Flechtner F.M., Gruber Th., G?ntner A., Mandea M., Rothacher M., Sch?ne T., Wickert J. (Eds.) System Earth via Geodetic-Geophysical Space Techniques
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Index 587
GCG2005, 285
GECCO synthesis, 300–303, 306
Geocenter, 56, 188–189, 257, 534–535, 550,
566, 580
Geodetic meta data, ISO 19115, 543
Geoid, 7, 12, 50–51, 55, 101, 131–132,
135–138, 165–167, 169–170, 174,
203–205, 209–211, 213, 232,
234–235, 237, 243, 245, 261–262,
277–279, 281–283, 285, 289,
292–294, 298, 315, 326, 351–353
-errors, 234–235
Geopotential model, 238–239, 265, 271,
282–284, 287
GEOSAT, 313–315, 317–322, 325–332
-TOPEX/Poseidon, 326
Geoscience data products, 17
Geoscience domains, 17
Geostrophic current velocity, 169
Geotechnology Programme, 208–212
GGM02S, 231
GGOS-D, 529–537, 539–553, 555–563,
565–574, 577–582
Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), 99, 173,
342, 359–360, 362–363
Glaciers, 100, 369
Global change, 19, 134, 429, 529
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD),
19–21
Global Geodetic Observing System
(GGOS), 205, 406, 529, 531–532,
535–536, 555
Global geoid, 212, 277, 283
Global geopotential models EGM1996, 282
Global height reference, 204
Global hydrology/hydrological model, 131,
373–374, 377–378, 385, 387,
407–408, 413, 417–425
Global ocean circulation models, 314, 325
Global Positioning System (GPS)
altimetry, 4, 530
levelling
control points, 278–279, 282, 286
data, 210, 278, 282–283,
285–290, 292
and levelling control points, 279, 283, 293
and levelling data, 282–283, 294
and levelling stations, 282, 284
phase wind-up, 10, 29–31, 56
receiver, 3, 7, 71, 82, 85, 95–97, 101,
110–111, 114, 148, 154, 156,
207–208, 215, 438, 456, 482,
493–494
station, 335–336, 359, 548–549, 559–560,
574, 579
yaw attitude model, 35
Global sea level, 313–314, 316–317, 325,
327, 332
Global validation of GRACE, 183
Good regions, 182–183
Good skill of GRACE in high latitudes, 183
Gradiometer, 12, 50, 55, 205–211, 214–215,
218, 220, 233, 255–258, 260, 265,
269–270, 272, 277
Gradiometry, 205, 209, 211–213, 232, 240
Graphical User Interface (GUI), 9, 15, 23–24
Gravimetric quasigeoid models, 278,
283–287
Gravitational accelerations, 4, 114, 149, 156,
191, 205
Gravitational gradiometer, 205–208
Gravitational potential, 8, 159, 162, 205, 215,
219, 243, 256–257, 387
Gravitational tensor, 205, 270
Gravity
anomalies, 50, 101, 135, 155, 165, 204,
211, 213, 233–234, 237, 271–272,
277, 413
field
determination, 3, 6–9, 42, 69, 80,
98, 101, 105, 114, 117, 131, 159,
207, 211, 214, 217, 233, 243, 251,
256, 258
modeling, 10, 105, 209, 244, 249, 285
gradients, 113, 208, 211, 218–219, 233,
255–256, 274, 277, 280
network, 280–281
and steady-state Ocean Circulation
Explorer, 203–212, 243, 255, 265
tensor, 218, 265
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE)
-A, 10–11, 32–33, 59, 64–65, 67, 71–73,
97, 144, 430–431, 433–439, 443,
445–446, 448, 451, 453, 461–470,
578
-based surface mass anomalies, 378,
380, 384
bottom pressure, 305
in-situ OBP validation, 172
mission, 3, 41, 55, 79, 96–98, 111, 131,
159, 164, 188, 204, 231, 282, 298,
