Flechtner F.M., Gruber Th., G?ntner A., Mandea M., Rothacher M., Sch?ne T., Wickert J. (Eds.) System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space Techniques

Index 587

GCG2005, 285

GECCO synthesis, 300–303, 306

Geocenter, 56, 188–189, 257, 534–535, 550,

566, 580

Geodetic meta data, ISO 19115, 543

Geoid, 7, 12, 50–51, 55, 101, 131–132,

135–138, 165–167, 169–170, 174,

203–205, 209–211, 213, 232,

234–235, 237, 243, 245, 261–262,

277–279, 281–283, 285, 289,

292–294, 298, 315, 326, 351–353

-errors, 234–235

Geopotential model, 238–239, 265, 271,

282–284, 287

GEOSAT, 313–315, 317–322, 325–332

-TOPEX/Poseidon, 326

Geoscience data products, 17

Geoscience domains, 17

Geostrophic current velocity, 169

Geotechnology Programme, 208–212

GGM02S, 231

GGOS-D, 529–537, 539–553, 555–563,

565–574, 577–582

Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), 99, 173,

342, 359–360, 362–363

Glaciers, 100, 369

Global change, 19, 134, 429, 529

Global Change Master Directory (GCMD),

19–21

Global Geodetic Observing System

(GGOS), 205, 406, 529, 531–532,

535–536, 555

Global geoid, 212, 277, 283

Global geopotential models EGM1996, 282

Global height reference, 204

Global hydrology/hydrological model, 131,

373–374, 377–378, 385, 387,

407–408, 413, 417–425

Global ocean circulation models, 314, 325

Global Positioning System (GPS)

altimetry, 4, 530

levelling

control points, 278–279, 282, 286

data, 210, 278, 282–283,

285–290, 292

and levelling control points, 279, 283, 293

and levelling data, 282–283, 294

and levelling stations, 282, 284

phase wind-up, 10, 29–31, 56

receiver, 3, 7, 71, 82, 85, 95–97, 101,

110–111, 114, 148, 154, 156,

207–208, 215, 438, 456, 482,

493–494

station, 335–336, 359, 548–549, 559–560,

574, 579

yaw attitude model, 35

Global sea level, 313–314, 316–317, 325,

327, 332

Global validation of GRACE, 183

Good regions, 182–183

Good skill of GRACE in high latitudes, 183

Gradiometer, 12, 50, 55, 205–211, 214–215,

218, 220, 233, 255–258, 260, 265,

269–270, 272, 277

Gradiometry, 205, 209, 211–213, 232, 240

Graphical User Interface (GUI), 9, 15, 23–24

Gravimetric quasigeoid models, 278,

283–287

Gravitational accelerations, 4, 114, 149, 156,

191, 205

Gravitational gradiometer, 205–208

Gravitational potential, 8, 159, 162, 205, 215,

219, 243, 256–257, 387

Gravitational tensor, 205, 270

Gravity

anomalies, 50, 101, 135, 155, 165, 204,

211, 213, 233–234, 237, 271–272,

277, 413

ﬁeld

determination, 3, 6–9, 42, 69, 80,

98, 101, 105, 114, 117, 131, 159,

207, 211, 214, 217, 233, 243, 251,

256, 258

modeling, 10, 105, 209, 244, 249, 285

gradients, 113, 208, 211, 218–219, 233,

255–256, 274, 277, 280

network, 280–281

and steady-state Ocean Circulation

Explorer, 203–212, 243, 255, 265

tensor, 218, 265

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

(GRACE)

