23. SCAP, Selected Data , contains charts, and descriptions of the SCAP/FEC organization (2, 6,
8, and 9). [BACK]
24. Int. with Sackton, former chief of joint staff, GHQ, SCAP/FEC, Tokyo. [BACK]
25. CLO memo, to SCAP, Sept. 8, 1945, MMA, RG 9, Box 41; Hata (ed.), Amerika no tai-nichi ,
530, 532; Nanto, "The United States Role," 66, 145. The best information seems to be that
depending on the method of calculation, Japan paid between $4.23 and $4.98 billion in
occupation costs, while it received $1.95 billion in U.S. economic assistance. [BACK]
26. FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 655-656; FRUS, 1946 , vol. 8, 95-98; Atcheson memo to MacArthur,
Sept. 24, 1945, regarding POLAD status, NILAS, RG 84, Box 2275. POLAD had a limited
operational role for much of the occupation. In 1950 it was permitted to establish direct
telegraphic communications with the State Department, thus acquiring independence and a
degree of freedom from the watchful eye of SCAP officials. [BACK]
27. See Mason, "The Liaison Offices." [BACK]
28. PRJ , 192-193; Oppler, Legal Reform , 42, 330-331; McNelly, Politics and Government , 28.
Imperial ordinances issued to carry out the instrument of surrender were popularly known as
Potsdam ordinances. [BACK]
29. Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 80-82; NYT , Oct. 7, 1945, 29; Sebald, With MacArthur ,
98-99. [BACK]
30. FRUS, 1945 , vol. 6, 741; Amakawa, "Senryo seisaku," 226-227. [BACK]
31. Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 85; Uchino, Japan's Postwar Economy , 253. [BACK]
32. Kojima, Nihon senryo , vol. 1, 158; PRJ , 741; FO 371/46450, Sansom ltr. to FO, Oct. 12,
1945. MacArthur, Reminiscences , 293-294, gives a somewhat different version of the list,
omitting any reference to the constitutional issue and putting some stress on "full employment in
useful work of everyone." [BACK]
33. Eto (ed.), Senryo shiroku , vol. 3, 105-111; YM , 7. [BACK]
34. Masumi, Postwar Politics , 19; "The Japanese Constitution," NYT, Oct. 28, 1945, E6;
Editorial, New York Herald Tribune , Oct. 31, 1945; FRUS , 1945, vol. 6, 841, 969; J. Williams,
Japan's Political Revolution , 272; Eto (ed.), Senryo shiroku , vol. 3, 114-115; Koseki,
Shinkempo no tanjo , 8-29. See Emmerson, The Japanese Thread , 264-267. [BACK]
35. J. Williams, Japan's Political Revolution , 101-102, 175-177; Masumi, Postwar Politics , 139;
McNelly, "Limited Voting," 2-5. [BACK]
36. Masumi, Postwar Politics , 133-138; Inoki, Hyoden Yoshida , vol. 3, 99-100; Emmerson,
The Japanese Thread , 270; "Political Parties' Situation," desp. 17 from POLAD Tokyo to DOS,
Oct. 15, 1945, NRAS, DOS file 800. [BACK]
PART II MACARTHUR'S TWO HUNDRED DAYS
1. By 1940 Japan had experienced constitutional government for a half century, with no less
success than some Western European countries had achieved. Japan had also some success in
experimenting with political parties. See Watkins, "Prospects of Constitutional Democracy."