Flechtner F.M., Gruber Th., G?ntner A., Mandea M., Rothacher M., Sch?ne T., Wickert J. (Eds.) System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space Techniques

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences

Editors:

L. Stroink, Germany

V. Mosbrugger, Germany

G. Wefer, Germany

For further volumes:

http://www.springer.com/series/8384

Frank Flechtner · Thomas Gruber ·

Andreas Güntner · Mioara Mandea ·

Markus Rothacher · Tilo Schöne · Jens Wickert

Editors

System Earth via

Geodetic-Geophysical Space

Techniques

123

Editors

Dr. Frank Flechtner

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam

GFZ German Research

Centre for Geosciences

Telegrafenberg

14473 Potsdam

Germany

frank.ﬂechtner@gfz-potsdam.de

Prof. Dr. Mioara Mandea

Université Paris Diderot -

Institut de Physique du

Globe de Paris

Géophysique spatiale et

planétaire - Bâtiment

Lamarck

Case 7011, 5 rue Thomas Mann

75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

mioara@ipgp.fr

Dr. Jens Wickert

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam

GFZ German Research

Centre for Geosciences

Telegrafenberg

14473 Potsdam

Germany

wickert@gfz-potsdam.de

Dr. Thomas Gruber

TU München

Arcisstr. 21

80333 München

Germany

thomas.gruber@bv.tum.de

Prof. Dr. Markus Rothacher

ETH Zürich

Photogrammetrie

HPV G 52

Schafmattstr. 34

8093 Zürich

markus.rothacher@ethz.ch

Dr. Andreas Güntner

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam

GFZ German Research

Centre for Geosciences

Telegrafenberg

14473 Potsdam

Germany

guentner@gfz-potsdam.de

Dr. Tilo Schöne

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam

GFZ German Research

Centre for Geosciences

Telegrafenberg

14473 Potsdam

Germany

tschoene@gfz-potsdam.de

ISSN 2190-1635 e-ISSN 2190-1643

ISBN 978-3-642-10227-1 e-ISBN 978-3-642-10228-8

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10228-8

Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010924887

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is

concerned, speciﬁcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,

reproduction on microﬁlm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication

or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,

1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations

are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not

imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective

laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover design: Bauer, Thomas

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Our planet is currently experiencing substantial changes due to natural phenom-

ena and direct or indirect human interactions. Observations from space are the

only means to monitor and quantify these changes on a global and long-term per-

spective. Continuous time series of a large set of Earth system parameters are

needed in order to better understand the processes causing these changes, as well

as their interactions. This knowledge is needed to build comprehensive Earth sys-

tem models used for analysis and prediction of the changing Earth. Geodesy and

geophysics contribute to the understanding of system Earth through the observation

of global parameter sets in space and time, such as tectonic motion, Earth surface

deformation, sea level changes and gravity, magnetic and atmospheric ﬁelds.

In the framework of the German geoscience research and development pro-

gramme GEOTECHNOLOGIEN, research projects related to the theme “Observing

the Earth System from Space” have been funded within two consecutive phases

since 2002, both covering 3 years. The projects address data analysis and model

development using the satellite missions CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and comple-

mentary ground or airborne observations. The results of the ﬁrst phase projects have

been published in the Springer book, titled “Observation of the Earth System from

Space”, edited by Flury, Rummel, Reigber, Rothacher, Boedecker and Schreiber

in 2006. The present book, titled “System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space

Techniques” summarizes in 40 scientiﬁc papers the results of eight coordinated

research projects funded in the second phase of this programme (2005–2008). These

projects partly represent a continuation of the ﬁrst phase, while some new projects

have been initiated. The book provides an overview of the main outcomes of this

research. At the same time it should inspire future work in this ﬁeld. The pro-

gramme was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research

(BMBF). The support of the GEOTECHNOLOGIEN programme by BMBF is

gratefully acknowledged. All projects were carried out in close cooperation between

universities and research institutes.

