Факторы окружающей среды и здоровье человека. Опыт Дании

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fZl_jbZevgufbmkeh\byfbbmjh\_gv`bagbih\urZekyLZdb_ij_^f_lu

dZdlmZe_lubg^b\b^mZevgh]hihevah\Zgbyoheh^bevgbdebqguc

e_]dh\hcZ\lhfh[bevbkbkl_fZp_gljZevgh]hhlhie_gby\kdhj_klZeb

qZklvxih\k_^g_\ghc`bagbfgh]boex^_c

Ex^bg_ijb\udebkhhlghkblv\ha^_ckl\b_gZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mbk\h_

ebqgh_ihlj_[e_gb_bo`_eZgb_bf_lv[he__\ukhdbcmjh\_gv`bagb

[uehij_\ur_\k_]hKeh`behkvh[s__fg_gb_qlhgh\ucmjh\_gv`bagb

o]]g_fh`_lklZ\blvkyih^\hijhk

Wdheh]bq_kdb_ihke_^kl\byklZebijhy\eylvky\nhjf_mkbeb\Zxs_]hky

aZ]jyag_gbyha_jbfhjy\ukhdh]hmjh\gyrmfZbaZ]jyag_gbyZlfhkn_ju

\ua\Zggh]h\lhfqbke_kbkl_fZfbhlhie_gbyjZaebqgufbkj_^kl\Zfb

ljZgkihjlZZlZd`_\nhjf_agZqbl_evgh]hm\_ebq_gbyh[t_fh\hloh^h\

^eymlbebaZpbbbdhg_qgh]hjZaf_s_gby

Ih\ur_gb_mjh\gy`bagbijb\_ehdm\_ebq_gbxaZ]jyag_gbyddhlhjhfm

^ZlkdZyaZdhgh^Zl_evgZykbkl_fZlh]h\j_f_gb[ueZkh\_jr_gghg_

]hlh\Zld\hkgh\_ijbjh^hhojZggh]hj_]mebjh\Zgbye_`Zebghjfu

a^jZ\hhojZg_gbyijbgylu_\]

<f_`^mgZjh^ghffZkrlZ[_wlh[uei_jbh^im[ebdZpbbdgb]bdhlhjmx

\ihke_^kl\bbgZa\Zebi_j\hckh\j_f_gghcim[ebdZpb_cih

wdheh]bq_kdbfijh[e_fZfwlh[ue[_klk_ee_j;_afhe\gZy\_kgZ

him[ebdh\Zgguc\]dgb]ZgZibkZggZyJ_cq_eDZjkhgkp_evx

ij_^mij_^blvex^_cb\ua\Zlvmgbo`_eZgb_ijhlb\h^_ckl\h\Zlv

aehmihlj_[e_gbxobfbq_kdbfbi_klbpb^ZfbDgb]Z[ueZijhqblZgZk

bgl_j_khf\>Zgbblh`_

4.1.1

JZaf_s_gb_bmlbebaZpbyhloh^h\

Ih\ur_gb_mjh\gy`bagb\wlh\j_fyijb\_ehd[he__rbjhdhfm

bkihevah\Zgbx\lhfqbke_obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\b[_gabgZZlZd`_d

ihy\e_gbxijh[e_fujZaf_s_gbybmlbebaZpbbhloh^h\

<gZqZe_ijh[e_fZj_rZeZkvjZaebqgufbkihkh[ZfbQZklv`b^dbo

hloh^h\keb\ZeZkv\fhj_ihlhfmqlh\wlhfkemqZ_hloh^uih]ehsZebkv

[hevrbfbh[t_fZfb\h^u>jm]hcimlvaZdexqZeky\k`b]Zgbb`b^dbo

hloh^h\HdZaZehkvh^gZdhqlhgbh^bgbawlboiml_cg_y\eyeky

ijb_fe_fufj_r_gb_fjZkkqblZggufgZi_jki_dlb\mb\]