369, 371–372, 379, 443
Gravity Recovery Object-Oriented
Programming System
(GROOPS), 167
588 Index
Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation
Explorer (GOCE), 12, 50, 55,
131, 137–138, 203–228, 231–241,
243–249, 251, 255–257, 260–261,
265–275, 277–279, 281–282, 285,
287–289, 293, 308, 314
-GRAND II, 209, 228, 245, 277, 279,
281, 285
-HPF, 233
mission profile, 233
-Model, 238–240
-SGG data, 233–234, 239
-SGG-observations, 238–239
GRAVSAT, 95
GRIM5-S1, 231
GRIM-5S1, 7–8, 100
Ground network campain, 82
Ground truth data, 278
Groundwater, 124, 298, 342, 371–372,
407–408, 411, 417–419
Groupe de Recherches Geodesie Spatiale
(GRGS), 50, 98, 174–175, 178–179,
183, 231–232, 237
GSM+GAD, 170, 175–181
H
Halosteric, 330–331
Heat transport, 204, 354
Height above sea level, 204
Higher signal amplitudes, 183
High-latitude ACC, 182
High-level Processing Facility (HPF), 218, 233
High-low SST, 6–8, 42
High performance computing, 79
High resolution gravity field model, 165,
210, 285
Hydrological cycle, 12, 55, 100, 122–123, 125,
164, 177, 371–372, 399, 407
Hydrological Discharge Model (HDM),
123–126, 190
Hydrological models, 8, 100, 103, 137,
372–373, 377–385, 388, 396,
407–408, 417–425
Hydrologic signal from South America, 179
Hydrology, 122, 127, 138, 180, 183, 233,
331, 371–373, 377–381, 383–384,
387–396, 400, 402, 417–418, 531
I
Ice
caps, 100, 297, 369
sheets, 99, 132, 169, 325, 369, 377
shields, 204
Icosahedron, 258, 500
IERS2003, 44–45, 320, 547
Ill-posed/ill-posedness, 243, 246, 256, 258
Information and data services, 16
Information System and Data Center (ISDC)
portal, 9, 15–16, 19–20, 22,
25–26, 28
Information system, meta data, 532
Initial conditions, 145, 148
In Situ Bottom Pressure Measurements,
297–308
In-situ OBP, 103, 170–181
Institution, 21–22, 172, 533, 545, 552, 556
Instrument, 3–5, 7–8, 21–22, 42, 47, 90, 96–98,
100–102, 106, 108, 111, 115,
117, 143–144, 146–150, 152–155,
170–171, 174, 177, 181, 205,
207–208, 214, 218, 257, 269, 278,
280–281, 286, 318, 322, 370, 429,
438, 477–479, 481–483, 485, 488,
490–491, 493, 495, 524, 560–562
parameters, 144, 146–150, 152–156
Integrated
approach, 577, 581
solution, 82
Inter-annual, 99, 195, 354–355, 372
changes, 126, 353
oceanic variability, 173
INTERMAGNET, 479, 496
International Association of Geodesy (IAG),
205, 529, 534, 536
International Centre for Global Earth Models
(ICGEM), 51, 282
International Global Navigation Satellite
System Service (IGS), 10, 31–32,
43–44, 55, 68–69, 314–315,
335–339, 360, 444–445, 531,
547–548, 578
International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS),
11, 59, 62–63, 96, 531, 547, 550,
578
Interpolated, 135, 137, 144, 173, 189, 265,
290, 318, 446, 517, 573
Intra-technique combination, 550
Inverse, 44, 132, 134, 138, 204, 213, 220,
248, 316, 346, 351–352, 354, 380,
385, 402, 463–467, 500, 510–511,
513, 568
model, 346, 354, 513
Ion thrusters, 207–208
Integrated System and Data Centre (ISDC)
backend, 19
interfaces, 17, 24–26
metadata classes, 22
Index 589
metadata philosophy, 21
ontology class model, 21
portal homepage, 25
product type, 20–21