A total of eight coordinated projects have been carried out. Three of them

address the processing of static and time variable gravity ﬁeld models from CHAMP,

GRACE and GOCE data including methods for validation (“Improved GRACE

Level-1 and Level-2 Products and their Validation by Ocean Bottom Pressure”,

“More accurate and faster available CHAMP and GRACE Gravity Fields for

vi Preface

the User Community” and “Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer

GOCE”). The papers related to CHAMP and GRACE provide deeper insight into

the sensors, the processing methods and the applied algorithms. Results of orbit and

gravity ﬁeld determination including validation are presented as well. As GOCE was

not yet in orbit during the project period, the rationale of GOCE gravity gradient pro-

cessing to static geoid solutions and their validation are described in several papers.

Two out of the eight coordinated projects are related to applications of GRACE

results, altimeter, GPS and other data for geophysical analyses (“Time-Variable

Gravity and Surface Mass Processes: Validation, Processing and First Application

of New Satellite Gravity Data”; “Sea Level Variations – Prospects from the Past to

the Present”). The papers in these chapters focus on the use of geodetic observa-

tions for assessing variations in the global water cycle and the analysis of sea level

variations derived from satellite altimetry and observations taken at GPS and tides

gauge stations. The remaining three chapters address contributions to the Global

Geodetic-Geodynamic Observing System (GGOS), the atmospheric sounding by

the geodetic based GPS radio occultation technique with CHAMP and GRACE and

the observation of the Earth’s magnetic ﬁeld with CHAMP (“Integration of Space

Geodetic Techniques as the Basis for a Global Geodetic-Geophysical Observing

System – GGOS-D”, “Near-Real-Time Provision and Usage of Global Atmospheric

Data from GRACE and CHAMP” and “The Earth’s Magnetic Field: At the CHAMP

Satellite Epoch”). The articles in the GGOS section address the consistent pro-

cessing of space-geodetic data, combination techniques and solutions for a global

terrestrial reference frame. Results of atmospheric sounding using GPS radio occul-

tation with CHAMP and GRACE are summarized in the subsequent chapter. Special

focus is hereby given to the near-real time satellite data analysis, fundamental pre-

condition for the application of the innovative GPS occultation data to improve

global weather forecast. Finally, a review paper describes the progress made in

magnetic ﬁeld modelling during the CHAMP era.

In order to ensure high quality of the papers included in this book a review pro-

cess was conducted before publication. The editors would like to thank all internal

and external reviewers for their valuable contributions, which signiﬁcantly helped

to improve the quality of the book. The editors are indebted to all authors and to the

publisher for the excellent cooperation when preparing this book. Sabine Lange and

Anja Schlicht of the German GOCE project ofﬁce at the Technische Universität

München coordinated the editing process and the compilation of the book. The

editors gratefully acknowledge their valuable support.