fmgbpbiZebl_lZfb[uehijbgylhkh\f_klgh_j_r_gb_hkljhbl_evkl\_

aZ\h^Z\Gx[hj]_hkgh\gZyaZ^ZqZdhlhjh]haZdexqZeZkv\

\hkklZgh\e_gbbbebk`b]ZgbbjZaebqguo\b^h\obfbq_kdbo\_s_kl\b

ij_iZjZlh\AZ\h^gZa\Zeb©Dhffmgbd_fbª.RPPXQHNHPLb

jZaf_klbeb_]h\p_gljZevghcqZklb>Zgbb>hkboihjwlhkZfh_[hevrh_

\>Zgbbij_^ijbylb_dm^Zk\haylkyobfbq_kdb_hloh^ug_kfhljygZlh

qlh\ihke_^g__^_kylbe_lb_gZjugd_ihy\bebkvbdhgdmjbjmxsb_

ij_^ijbylby

<wlh`_\j_fyagZqbl_evgmxqZklvhloh^h\^eymlbebaZpbbklZeb

khklZ\eylvieZklfZkkZb[mfZ]Zlj_\h]m\ijhq_f\uau\Zebg_lhevdh

h[t_fumlbebabjm_fuohloh^h\ghbkeh`ghklvijhp_kkZIjb_fe_fh_

Kf>`_fbkhg-DPLVRQb^j]klj

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j_r_gb_^eylh]h\j_f_gb[uehgZc^_gh\k`b]Zgbbhloh^h\Ihwlhfm\

Wc[xb:fZ]_j_ijb]hjh^uDhi_g]Z]_gZ[uehihkljh_gh^\Z

fmkhjhi_j_jZ[Zlu\ZxsboaZ\h^Zdhlhju_\][ueb]hlh\ud

mgbqlh`_gbxhloh^h\kh[jZgguokl_jjblhjbbDhi_g]Z]_gZ

4.1.2

Klhqgu_\h^u

AZ]jyag_gb_klhqgufb\h^Zfbijb\_ehdihy\e_gbx[hevrbog_m^h[kl\

^eyh[s_kl\_gghckbkl_fua^jZ\hhojZg_gby\>Zgbb\\b^_gZijbf_j

mf_gvr_gbymqZkldh\^eydmiZgbydZdke_^kl\b_aZ]jyag_gbyijb[j_`guo

ahgbaZ]jyag_gbyij_kghc\h^uH^gZdhlj_\h]m\uau\Zebbijh[e_fu

bf_xsb_[he__ijyfh_hlghr_gb_da^hjh\vx<bkke_^h\Zgbb

ij_^ijbgylhfFbgbkl_jkl\hfk_evkdh]hohayckl\Zbhim[ebdh\Zgghf\

]mdZau\Zehkvqlhk[jhkuaZ]jyagyxsbo\_s_kl\gZaZkljZb\Z_fuo

l_jjblhjbyog_kml\k_[_[hevrmxhiZkghklvbgn_dpbcdhlhju_fh]ml

\ua\ZlviZjZlbnfurbgucjbdd_lkbhaihebhfb_eblb`_elmomKZfmx

[hevrmxhiZkghklv\uau\Zebk[jZku\Z_fu_hloh^u[hevgbp

fmkhjhi_j_jZ[Zlu\Zxsboij_^ijbylbcbkdhlh[h_g

Xjb^bq_kdZyhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZj_]mebjh\Zgb_k[jhkh\klhdh\b

j_kmjkh\ij_kghc\h^u[ueZ\haeh`_gZgZFbgbkl_jkl\hk_evkdh]h

ohayckl\ZqlhjZkkfZljb\Zehkvfgh]bfbdZdijhlb\hj_qb\ZykblmZpby

ldaZ]jyagyebha_jZj_dbbli\lhfqbke_bn_jf_ju<][ue

ijbgylgh\ucaZdhghklhqguo\h^ZoHgh[yau\ZefmgbpbiZebl_lu

\abfZlvkaZ]jyagbl_e_cahgij_kghc\h^uieZlm_kebwlhaZ]jyag_gb_

ijb\h^behdmom^r_gbxkhklhygbya^hjh\vygZk_e_gby

<]aZdhgi_j_klZe[ulvwnn_dlb\gufAZ]jyag_gb_ij_kghc\h^u

[hevrbfdhebq_kl\hfbgn_dpbhgguo\_s_kl\bm\_ebq_gb_k[jhkh\

obfbq_kdh]haZ]jyag_gby^hklb]ebg_ijb_fe_fh]hmjh\gy<][ue

ijbgylgh\ucaZdhgHghlebqZekyhlij_`g_]haZdhgZl_fqlh\dexqZe\

k_[y\hijhkuk\yaZggu_kahgZfbij_kghc\h^ufhj_fbkgZ[`_gb_f

iblv_\hc\h^hc

M`_\]Fbgbkljk_evkdh]hohayckl\Zijb\h^beke_^mxsb_^h\h^u

Dlhlh^he`_gij_^ijbgylvk_jv_agu_mkbebygZijZ\e_ggu_gZ[hjv[m

ijhlb\aZ]jyag_gbyk[jhkZfbbaZsblmha_j\h^hlhdh\biey`_chl

aZ]jyag_gbyklhdZfb\lZdhckl_i_gbqlh[ukhojZgblvwlb\Z`gu_

dhfihg_glu\g_rg_ckj_^udZdh[s_kl\_ggh_[eZ]hbhklZ\blvbo

gZrbfihlhfdZf\^hklhcghfkhklhygbb

Dkh`Ze_gbx[eZ]b_

ih`_eZgbyg_khijh\h`^Zebkv^_ckl\byfb

>h]lj_lv\k_oklhqguo\h^k[jZku\ZeZkv\hdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m[_a