ITG
GRACE03S, 99, 102, 163–167
Grace, 99, 159–167
release 03 spline, 178
spline, 175
ITRF2005, 336, 338, 549–550, 555–556, 559,
561–562, 566, 569
J
JASON-1, 317–319
JAVA, 518, 522–523
K
Kaula regularization, 248
K-band range, 164
rate, 42, 52–53, 90, 97, 101, 136, 145–149,
153, 156, 578
KBR-SST, 97
Kerguelen, 172, 178, 182–183, 301–302,
304, 306
KESS, 172, 181
Kinematic orbit, 207–208, 215–216
Kite structure, 225
Kuroshio extension, 171–172, 181–182
L
LAGEOS, 47–50, 137–140, 155–156, 231,
237–239, 551
Land movement, 314–315, 342, 346,
359–360, 363
Laplace condition, 205
Large Scale Geostrophic model (LSG), 325
Laser Retro Reflector (LRR), 4, 96
Leakage of continental signals, 180
Leakage effects from the hydrological
cycle, 177
Leakage errors, 370, 419
Least squares estimation, 213, 217, 268, 271
Legendre functions, 219, 249–251
Linear dynamical system, 91
Linear-quadratic optimization problem, 91
Linear trends, 65, 125, 172, 266–267, 337–338,
341, 344, 493, 547
Linux PCs, 11, 79
Lithospheric field, 477, 480–481, 512–522
Living Planet, 203
Long-periodic tides, 174
Long-term stability, 123, 171, 280, 429, 478
Low degree harmonics, 44, 56, 102, 145, 400,
550–551
Low Earth Orbiter satellite(LEOs), 8–11,
30–33, 43, 54, 56, 59, 61, 67–69,
71–74, 82, 85, 101, 429–431,
433, 443–446, 530–531, 533, 535,
577–582
Lower harmonics of the Earth’s gravity field,
546–547
Lower latitudes, 183, 468
Lunar gravity, 71, 144
M
Magnetic scalar measurements, 478, 480
Magnetic torquers, 105, 207–208
Magnetic vector measurements, 498
Mapping function, 534, 546–547, 549,
572–573
Mass distributions, 12, 47, 55, 100, 132, 151,
189, 369, 387, 536
Mass increase, 169
Mass redistribution, 41, 47, 100, 124, 131,
164, 169–170, 188, 190, 193, 369,
377–378, 383, 385, 417
Mass transport, 12, 47, 55, 123, 131, 151, 217,
369, 377, 387, 399
Mass variability over the oceans, 169
Measurement bandwidth, 205, 208–209, 220,
227, 269, 287
Meridional overturning circulation, 171, 179
Meridional pressure gradient, 187
Message passing interface, 80
Metadata classification, 17, 21
Metadata model, 19–22
Mixed estimator, 247–249, 252
Model calibration, 373, 419
Modeling standards, 532–533, 534, 547
MOG2D model, 132
Monte Carlo method for error propagation, 380
Monte Carlo simulation, 385
MOVE, 171–172, 179–180, 183
Multi-Channel-Singular-Signal-Analysis
(MSSA), 343–345
Multiobjective, 374
Multiresolution, 373, 387–389, 391–392, 394
Multiscale analysis, 373, 387–396
MY PRODUCT CART, 26
MySQL Database, 23
N
NCEP-NCAR, 190
Near real time orbits, 60
Network clusters, 79
Newton’s equation of motion, 102, 160
Non-conservative forces, 42, 96, 108, 215–217
Non-tidal de-aliasing OMCT model, 174
590 Index
Non-tidal mass variation, 12, 44, 47–50, 56,
131, 143, 369
Normal equations, 8, 11, 41, 47, 49–51,
80–91, 145, 148, 210, 213–214,
218, 221–226, 231, 233–240, 243,
245–247, 249, 256, 258, 338, 533,
546, 556–559, 561–562, 577
joint, 222–223
North Atlantic, 51, 179, 299, 305, 314–316,
341–349, 351–357, 362–363,
520–521
dynamic topography, 352
North east Pacific, 180, 182
Numerical weather forecast, 410, 429–431,