Potsdam, Germany Frank Flechtner

October 2009 Thomas Gruber

Andreas Güntner

Mioara Mandea

Markus Rothacher

Tilo Schöne

Jens Wickert

Contents

Part I CHAMP and GRACE

More Accurate and Faster Available CHAMP and GRACE

Gravity Fields for the User Community .................. 3

Frank Flechtner

The CHAMP/GRACE User Portal ISDC ................. 15

Bernd Ritschel, Lutz Gericke, Ronny Kopischke, and Vivien Mende

Improvements for the CHAMP and GRACE Observation Model .... 29

Grzegorz Michalak and Rolf König

The Release 04 CHAMP and GRACE EIGEN Gravity Field Models .. 41

Frank Flechtner, Christoph Dahle, Karl Hans Neumayer,

Rolf König, and Christoph Förste

Orbit Predictions for CHAMP and GRACE ................ 59

Krzysztof Snopek, Daniel König, and Rolf König

Rapid Science Orbits for CHAMP and GRACE Radio

Occultation Data Analysis .......................... 67

Grzegorz Michalak and Rolf König

Parallelization and High Performance Computation

for Accelerated CHAMP and GRACE Data Analysis ........... 79

Karl Hans Neumayer

Part II GRACE

Improved GRACE Level-1 and Level-2 Products

and Their Validation by Ocean Bottom Pressure ............. 95

Frank Flechtner

The GRACE Gravity Sensor System .................... 105

Björn Frommknecht and Anja Schlicht

vii

viii Contents

Numerical Simulations of Short-Term

Non-tidal Ocean Mass Anomalies ..................... 119

Henryk Dobslaw and Maik Thomas

Improved Non-tidal Atmospheric and Oceanic De-aliasing

for GRACE and SLR Satellites ....................... 131

Frank Flechtner, Maik Thomas, and Henryk Dobslaw

Global Gravity Fields from Simulated Level-1 GRACE Data ...... 143

Ulrich Meyer, Björn Frommknecht, and Frank Flechtner

ITG-GRACE: Global Static and Temporal Gravity Field Models

from GRACE Data .............................. 159

Torsten Mayer-Gürr, Annette Eicker, Enrico Kurtenbach,

and Karl-Heinz Ilk

Validation of GRACE Gravity Fields by In-Situ Data of Ocean

Bottom Pressure ............................... 169

Andreas Macrander, Carmen Böning, Olaf Boebel, and Jens Schröter

Antarctic Circumpolar Current Transport Variability in

GRACE Gravity Solutions and Numerical Ocean Model Simulations . . 187

Carmen Böning, Ralph Timmermann, Sergey Danilov,

and Jens Schröter

Part III GOCE

Gravity and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer GOCE ...... 203

Reiner Rummel and Thomas Gruber

GOCE Data Analysis: From Calibrated Measurements

to the Global Earth Gravity Field ..................... 213

Jan Martin Brockmann, Boris Kargoll, Ina Krasbutter,

Wolf-Dieter Schuh, and Martin Wermuth

GOCE and Its Use for a High-Resolution Global Gravity

Combination Model ............................. 231

Richard Shako, Christoph Förste, Oleg Abrikosov,

and Jürgen Kusche

Spectral Approaches to Solving the Polar Gap Problem ......... 243

Oliver Baur, Jianqing Cai, and Nico Sneeuw

Regionally Reﬁned Gravity Field Models from In-Situ Satellite Data . . 255

Annette Eicker, Torsten Mayer-Gürr, Karl-Heinz Ilk,

and Enrico Kurtenbach

Quality Evaluation of GOCE Gradients .................. 265

Jürgen Müller, Focke Jarecki, Insa Wolf, and Phillip Brieden

Contents ix

Validation of Satellite Gravity Field

Models by Regional Terrestrial Data Sets ................. 277

Johannes Ihde, Herbert Wilmes, Jan Müller, Heiner Denker,

Christian Voigt, and Michael Hosse

Comparison of GRACE and Model-Based Estimates of Bottom

Pressure Variations Against In Situ Bottom Pressure Measurements . . 297

Detlef Stammer, Armin Köhl, Vanya Romanova,

and Frank Siegismund

Part IV SEAVAR

Sea Level Variations – Prospects from the Past to the Present

(SEAVAR) ................................... 313

Tilo Schöne and Jens Schröter

Radar Altimetry Derived Sea Level Anomalies – The Beneﬁt of

New Orbits and Harmonization ...................... 317

Tilo Schöne, Saskia Esselborn, Sergei Rudenko,

and Jean-Claude Raimondo

Combining GEOSAT and TOPEX/Poseidon Data by Means

of Data Assimilation ............................. 325

Manfred Wenzel and Jens Schröter

Reanalysis of GPS Data at Tide Gauges and the Combination

for the IGS TIGA Pilot Project ....................... 335

Sergei Rudenko, Daniela Thaller, Gerd Gendt,

Michael Dähnn, and Tilo Schöne

Sea Level Rise in North Atlantic Derived from Gap Filled Tide

Gauge Stations of the PSMSL Data Set .................. 341

Heiko Reinhardt, Dimitry Sidorenko, Manfred Wenzel,

and Jens Schröter

Using ARGO, GRACE and Altimetry Data to Assess the Quasi

Stationary North Atlantic Circulation ................... 351

Falk Richter, Dimitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, and Jens Schröter

A 15-Year Reconstruction of Sea Level Anomalies Using Radar

Altimetry and GPS-Corrected Tide Gauge Data ............. 359

Nana Schön, Saskia Esselborn, and Tilo Schöne

Part V TIVAGAM

Continental Water Storage Variations from GRACE

Time-Variable Gravity Data ........................ 369

Andreas Güntner