\kydhchqbkldb<lh\j_fykms_kl\h\Zeh[he__\h^hhqbklguo

khhjm`_gbcbadhlhjuo[uebkhhjm`_gbyfblhevdhf_oZgbq_kdhc

hqbkldbb[ueb^hihegbl_evghh[hjm^h\Zgukbkl_fhc

[bheh]bq_kdhchqbkldbklhdh\

Kf(QJEHUJEklj

Kf(QJEHUJDklj



4.1.3

Wdheh]bq_kdh_^\b`_gb_

<k_j_^bg_o]]m\_ebqbehkvqbkeh`Zeh[gZaZ]jyag_gb_b

hlkmlkl\b_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoh[yaZl_evkl\>Zlkdb_]Za_lugZqZeb\_klb

jZaebqgu_dZfiZgbb\uau\Zy[_kihdhckl\hf_klguoiheblbdh\b

hkhagZgb_h[s_kl\hfihke_^kl\bcaZ]jyag_gbyklZehjZklbH^gbfba

ij_^f_lh\h[km`^_gby\]Za_lZo[ueh\b^bfh_aZ]jyag_gb_l_kfh]\

\ha^mo_aZ]jyag_gb_\h^^eydmiZgbygZfhjkdbodmjhjlZobli

?^bgkl\_gghcwdheh]bq_kdhcfZkkh\hchj]ZgbaZpb_c\lh\j_fy[ueh

>Zlkdh_h[s_kl\hhojZguijbjh^u>HHIdhlhjh_\uklmiZehaZ

khojZg_gb_ahghl^uoZ³AZ]jyag_gb_gZrboha_jbfhj_chdZau\Z_l

\ha^_ckl\b_gZ\k_ogZkDZdlhevdhhgbklZgh\ylkyhiZkgufb^ey

gZr_]ha^hjh\vybog_evaybkihevah\Zlv^eyhl^uoZ´]gFbdd_ek_g

>HHI0LNNHOVHQ'1]kljLZdbfh[jZahfkhojZg_gb_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u[uehg_h[oh^bfhex^yf^eym^h\e_l\hj_gbyk\hbo

bgl_j_kh\gZhj]ZgbaZpbxkZgZlhjghdmjhjlgh]hhl^uoZ

GZqbgZykdhgpZo]]djblbdZh[s_kl\Zkhklhjhgue_\h]h

^\b`_gby\>ZgbbklZeZgZoh^blvhldebdE_\u_kqblZebqlh

wdheh]bq_kdb_ijh[e_fughkyldhfie_dkgucoZjZdl_j<]]jmiiZ

klm^_glh\e_\uoiheblbq_kdbo\a]ey^h\hkgh\ZeZh[s_kl\_ggh_

^\b`_gb_12$+Bodhgp_ilmZevgh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_h[wdheh]bq_kdbo

ijh[e_fZok\h^behkvdihgbfZgbx³aZ]jyag_gbydZdp_gljZevghc

ijh[e_fulhevdhihlhfmqlhhghm]jh`Z_lkms_kl\h\Zgbx

q_eh\_q_kl\Z´

Ihwlhfmhgb\uklmiZebaZij_^hl\jZs_gb_ex[h]h

aZ]jyag_gby12$+y\eyehkvhj]ZgbaZpb_ckhklhys_c\hkgh\ghfba

klm^_glh\_kl_kl\_gguo^bkpbiebgmdhlhjuo[ueb^hklZlhqgh]em[hdb_

ij_^klZ\e_gbyh[wdheh]bq_kdboihke_^kl\byoaZ]jyag_gbyHgb

hij_^_ebebkh[kl\_ggu_ghjfZlb\ubbog_m^h\e_l\hjyebgb

gZpbhgZevgu_gbf_`^mgZjh^gu_mkbeby\wlhch[eZklb

4.1.4

Iheblbq_kdb_bgbpbZlb\u

<ihiuld_ba[_`Zlvmom^r_gbykblmZpbbkha^hjh\v_f]jZ`^Zg>Zgbb

[uebij_^ijbgylujZaebqgu_bgbpbZlb\uA^_kvij_^klZ\e_gu

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bgl_jij_lbjh\ZebkvdZd^he`gh_bg_ba[_`gh_ke_^kl\b_

