Finn Richard B. Winners in Peace. MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
29. Nishimura, Sanfuranshisuko heiwa , 82, 89-90; Nishimura, "Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 30;
Hosoya, "Japan's Response," 23. [BACK]
30. Hosoya, "Japan's Response," 24. [BACK]
31. Tokyo shimbun , May 13, 1977, 3, gives an account of the contents of the Japanese
rearmament plan (Hosoya, "Japan's Response," 25). Nishimura later confirmed the accuracy of
this report ("Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 33). Inoki stated he had seen the document given Allison
on Feb. 3 and confirmed the general accuracy of the press report (int. with Inoki). The document
is evidently in the State Department historical files but was not made public, probably because
the Japanese government so requested. [BACK]
32. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 849, editorial note. Johnson's report of Feb. 8, 1951, to Secretary
of Defense Marshall on the Yoshida-Dulles talks makes no reference to the Yoshida rearmament
plan (MMA, RG 5, Box 68).
Yoshida had told his advisers on Jan. 1, 1950, evidently in a pessimistic mood, that Japan
might have to agree in the forthcoming negotiations to a 200,000-man army (Watanabe A.,
"Kowa mondai," 47). Perhaps he decided to try out a figure of 50,000 to get agreement in the
February negotiations. Dower perceptively commented that "the issue, in Yoshida's view, was no
longer rearmament per se but the pace and appearance of rearmament" ( Empire , 400). The
appearance was more significant for him than the pace, as Americans were to find out in dealing
with him for the next several years. Speculating that Yoshida may have cooked up the plan for a
50,000-man army as an "instantaneous idea,'' Hosoya noted that "improvisation was a
characteristic of his diplomatic style" (Hosoya, "Japan's Response," 25). [BACK]
33. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 849-855, 860-861; Hosoya, "Japan's Response," 26; Nishimura,
"Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 32-33. [BACK]
34. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 866-869; Nishimura, Sanfuranshisuko heiwa , 94-95. [BACK]
35. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 856-857, 863. [BACK]
36. DOSB , vol. 24, Feb. 12, 1951, 252-255. [BACK]
37. Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 405; Nishimura, Sanfuranshisuko heiwa , 94; H. Alexander
Smith Oral History, Dulles Papers, Princeton University Library; FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1,
1326-1328. [BACK]
38. FRUS, 1950 , vol. 6, 26-27, 45, 81-83, 121-123, 214-219, 223-227; FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no.
1, 143-144, 825-827, 830-832, 842-843. [BACK]
39. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 825-827, 830-832, 842-843. [BACK]
40. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 866-867. [BACK]
41. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 874-880. [BACK]
42. Ibid., 866-869. [BACK]
43. YM , 250-251; Curtis, "The Dulles-Yoshida Negotiations," 50-52; Takeuchi (ed.), Yoshida
naikaku , 380-385. [BACK]
44. DOSB , vol. 24, Feb. 26, 1951, 351; Hatoyama, Hatoyama Ichiro , 85-92; Masumi, Postwar
Politics , 280; Auer, The Postwar Rearmament , 76; FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 873-874.
[BACK]
45. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 880-883; Fearey, "Summary of the Negotiations," 284. [BACK]
46. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 885-887, 169-179; Fearey, "Summary of Negotiations," 284.
[BACK]
47. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 944-950. [BACK]
48. DOSB , vol. 24, May 28, 1951, 852-858. See DOSB , vol. 24, July 23, 1951, 138-143.
[BACK]
49. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 900-903, 931. [BACK]
Chapter 20 The Firing of MacArthur
1. James, The Years of MacArthur , vol. 3, 600; MacArthur, Reminiscences , 395. [BACK]
2. Sebald, With MacArthur , 227-228. Sebald was accorded the personal rank of ambassador on
October 11, 1950, after strong endorsement by MacArthur and in spite of considerable State
Department reluctance to so honor a relative newcomer to the diplomatic service. [BACK]
3. Ibid., 228-230; FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 968-969. [BACK]
4. SD , Apr. 11, 1951; MacArthur, Reminiscences , 285, 395. [BACK]
5. U. Johnson, The Right Hand , 117. [BACK]
6. Sebald, With MacArthur , 230. [BACK]
7. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 972-973. [BACK]
8. Ibid., 973-975, 975-976. [BACK]
9. Sebald, With MacArthur , 234; Hara, "Makkasa Kainin," vol. 5, 219-227; Miyazawa letter to
Reid, Apr. 19, 1951, Kolko Papers, Box 3, Dodge file, London School of Economics Library.