434, 461
Nutation, 45, 320, 530, 533, 536, 546–548,
571–574
parameters, 546
O
Observation equation, 8, 43, 49, 80–86, 89–90,
160–161, 164, 214, 219–224,
226–227, 243, 257–258, 379, 556
OCCAM v6, 1 software, 549
Ocean
bathymetry, 205
anomalies, 103, 188–189, 191–195, 197
circulation, 123, 133, 169, 172, 183, 198,
203–212, 243, 255, 265, 297–298,
302, 313–316, 322, 325, 351–352,
353, 370
currents, 101, 169, 171, 351, 353
dynamics, 119, 132, 134, 209, 351
models, 44, 50, 102–103, 119–121, 123,
132–133, 135, 144, 151, 169,
176–178, 181, 187–198, 211,
297–298, 300, 314, 316, 326,
341, 346
state estimation, 298, 325
tide, 12, 44, 47, 55, 61, 71, 101–102, 120,
131–132, 135, 144, 146, 149–154,
156, 164, 170, 172, 174, 218, 257,
320, 413, 547
model, 44, 102, 135, 146, 150–151,
153, 156–157, 320
topography, 101, 204, 211
Ocean bottom pressure (OBP)
database, 171–172, 176, 183
GSM + GAC/D, 174
time series, 171–172, 176, 178–182
variability, 103, 172, 174–180, 198
variability is smaller, 183
Oceanic density distribution, 187
Oceanic fresh water budget, 325, 328
Oceanic fronts, 170, 178
Oceanic mass, 98, 101, 120, 131, 137–138,
170, 174, 179, 188, 190
redistribution, 170, 188, 190
variability, 179
Oceanic transport variability, 187
Oceanic variability, 173, 182, 193, 198
Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides
(OMCT), 44–45, 102, 119–123,
126, 132–135, 137–138, 140, 144,
174, 300, 303–304
model, 45, 119–121, 137, 174, 303
Off-projection of clock parameters, 81
Omission error, 44, 143, 146, 149, 286
Online Product Archive (OPA), 27
Ontology, 21
Operational ECMWF data-sets, 120
Operational Processing System, 431, 436,
455–459
Operational service, 26, 536
Orbit
determination, 4, 11, 29, 42–43, 52, 59–62,
67–68, 80, 105, 131, 135, 207,
209, 215–216, 320, 370, 436, 438,
443–453
geometry, 149
predictions, 9, 11, 59–65, 74, 79
Orthogonality, 236, 249, 259, 485–486
Oscillator noise, 151
Outlier detection, 267
Overhauser Magnetometer, 5, 477, 482–485
P
Pacific Ocean, 183
Parallelization, 79–92, 238
Parameterization, 8, 31, 41–42, 55, 101–102,
149, 153, 155–156, 164, 244,
246–247, 249, 251–252, 256–260,
320–321, 530, 532–534, 536,
545–547, 552, 555, 559–560
Partially good regions, 182–183
Pattern filter, 175, 178, 181, 183, 190–191,
196–197
Pattern filtered solutions, 190, 196–198
Patterns of coherent ocean bottom pressure
anomalies, 189
Phase ambiguity, 155
Phase centre biases, 155
Physical heights, 205
Physical Oceanography Distributed Active
Archive Center (PODACC), 98
Platform, 21–23, 477, 483, 496, 565
Index 591
Point measurement, 181, 371
POL, 172, 182, 341
database, 180
Polar caps, 210, 243–244, 249–251
Polar gaps, 147, 210, 222, 233, 243–252, 256
problem, 210, 222, 243–252
Polar oceans, 183
Polar regions, 101, 221–222, 234, 247,
307, 503
POPSAT, 96
Portal architecture, 22–26
Portal GUI, 23
Post glacial rebound, 100, 131–132, 188–189,
369–370, 377
PostNuke
2
portal framework, 22
PPHA model, 44, 101–102, 132
Precipitation, 121, 123–126, 133, 190, 371,
409–410, 413, 418
Precise orbit determination (POD), 4, 11, 29,
59–61, 67–68, 71, 80, 131, 135,