-A, 10–11, 32–33, 59, 64–65, 67, 71–73,

97, 144, 430–431, 433–439, 443,

445–446, 448, 451, 453, 461–470,

578

-based surface mass anomalies, 378,

380, 384

bottom pressure, 305

in-situ OBP validation, 172

mission, 3, 41, 55, 79, 96–98, 111, 131,

159, 164, 188, 204, 231, 282, 298,

369, 371–372, 379, 443

Gravity Recovery Object-Oriented

Programming System

(GROOPS), 167

588 Index

Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation

Explorer (GOCE), 12, 50, 55,

131, 137–138, 203–228, 231–241,

243–249, 251, 255–257, 260–261,

265–275, 277–279, 281–282, 285,

287–289, 293, 308, 314

-GRAND II, 209, 228, 245, 277, 279,

281, 285

-HPF, 233

mission proﬁle, 233

-Model, 238–240

-SGG data, 233–234, 239

-SGG-observations, 238–239

GRAVSAT, 95

GRIM5-S1, 231

GRIM-5S1, 7–8, 100

Ground network campain, 82

Ground truth data, 278

Groundwater, 124, 298, 342, 371–372,

407–408, 411, 417–419

Groupe de Recherches Geodesie Spatiale

(GRGS), 50, 98, 174–175, 178–179,

183, 231–232, 237

GSM+GAD, 170, 175–181

Halosteric, 330–331

Heat transport, 204, 354

Height above sea level, 204

Higher signal amplitudes, 183

High-latitude ACC, 182

High-level Processing Facility (HPF), 218, 233

High-low SST, 6–8, 42

High performance computing, 79

High resolution gravity ﬁeld model, 165,

210, 285

Hydrological cycle, 12, 55, 100, 122–123, 125,

164, 177, 371–372, 399, 407

Hydrological Discharge Model (HDM),

123–126, 190

Hydrological models, 8, 100, 103, 137,

372–373, 377–385, 388, 396,

407–408, 417–425

Hydrologic signal from South America, 179

Hydrology, 122, 127, 138, 180, 183, 233,

331, 371–373, 377–381, 383–384,

387–396, 400, 402, 417–418, 531

Ice

caps, 100, 297, 369

sheets, 99, 132, 169, 325, 369, 377

shields, 204

Icosahedron, 258, 500

IERS2003, 44–45, 320, 547

Ill-posed/ill-posedness, 243, 246, 256, 258

Information and data services, 16

Information System and Data Center (ISDC)

portal, 9, 15–16, 19–20, 22,

25–26, 28

Information system, meta data, 532

Initial conditions, 145, 148

In Situ Bottom Pressure Measurements,

297–308

In-situ OBP, 103, 170–181

Institution, 21–22, 172, 533, 545, 552, 556

Instrument, 3–5, 7–8, 21–22, 42, 47, 90, 96–98,

100–102, 106, 108, 111, 115,

117, 143–144, 146–150, 152–155,

170–171, 174, 177, 181, 205,

207–208, 214, 218, 257, 269, 278,

280–281, 286, 318, 322, 370, 429,

438, 477–479, 481–483, 485, 488,

490–491, 493, 495, 524, 560–562

parameters, 144, 146–150, 152–156

Integrated

approach, 577, 581

solution, 82

Inter-annual, 99, 195, 354–355, 372

changes, 126, 353

oceanic variability, 173

INTERMAGNET, 479, 496

International Association of Geodesy (IAG),

205, 529, 534, 536

International Centre for Global Earth Models

(ICGEM), 51, 282

International Global Navigation Satellite

System Service (IGS), 10, 31–32,

43–44, 55, 68–69, 314–315,

335–339, 360, 444–445, 531,

547–548, 578

International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS),

11, 59, 62–63, 96, 531, 547, 550,

578

Interpolated, 135, 137, 144, 173, 189, 265,

290, 318, 446, 517, 573

Intra-technique combination, 550

Inverse, 44, 132, 134, 138, 204, 213, 220,

248, 316, 346, 351–352, 354, 380,

385, 402, 463–467, 500, 510–511,

513, 568

model, 346, 354, 513

Ion thrusters, 207–208

Integrated System and Data Centre (ISDC)