bg^mkljbZebaZpbbh[s_kl\Z<f_klhwlh]hhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZ

aZ]jyag_gb_klZeb\haeZ]ZlvgZhj]ZgumijZ\e_gbybkm[t_dlu

aZ]jyag_gby

Hlq_lkZgblZjghwib^_fbheh]bq_kdhcDhfbkkbb]y\bekyi_j\uf

ijbf_jhflZdh]hwdheh]bq_kdh]hihgbfZgbydZdh_fubf__fbk_]h^gy

h^gZdhhghlZdbg_[uehj_Zebah\ZghihlhfmqlhDhfbkkbxaZf_gbe

<j_f_gguckh\_lihijh[e_fZfaZ]jyag_gbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

<gZqZe_o]]jZklms__ihgbfZgb_ihke_^kl\bcaZ]jyag_gbyb

gZjZklZgb_bgl_gkb\ghklb^_[Zlh\^ZebihgylvqlhaZ]jyag_gb_±wlh

h[eZklvdhlhjZyijbh[j_l_lp_gljZevgh_f_klh\iheblbq_kdhckn_j_

Ih^\h^yblh]bfh`ghkdZaZlvqlhgZqbgZyk]aZ]jyag_gb_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uklZeh\>ZgbbdZ`^h^g_\guf\hijhkhf<k_[hevr_

]jZ`^Zgihqm\kl\h\Zebj_Zevgmxm]jhamk\h_fma^hjh\vxbklZeb

h`b^ZlvhlijZ\bl_evkl\Zbf_klguohj]Zgh\mijZ\e_gbyijbgylby

^_ckl\bcLZdZyj_ZdpbygZaZ]jyag_gb_y\ey_lkybeexkljZpb_c

bgklblmpbhgZevghckljmdlmju>Zgbb]^_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_hj]Zguih

fg_gbx]jZ`^Zgb]jZxlp_gljZevgmxjhevbdgbfh[jZsZxlkydh]^Z

gm`ghihemqblvhl\_lgZlj_\h`Zsb_gZk_e_gb_\hijhku

4.2

J_ZebaZpby\k_klhjhgg_]hj_]mebjh\Zgbyijbjh^hhojZgghc

^_yl_evghklb ]]

<l_q_gb_]]\dZdhclhkl_i_gbj_Zebah\u\Zebkvf_ju

dhlhju_lj_[h\Zebkv\wdheh]bq_kdhckn_j_I_j\hfm^Zlkdhfm:dlmh[

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u_s_ij_^klhyeh^hdZaZlvk\h_agZq_gb_Z

ijbjh^hhojZggu_hj]Zgu^he`gu[ueb\uklmiblvgZi_j\ucieZgqlh[u



ba[_`Zlv^Zevg_cr_ck\_jowdkiemZlZpbbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uKdhgpZ

o]]\Z`gufijbgpbihfjZajZ[hldbwdheh]bq_kdhciheblbdbklZeZ

dhgp_ipbymklhcqb\hklbHgZij_^iheZ]ZeZihy\e_gb_

aZbgl_j_kh\ZgghklbdjZajZ[hld_\k_klhjhggboieZgh\^_ckl\bckl_f`_

mki_ohfdZdbgZqZeZihemqZlvjZa\blb_b^_ybgl_]jZpbbwdheh]bq_kdbo

nZdlhjh\\^_yl_evghklvk_dlhjh\

4.2.1

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggZykljmdlmjZj_]mebjh\Zgby

;uehh[jZah\ZghFbgbkl_jkl\hhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uHgh[ueh

hj]Zgbah\Zgh\khhl\_lkl\bbkij_^eh`_gbyfb<j_f_ggh]hkh\_lZih

ijh[e_fZfaZ]jyag_gbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub_]hgh\ufFbgbkljhfklZe