[BACK]
10. Acheson, Present at the Creation , 526-528; U. Johnson, The Right Hand , 106-109. [BACK]
11. Ridgway, Soldier , 223. [BACK]
12. Sebald, With MacArthur , 236. [BACK]
13. Ibid., 237, 240; memo from Rizzo to Fox, Apr. 20, 1951, NRAS, GS file. [BACK]
14. Ridgway, Soldier , 224. [BACK]
15. Fearey, "Summary of the Negotiations," 285; Nishimura, Sanfuranshi-suko heiwa , 112-114;
FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 986, 1003. [BACK]
16. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 985-989; Nishimura, Sanfuranshisuko heiwa , 114-121. [BACK]
17. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1006-1009, 1011. Nishimura later commented somewhat bitterly
that the Americans took the position that they had not come to negotiate a peace treaty, since
Japan had surrendered unconditionally, but only to consult ("Sanfuranshisuko no omoide," 75).
Both sides considered the negotiation of the security treaty as one between equals. [BACK]
18. FJ 1202/10/025677, FO 371/92655, Clutton desp. 142 to London, Apr. 30, 1951. [BACK]
19. U.S. Senate, Military Situation , 312. [BACK]
20. YM , 49; F 328/23, FO 371/69858, Jan. 2, 1948, report of meeting on Dec, 19, 1947, of U.K.
parliamentary delegation with MacArthur. [BACK]
Chapter 21 Signing the Treaties and Ending the Occupation
1. YM , 46; GS memo to chief of staff, "Letter from Prime Minister to General MacArthur," Apr.
19, 1951, NRAS, GS file, RG 331, Box 2187. Yoshida asserted in his memoirs that he did not
actually have the opportunity to give the letter to MacArthur before the general's recall but did
discuss the subject with him ( YM , 252). [BACK]
2. Unsigned ltr. from Yoshida to MacArthur, Apr. 9, 1951, NRAS, GS file, RG 331, Box 2187.
Yoshida later told a trusted official that MacArthur did not agree with all the things he had been
instructed to do during the occupation (Watanabe T., Watanabe Takeshi nikki , 666). Yoshida's
daughter thought that her father wrote the letter because he wanted to rescue the general from
some of the "excesses" committed during the occupation (int. with Aso Kazuko). [BACK]
3. GS memo to chief of staff, Apr. 23, 1951, NRAS, GS file, RG 331, Box 2187. Sodei described
at length Yoshida's "last attempt to mutilate MacArthur's reforms" ( Senryo , 215-218) and
observed that MacArthur made no concession other than to "fade away." [BACK]
4. Sebald ltr. to Johnson, Aug. 3, 1951, DOS file 794.00/8-351, NRAW; Johnson ltr. to Sebald,
June 16, 1951, DOS file 794.00/8-351, NRAW. [BACK]
5. Ridgway, Soldier , 225; Ridgway memo of conversation with Yoshida, Jan. 1, 1952, Ridgway
file, Army War College Library, Carlisle Barracks, Pa. [BACK]
6. Ridgway, Soldier , 226-228. [BACK]
7. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1022-1023; YM , 46-47; Dower, Empire , 559, fn. 105. [BACK]
8. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1045-1049, 1138-1141, 1328-1329; Baerwald, The Purge , 79.