209, 215–216, 431, 438, 488
Precise Range and Range Rate Equipment
(PRARE), 80, 95
Preconditioned conjugate gradient, 214,
224–226
Preconditioning matrix, 225
Pressure anomalies, 171, 189, 306–307
Pressure sensors, 171, 177–178, 181, 301–306
Pressure signals and trends, 173
Primitive-equation general circulation
model, 188
Principal components, 193, 343, 377, 379–381,
383, 385, 402–404
Principal Components Analysis (PCA), 377,
379–380, 382, 384–385, 402
Problematic regions, 183
Product browser, 24–25
Product catalog, 18
Product type, 9, 16–24, 26
Programme for Earth Observation, 203
Project, 6, 8–12, 15–17, 19, 21–24, 42, 47,
50, 81–86, 100–103, 115, 120,
133, 137, 151, 160, 171–172, 179,
205, 208–209, 245, 266–267, 269,
277–281, 283, 285, 298, 314–315,
335–339, 343, 352, 359–360, 373,
388, 400, 430, 434, 436, 463, 482,
529–536, 539–543, 545–546, 548,
550, 552, 555, 557, 565, 568–569
Q
Quality reports, 273–275
Quasar coordinates, 530, 533, 535, 546, 555,
557, 561
Quasigeoid models, 278, 281–287, 294
GCG05, 281
Quasi-stationary circulation, 356
QuikSCAT, 188, 194
R
Radar altimetry, 313–322, 326, 359–363
Radio occultation, 10–11, 31, 38, 60–61,
67–75, 79, 429–431, 433–439,
443–453, 455–459, 461–470
Range acceleration, 53, 160
Range-bias, 155
Range-rate, 42, 52–53, 90, 96–97, 101,
136, 144–149, 153, 155–156,
159–160, 578
RAPID, 171–172, 179–180, 182
Rapid Science Orbit (RSO), 9–10, 31–32,
60–61, 67–75, 79, 444, 457
Re-analysis, 120, 125–126, 133, 137, 140, 190,
300, 314–315, 335–339, 360, 400
Receiver clocks, 7, 82, 85, 97, 143, 146, 148,
152
Recent vs. early GRACE product releases, 182
Reconstructed components, 343
Reconstruction
of filtered GRACE time series of surface
mass anomalies, 383–384
of significant signals, 373, 377–385
Redistribution, 41, 47, 100, 124, 131–132, 164,
169–170, 175, 188, 190, 193, 204,
306–307, 355, 369, 377–378, 383,
385, 417
Reduced dynamic orbit, 207, 216
Reference frame, 8–9, 30, 45, 101, 108, 115,
218, 257, 265, 272, 282, 319, 322,
335–336, 338, 342, 399–400, 475,
492, 529–530, 534–536, 543, 548,
550, 555–563, 565
Reference gradients, 211, 265, 270–273, 275
Refractivity, 436–437, 455–456, 461–464
Regional adaptive methods, 210
Regional approach, 256
Regionally adapted regularization, 258–260
Regional refinement, 256, 260–262
Regional terrestrial gravity field data, 283
Regions of coherent OBP variability, 178
Regularization
matrix, 164, 246–248, 258–259
parameter, 246–247, 258, 261–262
Relative gravity measurements, 279
Relative gravity meter, 280
Remote sensing, 371, 388, 429, 433, 461
Remove-restore technique, 271, 283
592 Index
Reprocessing (GPS reprocessing), 335–337,
399, 548
Reservoir operation, 409, 411–412
Residual terrain model, 272
Ridge regression, 247
River basin, 370, 372–373, 378, 380–383, 385,
411, 413, 418–420
River discharge, 123–124, 371–372, 407–408,
410–413, 418–419, 421–422
Routine processing, 143, 147–148
Runoff, 124, 126, 190, 371, 413, 417–419, 422
S
S2 atmospheric tide, 136
S2 tide, 135–137, 151–154
Sampling rate, 114, 117, 171, 174, 260
Satellite
altimetry, 132, 134, 169, 211, 235, 314,