[u\rbcjmdh\h^bl_evKh\_lZ<kdhj_ihke_ihy\e_gbygh\h]h

fbgbkl_jkl\Z[uehj_r_ghij_djZlblv^_yl_evghklvKh\_lZL_fg_

f_g__\k__s_hklZ\ZeZkvihlj_[ghklv\[he__^_yl_evghfhj]Zg_

mijZ\e_gbydhlhjucaZgbfZeky[udhgljhe_fbdhhj^bgZpb_c

j_]mebjmxs_c^_yl_evghklbgZmjh\g_hdjm]h\bebfmgbpbiZebl_lh\b

m`_\dhgp_][uehh[jZah\Zghgh\h_Z]_glkl\h>Zlkdh_:]_glkl\h

ihhojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

DZdmdZau\Zehkv\ur_kms_kl\h\ZeZh]jhfgZyihlj_[ghklv\ijh\_^_gbb

f_jhijbylbcihij_^hl\jZs_gbxaZ]jyag_gbykljmdlmjghfm

ieZgbjh\Zgbxgh\uoijhba\h^kl\_gguoij_^ijbylbcbgh\uoh[t_dlh\

aZ]jyag_gbykhojZg_gbxhdjm`Zxs_cijbjh^ubhj]ZgbaZpbb

ijbjh^hhojZgguoj_]mebjmxsbohj]Zgh\>jm]bfbkeh\Zfb\

ijbjh^hhojZgghch[eZklbg_h[oh^bfh[uehhj]Zgbah\ZlvjZa^_e_gb_

ljm^ZbihdZ\wlhch[eZklbijh\h^bebkviheh`bl_evgu_baf_g_gby

IhwlhfmFbgbkl_jkl\hhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\kdhj_klZehhl\_qZlv

aZ^h\hevghh[rbjgucZ^fbgbkljZlb\gucmqZklhd±ijhklhbaaZlh]h

qlhkms_kl\h\Zehihegh_iheblbq_kdh_ijbagZgb_wlhch[eZklbb[he__

lh]hyjdh\ujZ`_ggZyg_h[oh^bfhklvijbgylbyf_jihij_^hl\jZs_gbx

aZ]jyag_gby

4.2.2

Lj_\h]ZaZ]eh[Zevgu_ihke_^kl\byaZ]jyag_gby

<k_j_^bg_o]]f_`^mgZjh^gucdhgl_dklijh[e_fuaZ]jyag_gby

ijbh[j_lZe\k_[hevr__agZq_gb_;uehm`_g_^hklZlhqghhqbklblvgZr

kh[kl\_gguc^\hjKlZgh\behkv\k_[he__hq_\b^ghqlhihke_^kl\by

aZ]jyag_gby\^jm]boqZklyok\_lZlZd`_\ebyxlbgZgZr_khklhygb_

a^hjh\vybgZh[hjhlIhwlhfm]eh[ZevgufoZjZdl_jbklbdZfaZ]jyag_gby

klZebm^_eylv\k_[hevr_\gbfZgby

LZdh_baf_g_gb_[ueh\ua\Zgh^hdeZ^hfHHGGZr_h[s__[m^ms__

]\dhlhjhf[ueZ\\_^_gZdhgp_ipbymklhcqb\h]hjZa\blby

ij_^iheZ]Zxs_]hqlhwdheh]bq_kdZyiheblbdZ^he`gZh[_ki_qblv

ihke_^mxsbfihdhe_gbyflZdb_`_mkeh\by\hlghr_gbbhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^ubijbjh^guo[eZ]dZdbfbfuh[_ki_q_guk_]h^gy<^hdeZ^_ykgh

mdZaZghqlh^eylh]hqlh[u^hklbqvmklhcqb\h]hjZa\blby

Z^fbgbkljZlb\gu_biheblbq_kdb_j_r_gby^he`gumqblu\Zlv

wdheh]bq_kdb_wdhghfbq_kdb_bkhpbZevgu_ihlj_[ghklb>hdeZ^lZd`_

kh^_j`blaZy\e_gb_hlhfqlhijbjh^hhojZggu_aZ^Zqb^he`gu[ulv

<h\j_fyk\h_]hhkgh\ZgbyZ]_glkl\hgZau\ZehkvGZpbhgZevgufZ]_glkl\hf

hojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u



ijhqghaZdj_ie_gu\iheblbd_jZa\blbyhljZke_cbk_dlhjh\qlh[u

ij_^hl\jZlblv\hagbdgh\_gb_^Zevg_crbowdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_f

4.2.3

>ZgbydZd]hkm^Zjkl\hqe_g?K

>ZgbyklZeZ]hkm^Zjkl\hfqe_ghf?\jhi_ckdh]hKhh[s_kl\Z\]\

]h^dh]^ZKhh[s_kl\hijbgyehk\hxi_j\mxijh]jZffm^_ckl\bcih

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u<][uebijbgylui_j\u_xjb^bq_kdb

h[yaZl_evgu_bgkljmf_glu\h[eZklbijbjh^hhojZguihhloh^Zf

\ha^momb\h^_<lhf`_]h^m[ueh[jZah\Zg=_g_jZevguc^bj_dlhjZlih

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_'*(QYLURQPHQW<]\>h]h\hj?\jhi_ckdh]h