backend, 19

interfaces, 17, 24–26

metadata classes, 22

Index 589

metadata philosophy, 21

ontology class model, 21

portal homepage, 25

product type, 20–21

ITG

GRACE03S, 99, 102, 163–167

Grace, 99, 159–167

release 03 spline, 178

spline, 175

ITRF2005, 336, 338, 549–550, 555–556, 559,

561–562, 566, 569

JASON-1, 317–319

JAVA, 518, 522–523

Kaula regularization, 248

K-band range, 164

rate, 42, 52–53, 90, 97, 101, 136, 145–149,

153, 156, 578

KBR-SST, 97

Kerguelen, 172, 178, 182–183, 301–302,

304, 306

KESS, 172, 181

Kinematic orbit, 207–208, 215–216

Kite structure, 225

Kuroshio extension, 171–172, 181–182

LAGEOS, 47–50, 137–140, 155–156, 231,

237–239, 551

Land movement, 314–315, 342, 346,

359–360, 363

Laplace condition, 205

Large Scale Geostrophic model (LSG), 325

Laser Retro Reﬂector (LRR), 4, 96

Leakage of continental signals, 180

Leakage effects from the hydrological

cycle, 177

Leakage errors, 370, 419

Least squares estimation, 213, 217, 268, 271

Legendre functions, 219, 249–251

Linear dynamical system, 91

Linear-quadratic optimization problem, 91

Linear trends, 65, 125, 172, 266–267, 337–338,

341, 344, 493, 547

Linux PCs, 11, 79

Lithospheric ﬁeld, 477, 480–481, 512–522

Living Planet, 203

Long-periodic tides, 174

Long-term stability, 123, 171, 280, 429, 478

Low degree harmonics, 44, 56, 102, 145, 400,

550–551

Low Earth Orbiter satellite(LEOs), 8–11,

30–33, 43, 54, 56, 59, 61, 67–69,

71–74, 82, 85, 101, 429–431,

433, 443–446, 530–531, 533, 535,

577–582

Lower harmonics of the Earth’s gravity ﬁeld,

546–547

Lower latitudes, 183, 468

Lunar gravity, 71, 144

Magnetic scalar measurements, 478, 480

Magnetic torquers, 105, 207–208

Magnetic vector measurements, 498

Mapping function, 534, 546–547, 549,

572–573

Mass distributions, 12, 47, 55, 100, 132, 151,

189, 369, 387, 536

Mass increase, 169

Mass redistribution, 41, 47, 100, 124, 131,

164, 169–170, 188, 190, 193, 369,

377–378, 383, 385, 417

Mass transport, 12, 47, 55, 123, 131, 151, 217,

369, 377, 387, 399

Mass variability over the oceans, 169

Measurement bandwidth, 205, 208–209, 220,

227, 269, 287

Meridional overturning circulation, 171, 179

Meridional pressure gradient, 187

Message passing interface, 80

Metadata classiﬁcation, 17, 21

Metadata model, 19–22

Mixed estimator, 247–249, 252

Model calibration, 373, 419

Modeling standards, 532–533, 534, 547

MOG2D model, 132

Monte Carlo method for error propagation, 380

Monte Carlo simulation, 385

MOVE, 171–172, 179–180, 183

Multi-Channel-Singular-Signal-Analysis

(MSSA), 343–345

Multiobjective, 374

Multiresolution, 373, 387–389, 391–392, 394

Multiscale analysis, 373, 387–396

MY PRODUCT CART, 26

MySQL Database, 23

NCEP-NCAR, 190

Near real time orbits, 60

Network clusters, 79

Newton’s equation of motion, 102, 160

Non-conservative forces, 42, 96, 108, 215–217

Non-tidal de-aliasing OMCT model, 174

590 Index

Non-tidal mass variation, 12, 44, 47–50, 56,

131, 143, 369

Normal equations, 8, 11, 41, 47, 49–51,

80–91, 145, 148, 210, 213–214,

218, 221–226, 231, 233–240, 243,

245–247, 249, 256, 258, 338, 533,

546, 556–559, 561–562, 577

joint, 222–223

North Atlantic, 51, 179, 299, 305, 314–316,

341–349, 351–357, 362–363,

520–521

dynamic topography, 352

North east Paciﬁc, 180, 182

Numerical weather forecast, 410, 429–431,

434, 461

Nutation, 45, 320, 530, 533, 536, 546–548,

571–574

parameters, 546

Observation equation, 8, 43, 49, 80–86, 89–90,

160–161, 164, 214, 219–224,

226–227, 243, 257–258, 379, 556

OCCAM v6, 1 software, 549

Ocean

bathymetry, 205

anomalies, 103, 188–189, 191–195, 197

circulation, 123, 133, 169, 172, 183, 198,

203–212, 243, 255, 265, 297–298,

302, 313–316, 322, 325, 351–352,

353, 370

currents, 101, 169, 171, 351, 353

dynamics, 119, 132, 134, 209, 351

models, 44, 50, 102–103, 119–121, 123,

132–133, 135, 144, 151, 169,

176–178, 181, 187–198, 211,

297–298, 300, 314, 316, 326,

341, 346

state estimation, 298, 325

tide, 12, 44, 47, 55, 61, 71, 101–102, 120,

131–132, 135, 144, 146, 149–154,

156, 164, 170, 172, 174, 218, 257,

320, 413, 547

model, 44, 102, 135, 146, 150–151,

153, 156–157, 320

topography, 101, 204, 211

Ocean bottom pressure (OBP)