351, 362, 371
antenna offset, 336
arcs of arbitrary length, 90–91
geodesy, 159, 246, 258
gradiometry, 205
gravity, 209–211, 213, 232, 265, 277–294,
369–370, 373, 377, 387, 417
gradiometry, 213, 232
observations, 80, 96, 175, 182–183, 282,
435, 516
-only models, 43, 50, 159, 231–232,
235, 238
-to-satellite tracking, 7–8, 71, 80, 96–97,
209, 213–214, 277, 443, 578
Satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG), 213–215,
218–227, 232–234, 238–239
Satellite laser ranging (SLR), 9–11, 32–33, 38,
52–53, 59, 61–63, 65, 70, 72–74,
79–80, 95, 102, 131–141, 156,
174, 319–320, 347–348, 444–446,
530–531, 533–536, 545–547,
550–552, 555–558, 560–563,
566–568, 570, 578–580
validation, 446
Scale factors, 147, 155, 206, 483, 487, 489–490
Science Data System (SDS), 3, 62, 98, 102,
132, 162, 164, 174, 378
Sea
floor, 169, 171, 297, 521
level, 101, 122–123, 132, 134, 137, 169,
176, 193, 204–205, 297, 313–319,
321–322, 325–331, 335, 338,
341–349, 352, 354, 359–363, 369,
372, 417, 522, 536, 548
anomalies, 134, 314–315, 317–323,
326, 332, 338, 359–363
changes (steric effects, oceanic fresh
water budget), 325
reconstruction, 314–316, 359–363, 373,
377–385, 394–396, 518
surface height, 133, 134, 171, 235, 318,
325–330, 332, 345, 351–353,
359, 530
Sea level rise (SLR), 101, 313–316, 325,
330–331, 341–349, 354, 359, 369
Search for arbitrary periods, 379
Seasonal effects, 566–568
Seasonal variability in bottom pressure, 306
Sea surface height anomalies (SSHA), 133,
326–330, 332, 359
Sea surface temperatures, 133, 326, 330
Second derivatives of the gravitational
potential, 205, 256
Second generation wavelets, 289–293
Secular variation, 476, 479–480, 495, 505, 507
Semantic-driven information system, 27
Semantic relations, 22
Semantic Web, 21
Semi-analytic approach, 213
Sensitivity limit, 232
Sensor analysis, 79, 101–102, 111, 114–115
Sensor drift, 171–173, 478
Separation process, 370
Sequential outliers, 266–267
Shared memory architecture, 80
Short period tides, 174
Short-term ocean mass anomalies, 119
Signal separation, 373–374, 377
Simulation, 102–103, 119–127, 131, 133,
135–136, 141, 143–145, 147–148,
151, 153–155, 169, 176–177,
187–198, 214, 218, 220–221,
227, 233, 255–257, 260–262, 272,
297–298, 300, 302–307, 371, 385,
418–419, 421–424, 477
Simulations of bottom pressure, 301
Site coordinates, 399, 533, 535, 565–566
SLALOM, 95
Slepian functions, 247, 249–251
Small signal amplitude, 179
Snow, 124, 371–372, 407–408, 410–411,
417–419
Soil water, 371, 413, 418, 423
Solar pressure, 144, 147
Solution Independent Exchange Format
(SINEX), 336, 338, 530–533, 535,
541–542, 548–552
files, 532–533, 535, 541–542, 548–550, 552
Index 593
Southern Annular Mode (SAM), 187–190,
193–198
Southern Ocean, 133, 170, 172, 176–177, 179,
182, 187–189, 193, 195, 299, 301
Space Geodesy GPS, 17
Space-geodetic techniques, 529, 545, 548
Space localizing basis functions, 162,
256–257, 259
Space-wise approach, 213
Spacing of satellite groundtracks, 179
Sparse block structure, 82
Spatial domain approaches, 244–246
Spatially averaging GRACE, 181
Spatial and temporal scales, 170, 392
