequences 362

parent isotope 325

partial range biozone 315

passive margins 386

patch reefs 236

patterned ground 110

pcl 57

peat 40

pedogenesis 146

pelagic 258

pelagic limestones 258

pelagic sediments 258

Pele

e’s hair 269

Pele

e’s tears 269

peloids 33

perennial 130

periglacial 96

periglacial zone 110

period 299

peripheral foreland basin 390

permafrost 97, 110

permeability 282

petroleum 41

petrological/petrographic

microscope 14

petrophysics 343

phi scale 7

phosphorites 38, 171

photic zone 226

phreatic explosion 265

phreatic zone 288

phreatomagmatic explosions 264

phyletic extinction 314

phyletic gradualism 314

phyletic transformation 314

phyllosilicates 18

phyologeny 314

physical weathering 90

physiography 350

phytoplankton 38

piedmont glacier 105

piggy-back basins 391

pillar structures 277

pillow lava 264

pisoids 33

placer mineral 19

plagioclase feldspars 17

planar cross-bedding 54

planar cross-lamination 52

planar lamination 56

plane bedding 56

plane beds 57

planktonic 31, 172, 317

playa lake 158

pleochroism 16

Plinian eruptions 268

poikilotopic 285

point bar 135

point contacts 281

point counting 21

polar regions 89

polar glaciers 103

polarising

filter 14

416 Index

polymict 8

polythermal glaciers 105

population fragmentation 314

porifera 32

porosity 282

potash feldspars 17

potassium ferricyanide 30

potassium–argon dating 325

pressure dissolution 281

pressure melting point 105

pressure solution 281

primary chert 259

primary current lineation 57

primary porosity 282

primary sedimentary structures 274

prod marks 66

prodelta 183

progradation 183, 356

prograding barriers 207

prolate 9

proto-oceanic troughs 385

provenance 79

provincialism 317

pseudoanticlines 232

pseudoextinction 314

pseudomorph 291

pull-apart basins 392

pumice 42

punctuated equilibria 314

push moraines 108

pyrite 39

pyroclastic 42, 264

pyroclastic fall deposits 265

pyroclastic flows 266

pyroclastic surges 266

‘Q, F, L’ 13

quadratic alignment 166

quartz 17

quartz arenite 13

quartz wacke 13

quasi-steady flows 250

quench-shattering 265

racemisation 334

races 313

radioactive half-life 325

radiocarbon dating 325, 332

radiolaria 38, 319

radiolarian chert 259

radiometric dating 325

rain shadow 99

raised beaches 113

ramp 228

ravinement surfaces 360

reactivation surface 169

recumbent cross-bedding 276

red algae 32

red beds 125

redox conditions 147

reduction spots 285

reefs 233

reflectance 41

reflective coast 199

reflector terminations 339

reflectors 337

reflux model (dolomitisation) 289

regolith 90

regression 351

relative sea level 350

releasing bends 392

relief 95

remnant magnetism 331

replacement 283

replacement fabrics 284

resistant lithologies 8

resistivity logging 345

resonance 166

restraining bends 392

retroarc foreland basins 391

retrogradation 356

retrograding barriers 207

reverse grading 49

reversed magnetic polarity 330

Reynolds number 45

rhenium–osmium dating 328

rheotrophic mires 292

rhizocretions 148

rhodophyta 32

ridges and furrows 66

rift to drift transition 384

rifts 384

rimmed carbonate shelf 228

rimmed shelf 228, 237, 240

ripple crest 51

ripple trough 51

roche moutone

e95

rock cycle 87

rock fall 44, 93

rock flour 95

rock salt 37

rocky deserts 116

roller vortex 54

rolling 46

rolling grain ripples 59

rose diagram 77

rotary tides 167

roundness 23

rubidium–strontium dating 327

rudaceous 8

rudists 234

rudite 8

sabkhas 231

saline 157

saline giants 244

saline lakes 153

salt diapirism 278

salt growth 90

salt marsh 207

salt marshes 292

salt tectonics 278

saltation 46

saltern 230

samarium–neodymium dating 328

sand 10

sand ribbons 221

sand ridges 217, 221

sand volcanoes 277

sandar 109

sand:shale ratio 345

sandstone 10

sandur 109

sandwaves 221

sandy conglomerate 8

sapropel 40

sapropelic coals 293

scanning electron microscope 22

scoria 269

scoria cones 269

scoria-flow 266

scour marks 65

scree 44, 94

SCS 218

sea ice 110

seamounts 248, 270

seawater models (dolomitization) 289

seatearths 149

second cycle deposit 27

secondary cherts 284

secondary porosity 282

sediment plume 183

sedimentary basin analysis 393

sedimentary basins 382

sedimentary facies 80

sedimentary log 70

seif dunes 119

seismic facies 340

selenite 37

SEM 22

semi-arid 116

separation bubble 51

Index 417