database, 171–172, 176, 183

GSM + GAC/D, 174

time series, 171–172, 176, 178–182

variability, 103, 172, 174–180, 198

variability is smaller, 183

Oceanic density distribution, 187

Oceanic fresh water budget, 325, 328

Oceanic fronts, 170, 178

Oceanic mass, 98, 101, 120, 131, 137–138,

170, 174, 179, 188, 190

redistribution, 170, 188, 190

variability, 179

Oceanic transport variability, 187

Oceanic variability, 173, 182, 193, 198

Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides

(OMCT), 44–45, 102, 119–123,

126, 132–135, 137–138, 140, 144,

174, 300, 303–304

model, 45, 119–121, 137, 174, 303

Off-projection of clock parameters, 81

Omission error, 44, 143, 146, 149, 286

Online Product Archive (OPA), 27

Ontology, 21

Operational ECMWF data-sets, 120

Operational Processing System, 431, 436,

455–459

Operational service, 26, 536

Orbit

determination, 4, 11, 29, 42–43, 52, 59–62,

67–68, 80, 105, 131, 135, 207,

209, 215–216, 320, 370, 436, 438,

443–453

geometry, 149

predictions, 9, 11, 59–65, 74, 79

Orthogonality, 236, 249, 259, 485–486

Oscillator noise, 151

Outlier detection, 267

Overhauser Magnetometer, 5, 477, 482–485

Paciﬁc Ocean, 183

Parallelization, 79–92, 238

Parameterization, 8, 31, 41–42, 55, 101–102,

149, 153, 155–156, 164, 244,

246–247, 249, 251–252, 256–260,

320–321, 530, 532–534, 536,

545–547, 552, 555, 559–560

Partially good regions, 182–183

Pattern ﬁlter, 175, 178, 181, 183, 190–191,

196–197

Pattern ﬁltered solutions, 190, 196–198

Patterns of coherent ocean bottom pressure

anomalies, 189

Phase ambiguity, 155

Phase centre biases, 155

Physical heights, 205

Physical Oceanography Distributed Active

Archive Center (PODACC), 98

Platform, 21–23, 477, 483, 496, 565

Index 591

Point measurement, 181, 371

POL, 172, 182, 341

database, 180

Polar caps, 210, 243–244, 249–251

Polar gaps, 147, 210, 222, 233, 243–252, 256

problem, 210, 222, 243–252

Polar oceans, 183

Polar regions, 101, 221–222, 234, 247,

307, 503

POPSAT, 96

Portal architecture, 22–26

Portal GUI, 23

Post glacial rebound, 100, 131–132, 188–189,

369–370, 377

PostNuke

portal framework, 22

PPHA model, 44, 101–102, 132

Precipitation, 121, 123–126, 133, 190, 371,

409–410, 413, 418

Precise orbit determination (POD), 4, 11, 29,

59–61, 67–68, 71, 80, 131, 135,

209, 215–216, 431, 438, 488

Precise Range and Range Rate Equipment

(PRARE), 80, 95

Preconditioned conjugate gradient, 214,

224–226

Preconditioning matrix, 225

Pressure anomalies, 171, 189, 306–307

Pressure sensors, 171, 177–178, 181, 301–306

Pressure signals and trends, 173

Primitive-equation general circulation

model, 188

Principal components, 193, 343, 377, 379–381,

383, 385, 402–404

Principal Components Analysis (PCA), 377,

379–380, 382, 384–385, 402

Problematic regions, 183

Product browser, 24–25

Product catalog, 18

Product type, 9, 16–24, 26

Programme for Earth Observation, 203

Project, 6, 8–12, 15–17, 19, 21–24, 42, 47,

50, 81–86, 100–103, 115, 120,

133, 137, 151, 160, 171–172, 179,

205, 208–209, 245, 266–267, 269,