Spectral combination, 270–271, 283
Spectral density, 220–221, 224, 272–273
function, 220–221, 224
Spectral domain approaches, 244, 246
Spectral resolution, 121, 244, 251
Spectral weighting, 271
Spherical harmonics, 99, 135, 146, 150, 162,
189, 210–211, 213, 233, 236, 238,
243, 247, 249, 255–257, 262, 289,
293, 370, 378, 387–388, 399–400,
499, 501, 511, 517
series, 370
Spheroidal wave functions, 249
Spline kernel, 260–261
Splines, 163–164, 175, 178, 183, 256–262,
272, 389–390, 393–394, 509
Stabilization, 51, 244–247, 249, 360
Standards, 5, 12, 17–20, 22–23, 26, 32, 41,
43, 45–48, 50–51, 55–56, 62, 70,
99, 101–102, 110, 121–122, 135,
139–140, 144, 151, 165–166, 170,
174, 222, 224–225, 234, 237, 248,
260, 268–271, 280–282, 285–286,
292, 300, 318, 320, 338, 369, 380,
383, 402, 408, 410, 413, 419–420,
436, 444, 455, 457, 465–466,
468, 470, 482–483, 530–534, 540,
542–543, 545–547, 551, 555–556,
573–574, 580–581
Star, 4–5, 9, 42, 96, 101, 105, 108–110, 113,
115, 117, 143, 151–153, 156,
207–208, 219, 482, 488, 490–492
STAR accelerometer, 3–4, 96, 106–107
STARLETTE, 140
Star sensors, 4, 105, 108–110, 113, 115, 117,
143, 207–208
Static gravity field, 8, 55, 135, 149, 162, 233
Stationary, 315, 351–357, 534
Station coordinates, 68, 81, 83, 282, 315, 320,
336–339, 399, 530, 546–547, 549,
551–552, 559, 569, 574, 579
Steric height, 348
Stiffness, 207
Stochastic model, 161–162, 209–210, 214,
220–221, 224, 549
Subtropical Atlantic, 182
Subtropical north Atlantic, 179
SUN Server, 26
Sun-synchronous, 210, 243
Superconducting gravity meters, 280
SuperSTAR accelerometer, 96, 106–107
Surface data, 41, 49–50, 235–240, 353,
499, 531
Surface deformation, 373
Surface forces, 56, 144, 147, 159, 216–218
Surface gravity data, 51, 235
Surface mass anomalies from GRACE,
378–379
Surface mass variability, 373, 377–385
Surface mass variations, 369–370, 373,
385, 400
Surface water, 371, 407–408, 411–412,
418–419, 423
Synthetic data, 271–272
Synthetic model, 271
Systematic effects, 42, 100, 143, 147, 153,
156, 287, 402, 536, 565
Systematic errors, 246, 265–266, 269,
279–280, 404, 430, 574
System noise, 112, 151
System usability, 16
T
TanDEM-X, 10
Temperature, 3–6, 11, 17, 67, 120–121, 123,
133, 326–327, 330, 345, 347,
351–352, 355–356, 409–410, 418,
429–430, 436, 443, 456, 461–464,
466, 469–470, 476, 478, 482, 486,
547–548, 568
Tensor component, 219–220, 265–267,
270–273
TerraSAR-X, 10–11, 19, 32–33, 38, 59, 62, 67,
71–72, 74–75, 431, 433, 436, 438,
443–446, 449, 452–453, 455–456
Terrestrial gravity
data, 41, 210–211, 265, 271, 279–280, 283
observations, 245, 278–279
Terrestrial reference frame, 535–536, 550,
555–563, 565
594 Index
Thermal control, 97, 207
Thermal Expansion, 169, 313, 326, 330, 535,
568–569
Thermosteric, 330–332
expansion, 332
sea level rise, 330–331
Threshold, 35, 61, 119, 137, 234, 267,
273–274, 291–292
Thrusters, 53, 105, 113, 115–116, 206–208
Tidal signal, 149
Tide-free ocean, 174
Tide gauges, 204, 313–316, 326–330, 335–339,
341–348, 359–364, 548
Tides, 12, 44, 47, 55, 61, 68, 71, 80, 100–102,
114, 119–120, 127, 131–133,
135, 137, 140, 143–144, 149–151,
156, 164, 170–171, 173–174, 204,