[BACK]
9. YM , 147-166; Masumi, Postwar Politics , 274-276, 279-281; Montgomery, Forced to Be Free
, 48. [BACK]
10. Ridgway, Soldier , 226; KJ , vol. 2, 180; Dower, Empire , 432. Yoshida told his staff he
would not consider any specific plans and budgets for force increases of more than 50,000 a year
(CAS memo to CofS, Feb. 23, 1952, with memo for record by Kowalski, file GS [B] 04394,
NDLT; FRUS, 1952-1954 , vol. 14, no. 2, 1232). It was characteristic of Yoshida that he did not
shrink from entering into vague understandings that required action in the future. By playing the
artful dodger, he could get past the immediate hurdle. [BACK]
11. Dower, Empire , 386; Weinstein, "Defense Policy," 167; Rusk-Okazaki memo, Feb. 11,
1952, NRAW, DOS file, 794.5/2-1152; Welfield, An Empire , 70. [BACK]
12. NSC 125/2, Feb. 21, 1952, FRUS, 1952 , vol. 14, no. 2, 1300-1308. [BACK]
13. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 888-895, 898-900, 1001-1002, 1208-1215, 1330-1331. [BACK]
14. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1021-1022. [BACK]
15. Ibid., 1024-1037, 1119-1133; Fearey, "Summary of the Negotiations," 287-289. Several
issues, mostly technical, were still unsettled: fisheries, shipping, Japanese assets in Thailand,
compensation for Allied wartime property losses, and reparations. [BACK]
16. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1171-1174; Fearey, "Summary of the Negotiations," 289.
[BACK]
17. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1274; Sebald, With MacArthur , 136-149; Reischauer, The
United States and Japan , 242-243. [BACK]
18. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1251, 1255-1256; Andrew Gordon, "Reparations for Southeast
Asia," Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan , vol. 6, 302. [BACK]
19. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1153-1155. [BACK]
20. Nishimura, "Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 34; Takemae, GHQ , 202-204; FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no.
1, 857-858, 1227. The Japanese believed the security treaty should conform closely with the
international obligations set out in the U.N. Charter and that the United States was imposing
obligations in excess of charter requirements (Nishimura, "Ampo joyaku kaitei," 27). [BACK]
21. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 860, 863. This provision was eliminated from the revised security
treaty signed in 1960. [BACK]
22. Sebald, With MacArthur , 280; Kosaka, Saisho Yoshida , 55-59, 69-71. [BACK]
23. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1207-1208. [BACK]
24. Ibid., 873-874, 1235, 1242, 1248-1249, 1274; Sebald, With MacArthur , 271-272. [BACK]
25. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1275-1277. [BACK]
26. Ibid. [BACK]
27. Ibid., 1229-1230, 1299-1300. [BACK]
28. Sebald, With MacArthur , 269; Fearey, "Summary of the Negotiations," 294-295. [BACK]
29. Truman speech, DOSB , vol. 25, Sept. 17, 1951, 447-450; see U.S. Congress, Selected
Speeches — Douglas MacArthur , 33-38, in which he reviewed the achievements of the
occupation. [BACK]
30. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1315-1318. [BACK]
31. Multilateral Japan Peace Treaty, signed Sept. 8, 1951, TIAS , vol. 3, part 3 (1952), 3169-
3325; Dunn, Peace-Making , 183-184. Dulles told the Soviets that the United States would
support Soviet claims to the Kuriles and South Sakhalin if the USSR became a party to the
Japanese peace treaty ( FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1,886). [BACK]
32. Sebald, With MacArthur , 278-280; Nishimura, "Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 36. [BACK]
33. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1343-1344; Nishimura, Sanfuranshisuko heiwa , 272-278;
Acheson, Present at the Creation , 547; Takemae, Senryo sengoshi , 17. [BACK]
34. Nishimura, "Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 36; Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 418. [BACK]
35. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1339; James, The Years of MacArthur , vol. 3, 352; Dulles
message to MacArthur, Sept. 6, 1951, MMA, RG 21. [BACK]
36. Acheson, Present at the Creation , 544, 551; United States-Japan Security Treaty, signed
Sept. 8, 1951, TIAS , vol. 3, part 3 (1952), 3329-3341. [BACK]
37. KJ , vol. 3, 48-50; Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 418; Kosaka, Saisho Yoshida , 4. A year
later Yoshida told the American ambassador that the emperor had advised him to give up cigars;
Yoshida said in reply he had no intention of doing so (Murphy desp., Sept. 13, 1952, NRAW,
DOS file, RG 59, Box 4246). [BACK]
38. Nishimura, "Sanfuranshisuko kowa," 37. (See Packard, Protest , 252-302.) [BACK]
39. DOSB , vol. 25, Sept. 17, 1951, 465. [BACK]
40. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1,250-251; NYT , Sept. 9, 1951, 1, 22, 25, 28. [BACK]