277–281, 283, 285, 298, 314–315,

335–339, 343, 352, 359–360, 373,

388, 400, 430, 434, 436, 463, 482,

529–536, 539–543, 545–546, 548,

550, 552, 555, 557, 565, 568–569

Quality reports, 273–275

Quasar coordinates, 530, 533, 535, 546, 555,

557, 561

Quasigeoid models, 278, 281–287, 294

GCG05, 281

Quasi-stationary circulation, 356

QuikSCAT, 188, 194

Radar altimetry, 313–322, 326, 359–363

Radio occultation, 10–11, 31, 38, 60–61,

67–75, 79, 429–431, 433–439,

443–453, 455–459, 461–470

Range acceleration, 53, 160

Range-bias, 155

Range-rate, 42, 52–53, 90, 96–97, 101,

136, 144–149, 153, 155–156,

159–160, 578

RAPID, 171–172, 179–180, 182

Rapid Science Orbit (RSO), 9–10, 31–32,

60–61, 67–75, 79, 444, 457

Re-analysis, 120, 125–126, 133, 137, 140, 190,

300, 314–315, 335–339, 360, 400

Receiver clocks, 7, 82, 85, 97, 143, 146, 148,

152

Recent vs. early GRACE product releases, 182

Reconstructed components, 343

Reconstruction

of ﬁltered GRACE time series of surface

mass anomalies, 383–384

of signiﬁcant signals, 373, 377–385

Redistribution, 41, 47, 100, 124, 131–132, 164,

169–170, 175, 188, 190, 193, 204,

306–307, 355, 369, 377–378, 383,

385, 417

Reduced dynamic orbit, 207, 216

Reference frame, 8–9, 30, 45, 101, 108, 115,

218, 257, 265, 272, 282, 319, 322,

335–336, 338, 342, 399–400, 475,

492, 529–530, 534–536, 543, 548,

550, 555–563, 565

Reference gradients, 211, 265, 270–273, 275

Refractivity, 436–437, 455–456, 461–464

Regional adaptive methods, 210

Regional approach, 256

Regionally adapted regularization, 258–260

Regional reﬁnement, 256, 260–262

Regional terrestrial gravity ﬁeld data, 283

Regions of coherent OBP variability, 178

Regularization

matrix, 164, 246–248, 258–259

parameter, 246–247, 258, 261–262

Relative gravity measurements, 279

Relative gravity meter, 280

Remote sensing, 371, 388, 429, 433, 461

Remove-restore technique, 271, 283

592 Index

Reprocessing (GPS reprocessing), 335–337,

399, 548

Reservoir operation, 409, 411–412

Residual terrain model, 272

Ridge regression, 247

River basin, 370, 372–373, 378, 380–383, 385,

411, 413, 418–420

River discharge, 123–124, 371–372, 407–408,

410–413, 418–419, 421–422

Routine processing, 143, 147–148

Runoff, 124, 126, 190, 371, 413, 417–419, 422

S2 atmospheric tide, 136

S2 tide, 135–137, 151–154

Sampling rate, 114, 117, 171, 174, 260

Satellite

altimetry, 132, 134, 169, 211, 235, 314,

351, 362, 371

antenna offset, 336

arcs of arbitrary length, 90–91

geodesy, 159, 246, 258

gradiometry, 205

gravity, 209–211, 213, 232, 265, 277–294,

369–370, 373, 377, 387, 417

gradiometry, 213, 232

observations, 80, 96, 175, 182–183, 282,

435, 516

-only models, 43, 50, 159, 231–232,

235, 238

-to-satellite tracking, 7–8, 71, 80, 96–97,

209, 213–214, 277, 443, 578

Satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG), 213–215,

218–227, 232–234, 238–239

Satellite laser ranging (SLR), 9–11, 32–33, 38,

52–53, 59, 61–63, 65, 70, 72–74,

79–80, 95, 102, 131–141, 156,

174, 319–320, 347–348, 444–446,