217–218, 257, 300, 320, 369, 413,
417, 547
TIGA (IGS GPS Tide Gauge Benchmark
Monitoring Pilot Project), 314–315,
335–349, 359–360, 548
Time Series, 8, 12, 41–43, 46–49, 55–56,
98–99, 100, 102, 137–140,
149–150, 170–174, 176–178,
180–182, 188–189, 193, 204,
216–218, 266, 269, 272–273, 280,
299, 301–303, 306–307, 314–315,
317, 319, 325–326, 332, 337–340,
342–345, 347, 359–360, 362–363,
372–373, 377–378, 380–385, 388,
399–405, 408, 413, 417–423, 430,
494, 529–536
Time variable, 3, 42, 100, 119, 123, 131, 143,
159–160, 162, 164, 217, 233, 239,
269, 308, 369–374, 378, 407, 417
gravity, 3, 100, 119, 131, 308, 369–374,
417
TIVAGAM, 100, 373–374, 400
TOPEX/Poseidon, 314–315, 317, 319–320,
325–332, 341, 363
Total Ocean Mass, 102, 119, 123–127, 133
Total transports, 189–192, 355
TOTSOL, 80–81, 86, 91
Transports, 12, 47, 55, 103, 123–124, 131,
151, 169, 176–177, 187–198, 204,
210–211, 217, 297, 307, 327,
351, 354–356, 369, 377, 387, 399,
417, 419
variability, 103, 169, 176–177,
187–198, 355
Tropical Atlantic, 103, 176, 182–183
Troposphere param, 530, 546, 573
U
User and User Groups, 16, 18
UT1-UTC, 536, 569–570, 579
V
Validation, 8, 11–12, 18, 31–33, 38, 42, 48, 59,
68, 70, 73, 95–103, 151, 169–184,
188, 209–211, 266, 269–270,
277–294, 341, 352, 369, 373, 429,
446, 494, 530–532, 534–536, 539,
542–543, 568
database, 289
with in-situ OBP, 170
Variability, 3, 45, 47, 54, 103, 119, 122–124,
126, 131–134, 137, 169–180,
182–183, 187–198, 298–300, 302,
305–306, 313–315, 317, 325–327,
341, 354–355, 360, 371, 373,
377–385, 402, 407, 413, 417, 423,
476, 485, 574
Variance component estimation (VCE),
161, 164, 222, 226–227, 240,
245–246, 258
Variance-covariance matrix, 161–162,
164–165, 167, 247–248, 338,
379–380
Vertical atmospheric profiles, 435, 457
Vertical deflections, 278, 285–289, 294
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI),
205, 320, 530–531, 533–536,
545–547, 549–550, 552, 555–558,
560–563, 566–574
W
Water
balance, 99, 371–373, 391, 418
cycle, 41, 150, 204, 369, 371–372, 377,
407, 417–418, 424
storage, 12, 47, 55, 131, 369–374, 378, 380,
384, 407–414, 417–419, 421–424
changes, 12, 47, 55, 369–370, 372,
407–408
variations, 369–374, 378, 407, 410
vapor, 3, 125, 436, 466
WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model
(WGHM), 137–138, 378–379, 381,
383, 385, 387–388, 393–396, 400,
402, 407–413, 417–423
LAGEOS, 137–138
Wavelets, 211, 278, 288–293, 373, 387–394,
499–501, 509–511, 516
analysis, 387–391, 394
Index 595
Weather forecast, 67, 102, 119, 127, 132–133,
140, 410, 418, 429–431, 433–434,
437, 461, 463, 469
Web 2.0 technology, 27
Weighted average correlations, 177
Weighting, 85, 151, 213–214, 234, 236–237,
240, 245, 271, 281, 419, 422, 495,
549, 552, 562
Westerlies, 187, 193
Western boundary currents, 170, 181
Wettzell, 566–568
Wind fluctuations, 188
Window lengths, 344–347
WOCE Global Hydrographic Climatology, 327
World Ocean Atlas, 120, 327
X
XML Schema, 19–21
XO analysis, 211, 265
Y
Yarradagee, 566–567
Z
Zenith camera, 210, 285
Zettabyte File System (ZFS), 27
Zonal geostrophic transport, 187
Zonally, 188, 192, 467