Khh[s_kl\Z[ue\dexq_gjZa^_eihhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^_<wlhfjZa^_e_

jZkdju\Zxlkyp_ebbijbgpbiuijbjh^hhojZgghckn_juhij_^_ey_lky

ijZ\h?K^_ckl\h\Zlvhlbf_gb]hkm^Zjkl\qe_gh\?KmklZgZ\eb\Zxlky

ijZ\beZbihjy^hdijbgylbyijbjh^hhojZggh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\ZZlZd`_

ijZ\h]hkm^Zjkl\qe_gh\gZj_ZebaZpbx[he__kljh]boijZ\be

>bj_dlb\hcihhp_gd_\ha^_ckl\bygZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^m[ue

\\_^_g]hjbahglZevgucih^oh^d[hjv[_ijhlb\^_]jZ^Zpbbhdjm`Zxs_c

ijbjh^ghckj_^u

Ihke_]qbkehijbjh^hhojZgguoaZdhgh^Zl_evguoZdlh\?K

agZqbl_evgh\hajhkeh<>h]h\hj_?KkihijZ\dZfb\g_k_ggufb

FZZkljbokdbfkh]eZr_gb_fdhlhjh_\klmibeh\kbem\]\hijhkh[

mklhcqb\hfjZa\blbbhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\dexq_g\klZlvxijbgpbiu

Z\klZlv_mdZau\Z_lkyqlhijbjh^hhojZggu_Zki_dlu^he`gu[ulv

bgl_]jbjh\Zgu\iheblbdmdZ`^h]hk_dlhjZ

GZijhly`_gbbg_kdhevdboe_l>Zgbyb]jZ_lZdlb\gmxjhev\?K\

h[eZklbhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uWlhh[tykgy_lkydZdl_fqlh>Zgby

y\ey_lkyh^ghcbakljZgeb^_jh\\?\jhi_\h[eZklbaZsbluhdjm`Zxs_c

kj_^ulZdb\hafh`ghl_fqlh>Zgby[m^mqbg_[hevrbf]hkm^Zjkl\hf

qe_ghf?K\jy^ebh^_j`ZeZ[umki_oiulZykv^hfbgbjh\Zlv\

³ly`_euo´kn_jZo]^_eb^bjmxl=_jfZgbyNjZgpbyb:g]ebyIhwlhfm

h[eZklvhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uklZeZm^h[gufbgkljmf_glhfijh^\b`_gby

>Zgbb\?K>Zgby[ueZh^gbfbabgbpbZlhjh\ihijZ\hdFZZkljbokdh]h

^h]h\hjZ]

H[eZklyfbijbjh^hhojZggh]hj_]mebjh\Zgby\>Zgbb]^_\[hevr_c

kl_i_gb^hfbgbjmxlj_]eZf_glbjmxsb_ijZ\beZ?Ky\eyxlky\h^Z

\ha^mohloh^ubobfbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z>hihegbl_evgZybgnhjfZpbyih

wlhfm\hijhkmkh^_j`blkyjZa^_e_]eZ\u

GZqbgZyk]?Kkihkh[kl\m_lijhp_kkm]ZjfhgbaZpbbghjfZlb\guo

ijZ\be\h[eZklbh[jZs_gbykobfbq_kdbfb\_s_kl\Zfbbij_iZjZlZfb

hkgh\u\ZykvgZaZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklb\klbfmebjh\Zgbbk\h[h^gh]h

^\b`_gbylh\Zjh\GZ[he__iha^g_fwlZi_\hkgh\mj_]mebjh\Zgbywlhc

h[eZklbe_]ebkhh[jZ`_gbywdheh]bq_kdh]hihjy^dZ;hevrbgkl\h

^bj_dlb\ihobfbdZlZf±wlh^bj_dlb\uiheghc]ZjfhgbaZpbbIhwlhfm

h[eZklvobfbq_kdboij_iZjZlh\kkZfh]hgZqZeZqe_gkl\Z>Zgbb\?K

bkiulu\Z_lkbevgh_\ebygb_j_]eZf_glbjmxsboijZ\be?K



4.2.4

IeZgu^_ckl\bc

I_jbh^kk_j_^bguo]]oZjZdl_jbam_lkyjZajZ[hldhcg_kdhevdbo

h[sboieZgh\^_ckl\bcG_ihke_^gxxjhev\wlhfku]jZe^hdeZ^³GZr_

h[s__[m^ms__´dhlhjuc^_ckl\bl_evghihklZ\bei_j_^hj]ZgZfb

mijZ\e_gbyaZ^Zqmq_ldh]hhkhagZgbykjhdh\j_ZebaZpbbieZgh\ijb

ijbgylbbj_r_gbcqlh[uba[_`ZlvlZdboj_r_gbcdhlhju_[ueb[u

ihe_agu^eyh[s_kl\Zlhevdh\djZldhkjhqghci_jki_dlb\_Gb`_

ijb\h^blkydjZldh_baeh`_gb_wlboieZgh\

•

I_j\Zyijh]jZffZ^_ckl\bcihkhdjZs_gbxZahlZnhknhjZb

hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\hl^_yl_evghklbhljZkebk_evkdh]hohayckl\Z