530–531, 533–536, 545–547,

550–552, 555–558, 560–563,

566–568, 570, 578–580

validation, 446

Scale factors, 147, 155, 206, 483, 487, 489–490

Science Data System (SDS), 3, 62, 98, 102,

132, 162, 164, 174, 378

Sea

ﬂoor, 169, 171, 297, 521

level, 101, 122–123, 132, 134, 137, 169,

176, 193, 204–205, 297, 313–319,

321–322, 325–331, 335, 338,

341–349, 352, 354, 359–363, 369,

372, 417, 522, 536, 548

anomalies, 134, 314–315, 317–323,

326, 332, 338, 359–363

changes (steric effects, oceanic fresh

water budget), 325

reconstruction, 314–316, 359–363, 373,

377–385, 394–396, 518

surface height, 133, 134, 171, 235, 318,

325–330, 332, 345, 351–353,

359, 530

Sea level rise (SLR), 101, 313–316, 325,

330–331, 341–349, 354, 359, 369

Search for arbitrary periods, 379

Seasonal effects, 566–568

Seasonal variability in bottom pressure, 306

Sea surface height anomalies (SSHA), 133,

326–330, 332, 359

Sea surface temperatures, 133, 326, 330

Second derivatives of the gravitational

potential, 205, 256

Second generation wavelets, 289–293

Secular variation, 476, 479–480, 495, 505, 507

Semantic-driven information system, 27

Semantic relations, 22

Semantic Web, 21

Semi-analytic approach, 213

Sensitivity limit, 232

Sensor analysis, 79, 101–102, 111, 114–115

Sensor drift, 171–173, 478

Separation process, 370

Sequential outliers, 266–267

Shared memory architecture, 80

Short period tides, 174

Short-term ocean mass anomalies, 119

Signal separation, 373–374, 377

Simulation, 102–103, 119–127, 131, 133,

135–136, 141, 143–145, 147–148,

151, 153–155, 169, 176–177,

187–198, 214, 218, 220–221,

227, 233, 255–257, 260–262, 272,

297–298, 300, 302–307, 371, 385,

418–419, 421–424, 477

Simulations of bottom pressure, 301

Site coordinates, 399, 533, 535, 565–566

SLALOM, 95

Slepian functions, 247, 249–251

Small signal amplitude, 179

Snow, 124, 371–372, 407–408, 410–411,

417–419

Soil water, 371, 413, 418, 423

Solar pressure, 144, 147

Solution Independent Exchange Format

(SINEX), 336, 338, 530–533, 535,

541–542, 548–552

ﬁles, 532–533, 535, 541–542, 548–550, 552

Index 593

Southern Annular Mode (SAM), 187–190,

193–198

Southern Ocean, 133, 170, 172, 176–177, 179,

182, 187–189, 193, 195, 299, 301

Space Geodesy GPS, 17

Space-geodetic techniques, 529, 545, 548

Space localizing basis functions, 162,

256–257, 259

Space-wise approach, 213

Spacing of satellite groundtracks, 179

Sparse block structure, 82

Spatial domain approaches, 244–246

Spatially averaging GRACE, 181

Spatial and temporal scales, 170, 392

Spectral combination, 270–271, 283

Spectral density, 220–221, 224, 272–273

function, 220–221, 224

Spectral domain approaches, 244, 246

Spectral resolution, 121, 244, 251

Spectral weighting, 271

Spherical harmonics, 99, 135, 146, 150, 162,

189, 210–211, 213, 233, 236, 238,

243, 247, 249, 255–257, 262, 289,

293, 370, 378, 387–388, 399–400,

499, 501, 511, 517

series, 370

Spheroidal wave functions, 249

Spline kernel, 260–261

Splines, 163–164, 175, 178, 183, 256–262,

272, 389–390, 393–394, 509