41. Yomiuri , Aug. 13, 1979, 10. [BACK]
42. Iriye, The Cold War , 93-97, 182-191. [BACK]
43. Igarashi, "Peace Making," 11, no. 2 (Summer 1985), 323-356; Masumi, Postwar Politics ,
218. See Williams, "Diet Interpellations on the Peace and Security Treaties," memos dated Oct.
19 and Oct. 28, 1951, JWC. [BACK]
44. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1416-1418, 1347, editorial note; Nishimura, Sanfuranshisuko
heiwa , 312-326; W. Cohen, "China," 40. [BACK]
45. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1437-1439. [BACK]
46. Ibid., 1443-1446. As early as May 1951 Yoshida had indicated that Japan would not make a
treaty with the PRC but would make peace with the ROC ( FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1050). On
December 13, 1951, Yoshida handed Dulles a short draft treaty Japan proposed to negotiate with
the Nationalist government after the multilateral treaty came into force, but Dulles paid little
attention to it (ibid., 1436-1437; SD , Dec. 13, 1951). Nevertheless, the impression remains
strong in Japan and among foreign scholars that the United States pressured Yoshida into
agreeing to make a treaty with the ROC (Masumi, Postwar Politics , 217-218). Dower pointed
out that Yoshida may have been ambivalent about the China issue ( Empire , 404). [BACK]
47. FRUS, 1951 , vol. 6, no. 1, 1446-1447, 1467-1470. [BACK]
48. Ibid., 1465-1467. Yoshida remained worried about his letter. He wrote to Dulles on Dec. 27
urging that the United States and the United Kingdom reach agreement on China policy, with
which Japan would go along for the sake of a common front of the free nations (ibid., 1471-
1472; SD , Dec. 27, 1951). [BACK]
49. FRUS, 1952 , vol. 14, no. 2, 1077-1080, memo of Jan. 10, 1952, Eden-Dulles meeting.
[BACK]
50. Acheson, Present at the Creation , 772; Schonberger, Aftermath of War , 275-276; SD , Jan.
15, 1952. [BACK]
51. Buckley, Occupation Diplomacy , 181. [BACK]
52. FRUS, 1952-1954 , vol. 14, no. 2, 1248; Usui, "Postwar Japan-China Relations," Kodansha
Encyclopedia of Japan , vol. 1,290. [BACK]
53. FRUS, 1952-1954 , vol. 14, no. 2, 1251-1252, 1259-1262; Owada Hisashi, "Korea-Japan
Treaty of 1965," and Soon Sung Cho, "Korea-Japan Treaty of 1965, Supplementary
Agreements," Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan , vol. 4, 287-288. [BACK]
54. Text of administrative agreement, TIAS , vol. 3, part 4 (1952), 3341-3419; FRUS, 1952-1954
, vol. 14, no. 2, 1197-1206. [BACK]
55. DA tel. W 87569 to CINCFE, Aug. 1, 1950, MMA, RG 9, radiograms; CINCFE tel. 021209
to DA, Aug. 2, 1950, MMA, RG 9; J. Williams, Japan's Political Revolution , 278-279. [BACK]
56. NYT , May 2, 1952, 1, 3; Asahi shimbun , May 2, 1952, 1; Shinobu, Sengo Nihon seijishi ,
vol. 4, 1432. [BACK]
PART VI AFTERMATH
1. Asahi shimbun , Oct. 21, 1967, 15, and Oct. 23, 1967, 14; Horie, "Yoshida-san no senrei,"
251-252. [BACK]
2. Wray and Conroy (eds.), Japan Examined , 335-364. [BACK]
3. NYT , Aug. 8, 1985, 1, 3. I am indebted to Carol Gluck for this reference. [BACK]
4. YM , 60. [BACK]
С. 413