lZdgZau\Z_fucieZg^_ckl\bc132[ueZij_^klZ\e_gZ\]<

]__aZf_gbe[he__ihegucIeZg^_ckl\bcih\h^ghfm[Zkk_cgm

•

IeZg^_ckl\bcihi_klbpb^Zf]gZijZ\e_ggucgZmf_gvr_gb_

ijbf_g_gbyi_klbpb^h\

•

IeZg^_ckl\bcihmklhcqb\hklbk_evkdh]hohayckl\Z]

•

IeZg^_ckl\bcihwg_j]_lbd_b\u[jhkh\aZ]jyagyxsbo]Zah\hl

ljZgkihjlZkha^ZxsbfiZjgbdh\ucwnn_dl³Wg_j]by´P_ev

ieZgZaZdexqZeZkv\\uiheg_gbb>Zgb_cf_`^mgZjh^guo

h[yaZl_evkl\\khhl\_lkl\bbkDhg\_gpb_ch[baf_g_gbbdebfZlZZ

lZd`_khhl\_lkl\mxsbokh]eZr_gbc?K

IeZgu^_ckl\bch[uqgh\dexqZxldhgdj_lgu_qZklhdhebq_kl\_ggu_

hij_^_e_ggu_ih\j_f_gbbbaf_jy_fu_ijbjh^hhojZggu_p_ebHgb

lZd`_kh^_j`Zlkibkhddhgdj_lguobgbpbZlb\dhlhju_^he`gu[ulv

hkms_kl\e_gu^ey^hklb`_gbyihklZ\e_gguop_e_c

4.2.5

Ij_h[eZ^Zxsbc\a]ey^gZwdheh]bq_kdb_ijh[e_fu

<wlhli_jbh^ijbh[j_eZfZkkh\mxihimeyjghklvh[_kihdh_gghklv

khklhygb_fhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubihwlhfmiheblbq_kdb_iZjlbb[hjhebkv

aZijZ\bevgucih^oh^dwdheh]bq_kdbf\hijhkZfbij_^hl\jZs_gbx

aZ]jyag_gbyHdjm`ZxsZykj_^ZkhojZgbeZk\hcklZlmkhq_gv\Z`gh]h

\hijhkZ^ey^Zlkdh]hh[s_kl\Zb\gbfZgb_ijZ\bl_evkl\Z[ueh

ihklhygghkhkj_^hlhq_ghgZlhfqlh[uihiulZlvkyk^_eZlv

ijbjh^hhojZggu_ghjfu[he__kljh]bfb

JZagbpZ\ihgbfZgbbijbjh^uhlghr_gbcf_`^mijbjh^hcbq_eh\_dhf

ihkem`beZh[jZaphf^eyijh\_^_gbywdheh]bq_kdbo^_[Zlh\\>ZgbbK

h^ghcklhjhguZdlb\bkluwdheh]bq_kdh]h^\b`_gby[uebgZim]Zgu

fjZqgufbij_^kdZaZgbyfbbZ]blbjh\ZebaZg_h[oh^bfhklv^_ckl\h\Zlv\

kh]eZkbbkijbjh^hc

K^jm]hcklhjhgubgh]^Zijhfure_gghklvkqblZebhl\_lkl\_gghcaZ

\ha^_ckl\b_gZhdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mdZdagZqbl_evgh]hlZdb

g_agZqbl_evgh]haZ]jyag_gbyijbdhlhjhf[uehljm^gh^hdZaZlvbeb

ijh\_jblvgZebqb_bebhlkmlkl\b_aZ]jyagyxsbo\u[jhkh\k[jhkh\

H^gZdh\ke_^kl\b_bklhjbq_kdbkeh`b\r_]hkyijbgylbyh[yaZl_evkl\



i_j_^kbkl_fhcj_]mebjh\Zgbybkh]eZkbyh[s_kl\Zkkms_kl\h\Zgb_f

lj_\h]bihih\h^mmom^r_gbykhklhygbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

ijhfure_gghklvhdZaZeZkv\kblmZpbbdh]^ZhgZqm\kl\h\ZeZk_[y

h[yaZgghc\uihegylvijbjh^hhojZggu_ghjfubklZg^ZjludZdgZ

f_klghflZdbgZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfmjh\g_

4.3

Ij_^hl\jZs_gb_wdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_f]]