Stabilization, 51, 244–247, 249, 360

Standards, 5, 12, 17–20, 22–23, 26, 32, 41,

43, 45–48, 50–51, 55–56, 62, 70,

99, 101–102, 110, 121–122, 135,

139–140, 144, 151, 165–166, 170,

174, 222, 224–225, 234, 237, 248,

260, 268–271, 280–282, 285–286,

292, 300, 318, 320, 338, 369, 380,

383, 402, 408, 410, 413, 419–420,

436, 444, 455, 457, 465–466,

468, 470, 482–483, 530–534, 540,

542–543, 545–547, 551, 555–556,

573–574, 580–581

Star, 4–5, 9, 42, 96, 101, 105, 108–110, 113,

115, 117, 143, 151–153, 156,

207–208, 219, 482, 488, 490–492

STAR accelerometer, 3–4, 96, 106–107

STARLETTE, 140

Star sensors, 4, 105, 108–110, 113, 115, 117,

143, 207–208

Static gravity ﬁeld, 8, 55, 135, 149, 162, 233

Stationary, 315, 351–357, 534

Station coordinates, 68, 81, 83, 282, 315, 320,

336–339, 399, 530, 546–547, 549,

551–552, 559, 569, 574, 579

Steric height, 348

Stiffness, 207

Stochastic model, 161–162, 209–210, 214,

220–221, 224, 549

Subtropical Atlantic, 182

Subtropical north Atlantic, 179

SUN Server, 26

Sun-synchronous, 210, 243

Superconducting gravity meters, 280

SuperSTAR accelerometer, 96, 106–107

Surface data, 41, 49–50, 235–240, 353,

499, 531

Surface deformation, 373

Surface forces, 56, 144, 147, 159, 216–218

Surface gravity data, 51, 235

Surface mass anomalies from GRACE,

378–379

Surface mass variability, 373, 377–385

Surface mass variations, 369–370, 373,

385, 400

Surface water, 371, 407–408, 411–412,

418–419, 423

Synthetic data, 271–272

Synthetic model, 271

Systematic effects, 42, 100, 143, 147, 153,

156, 287, 402, 536, 565

Systematic errors, 246, 265–266, 269,

279–280, 404, 430, 574

System noise, 112, 151

System usability, 16

TanDEM-X, 10

Temperature, 3–6, 11, 17, 67, 120–121, 123,

133, 326–327, 330, 345, 347,

351–352, 355–356, 409–410, 418,

429–430, 436, 443, 456, 461–464,

466, 469–470, 476, 478, 482, 486,

547–548, 568

Tensor component, 219–220, 265–267,

270–273

TerraSAR-X, 10–11, 19, 32–33, 38, 59, 62, 67,

71–72, 74–75, 431, 433, 436, 438,

443–446, 449, 452–453, 455–456

Terrestrial gravity

data, 41, 210–211, 265, 271, 279–280, 283

observations, 245, 278–279

Terrestrial reference frame, 535–536, 550,

555–563, 565

594 Index

Thermal control, 97, 207

Thermal Expansion, 169, 313, 326, 330, 535,

568–569

Thermosteric, 330–332

expansion, 332

sea level rise, 330–331

Threshold, 35, 61, 119, 137, 234, 267,

273–274, 291–292

Thrusters, 53, 105, 113, 115–116, 206–208

Tidal signal, 149

Tide-free ocean, 174

Tide gauges, 204, 313–316, 326–330, 335–339,

341–348, 359–364, 548

Tides, 12, 44, 47, 55, 61, 68, 71, 80, 100–102,

114, 119–120, 127, 131–133,

135, 137, 140, 143–144, 149–151,

156, 164, 170–171, 173–174, 204,

217–218, 257, 300, 320, 369, 413,

417, 547

TIGA (IGS GPS Tide Gauge Benchmark

Monitoring Pilot Project), 314–315,

335–349, 359–360, 548

Time Series, 8, 12, 41–43, 46–49, 55–56,

98–99, 100, 102, 137–140,

149–150, 170–174, 176–178,

180–182, 188–189, 193, 204,

216–218, 266, 269, 272–273, 280,

299, 301–303, 306–307, 314–315,

