Durant W. The Reformation. A History of European Civilization from Wyclif to Calvin: 1300-1564

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Fisher of Rochester, and Archbishop Warhain of Canterbury, were

generous and devoted friends of learning.

*06053 Depreciation of the currency now exempts governments from

such honest burglary.

*06054 "Howbeit, there be swine that receive no learning but to

defile it; and there be dogs that rend all good learning with their

teeth.... To such dogs men may not only preach, but must with whips

and bats beat them well and keep them from tearing of good learning

with their teeth... till they lie still and hearken what is said

unto them. And by such means be both swine kept from doing harm, and

dogs fall sometimes so well to learning, that... they learn to dance

after their master's pipe, such an effectual thing is punishment,

whereas bare teaching will not suffice. And who be now more properly

such dogs than be those heretics that bark against the blessed

sacraments?... And who be more properly such hogs than these

heretics of our days, of such a filthy kind as never came before,

which in such wise defile all holy vowed chastity... into an unclean

shameful liberty of friars to wed nuns." `062451

*06055 In 1500 the Pale was confined to half the counties of Dublin,

Meath, and Louth, and a portion of Kildare.

*06056 A London jail so named from its proxiniity to the Fleet

Stream, an estuary (now covered) of the Thames.

*06057 The chief source for the Marian persecution is John Foxe's

Rerum in ecclesia gestarum commentarii (1559), translated into

English as Acts and Monuments (1563), and familiarly known as The

Book of Martyrs. This vivid description of the trials and deaths of

the Protestants became, next to the Bible, a cherished household

possession among the Puritans; and though the Jesuit Father Parsons

published (1603) five volumes assailing its accuracy, it had a

powerful influence in forming the mood of Oliver Cromwell's England.

Many Protestant churchmen have criticized it for exaggeration,

misquotation, prejudice, and carelessness with details; `062655 a

Catholic historian compares it, in reliability, with medieval

legends of the saints, but concludes that, though many details are

dubious, "no one doubts that these events did so happen." `062656

*06058 "By idolatry," Knox wrote in 1560, "we understand the Mass,

invocation of saints, adoration of images, and the keeping and

retaining of the same, and all honoring of God not contained in His

Holy Word." `062735

*06059 Strieltsi from strielati, to fire; Cossack (Russian

Kazak ) probably from Turki quzzag, adventurer.

*06060 This, however, is from Timur's Memoirs (v, 1), supposedly

dictated by him in last years, but of doubtful authenticity.

*06061 Not till 1930 was the city officially renamed Istanbul.

*06062 Agricola rejected as useless the divining rod or "forked

twig" then often employed to detect metals under the soil. Our

Geiger counters incline us to look with lenience upon these hopeful

rods.

*06063 Pius X (1903) and Pius XII (1955) felt it necessary to repeat

these instructions.

*06064 Book Five was published in 1562, nine years after Rabelais'

death. Probably the first fifteen chapters were left by

Rabelais; `063531 the remaining thirty-two are of doubtful

authenticity.

*06065 A prose translation seems better than an awkward forcing of

rhymes and idioms into alien forms: "When you shall be very old,

seated at evening beside the fire, chatting and sewing by candlelight,

you will recite my poems, and marveling will say, 'Ronsard blazoned my

name when I was fair.' Then no one of your helpers, though half lulled

to sleep by the murmur of their looms, but, hearing these words,

will rouse themselves at the sound of my name, blessing your fate to

have such deathless praise. I shall be then beneath the earth, a

phantom without bones; I shall be taking my repose beneath the shade

of myrtle trees. You, an old woman bent before your hearth, will

then regret my love and your proud disdain. Live now, believe me, wait

not for tomorrow; gather the roses of life that bloom today!"

*06066 Alexander Barclay made a similar adaptation of Brant in

The Shyp of Folys (1509), adding some Scottish darts of his own.

*06067 "Little Lazarus," referring to the beggar of that name in

Luke 16; then "little beggar"; then a boy leading a blind beggar.

*06068 For Islamic science, cf. Chapter XXX; for Jewish

science, Chapter XXXII; for Italian science, Chapter XIX of

The Renaissance.

*06069 A canon is a clergyman on the staff of a cathedral. He need

not be a priest. No clear evidence exists that Copernicus rose from

minor orders to the priesthood before his later years. In 1537 he

was recommended for a bishopric, which would indicate that he was then

a priest. `063729

*06070 An epicycle is a circle whose center is borne on the

circumference of a larger circle. An eccentric is a circle not

having the same center as another circle contained in some measure

within it.

*06071 Current astronomy supposes nine planets and periods of

revolution: Mercury (88 days), Venus (225), earth (365.26), Mars

(687), Jupiter (11.86 years), Saturn (26.46 years), Uranus (84.02

years), Neptune (164.79 years), and Pluto (248 years).

*06072 Spanish piety celebrates in a solemn holyday, each August 27,

the memory of this transfixing vision.

*06073 Note that Luther went through the same fears of hell, the

same penitential austerities, the same release through faith in the

redeeming sacrifice of Christ, that motived the career of Ignatius.

*06074 "Before the Lutheran revolt," says one of the Church's most

powerful and erudite critics, "there was much liberty of thought and

speech allowed throughout Catholic Europe."- Henry C. Lea, History of

the Inquisition in Spain, III, 411.

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