Kijbgylb_f\]\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gb\b^hbaf_g_ggh]h:dlZh[

hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uFbgbkl_jkl\hhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ub

wg_j]_lbdbi_j_f_klbehZdp_glgZbgbpbZlb\u\h[eZklb[he__qbkluo

l_ogheh]bcGh\ucaZdhg]eZkbeqlhaZ^ZqZaZdexqZ_lky\

ij_^hl\jZs_gbbaZ]jyag_gbyb[hjv[_kgbfaZkq_l

•

H]jZgbq_gbybkihevah\Zgbybg_jZpbhgZevgh]hbkihevah\Zgby

ijbjh^guob^jm]boj_kmjkh\

•

Klbfmebjh\Zgbybkihevah\Zgby[he__qbkluol_ogheh]bc

•

Klbfmebjh\Zgby\lhjbqgh]hbkihevah\Zgbyhloh^h\bkhdjZs_gb_

ijh[e_fk\yaZgguokbom^Ze_gb_f

IhkjZ\g_gbxkij_^u^msbfaZdhghfwlhlaZdhg[ue[hevr_

hjb_glbjh\ZggZij_^hl\jZs_gb_aZ]jyag_gby<Z`gufbZki_dlZfbklZeb

ZgZeba`bag_ggh]hpbdeZijh^mdpbbbaZf_s_gb_g_\hah[gh\ey_fuo

j_kmjkh\J_]mebjmxsb_hj]ZguiulZebkvihfhqvij_^ijbylbyfb

bg^b\b^mZevgufohayckl\Zfkdhebq_kl\_ggufbaf_j_gb_fihke_^kl\bc

lh]hbebbgh]hijhba\h^kl\Zbebihlj_[e_gbybihbkdhfZevl_jgZlb\guo

j_r_gbc

4.3.1

<ha^_ckl\b_gZh[s_kl\h

Gh\uc\b^j_]mebjh\Zgbyij_^klZ\e_gguc\gh\hf:dl_h[hojZg_

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u]ij_^hklZ\be\hafh`ghklvhl^_evghc

dhfiZgbbbebhj]ZgbaZpbbihemqblvhij_^_e_ggh_\haf_s_gb_aZq_l

hkms_kl\e_gguoijbjh^hhojZgguobg\_klbpbc\f_klhh^gh]hebrv

kh[ex^_gbyghjfZlb\guoijZ\beQbklu_l_ogheh]bb[uebbgbpbZlb\hc

dhlhjZykh^ghcklhjhgufh]eZkgbablvihlj_[e_gb_g_\hah[gh\ey_fuo

j_kmjkh\bh]jZgbqblv\u[jhkuZk^jm]hc±klbfmebjh\Zlv

l_ogheh]bq_kdbcijh]j_kkIhwlhfmfgh]b_dhfiZgbbbhj]ZgbaZpbb

m\b^_ebij_bfms_kl\hgh\h]haZdhgZbklZebZdlb\ghmqZkl\h\Zlv\

memqr_gbbmkeh\bchdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

<wlmwihomijhfure_gghklvkh\k_chij_^_e_gghklvxihgyeZqlh_clZd

bebbgZq_ijb^_lkyaZgbfZlvky\hijhkZfbijbjh^hhojZgu

4.3.2

F_klgucdhgl_dklIh\_kldbgZ\_d

Ihke_\klj_qbHHGgZ\ukr_fmjh\g_khklhy\r_cky\Jbh^_@Zg_cjh\

]>ZgbygZqZeZbgbpbbjh\Zlvf_jhijbylbyih\uiheg_gbxf_klghc

Ih\_kldb<khhl\_lkl\bbkijbgylufbj_r_gbyfbdZ`^ZykljZgZ

mqZklgbpZ^he`gZ[ueZhj]Zgbah\Zlvijh\_^_gb_dhfie_dkZ

ijbjh^hhojZgguobgbpbZlb\gZfmgbpbiZevghfmjh\g_

FmgbpbiZebl_lu>Zgbb[uebm`_ohjhrhagZdhfukijbjh^hhojZgguf

j_]mebjh\Zgb_fbg_dhlhju_bagbo\hkijbgyebwlhdZdihy\b\rmxky