317, 319, 325–326, 332, 337–340,

342–345, 347, 359–360, 362–363,

372–373, 377–378, 380–385, 388,

399–405, 408, 413, 417–423, 430,

494, 529–536

Time variable, 3, 42, 100, 119, 123, 131, 143,

159–160, 162, 164, 217, 233, 239,

269, 308, 369–374, 378, 407, 417

gravity, 3, 100, 119, 131, 308, 369–374,

417

TIVAGAM, 100, 373–374, 400

TOPEX/Poseidon, 314–315, 317, 319–320,

325–332, 341, 363

Total Ocean Mass, 102, 119, 123–127, 133

Total transports, 189–192, 355

TOTSOL, 80–81, 86, 91

Transports, 12, 47, 55, 103, 123–124, 131,

151, 169, 176–177, 187–198, 204,

210–211, 217, 297, 307, 327,

351, 354–356, 369, 377, 387, 399,

417, 419

variability, 103, 169, 176–177,

187–198, 355

Tropical Atlantic, 103, 176, 182–183

Troposphere param, 530, 546, 573

User and User Groups, 16, 18

UT1-UTC, 536, 569–570, 579

Validation, 8, 11–12, 18, 31–33, 38, 42, 48, 59,

68, 70, 73, 95–103, 151, 169–184,

188, 209–211, 266, 269–270,

277–294, 341, 352, 369, 373, 429,

446, 494, 530–532, 534–536, 539,

542–543, 568

database, 289

with in-situ OBP, 170

Variability, 3, 45, 47, 54, 103, 119, 122–124,

126, 131–134, 137, 169–180,

182–183, 187–198, 298–300, 302,

305–306, 313–315, 317, 325–327,

341, 354–355, 360, 371, 373,

377–385, 402, 407, 413, 417, 423,

476, 485, 574

Variance component estimation (VCE),

161, 164, 222, 226–227, 240,

245–246, 258

Variance-covariance matrix, 161–162,

164–165, 167, 247–248, 338,

379–380

Vertical atmospheric proﬁles, 435, 457

Vertical deﬂections, 278, 285–289, 294

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI),

205, 320, 530–531, 533–536,

545–547, 549–550, 552, 555–558,

560–563, 566–574

Water

balance, 99, 371–373, 391, 418

cycle, 41, 150, 204, 369, 371–372, 377,

407, 417–418, 424

storage, 12, 47, 55, 131, 369–374, 378, 380,

384, 407–414, 417–419, 421–424

changes, 12, 47, 55, 369–370, 372,

407–408

variations, 369–374, 378, 407, 410

vapor, 3, 125, 436, 466

WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model

(WGHM), 137–138, 378–379, 381,

383, 385, 387–388, 393–396, 400,

402, 407–413, 417–423

LAGEOS, 137–138

Wavelets, 211, 278, 288–293, 373, 387–394,

499–501, 509–511, 516

analysis, 387–391, 394

Index 595

Weather forecast, 67, 102, 119, 127, 132–133,

140, 410, 418, 429–431, 433–434,

437, 461, 463, 469

Web 2.0 technology, 27

Weighted average correlations, 177

Weighting, 85, 151, 213–214, 234, 236–237,

240, 245, 271, 281, 419, 422, 495,

549, 552, 562

Westerlies, 187, 193

Western boundary currents, 170, 181

Wettzell, 566–568

Wind ﬂuctuations, 188

Window lengths, 344–347

WOCE Global Hydrographic Climatology, 327

World Ocean Atlas, 120, 327

XML Schema, 19–21

XO analysis, 211, 265

Yarradagee, 566–567

Zenith camera, 210, 285

Zettabyte File System (ZFS), 27

Zonal geostrophic transport, 187

Zonally, 188, 192, 467

Flechtner F.M., Gruber Th., G?ntner A., Mandea M., Rothacher M., Sch?ne T., Wickert J. (Eds.) System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space Techniques

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