Durant W. The Reformation. A History of European Civilization from Wyclif to Calvin: 1300-1564
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`06388 Carpacciolus in Ranke, Hy of the Popes, I, 131.
`06389 Janelle, Catholic Reformation, 64.
`063810 Pastor, XI, 134.
`063811 Ibid., 155 f.
`063812 Ranke, Popes, I, 117.
`063813 In Pastor, XI, 164 f.
`063814 Ibid., 192.
`063815 McCabe, Crises in the History of the Papacy, 319.
`063816 Voltaire, Selected Works, ed. McCabe, IV, 216.
`063817 Fulop-Miller, Saints That Moved the World, 333.
`063818 Ibid., 350.
`063819 354.
`063820 James, Varieties of Religious Experience, 414.
`063821 Fulop-Miller, 375.
`063822 James, 411.
`063823 Fulop-Miller, 367.
`063824 Ibid., 396.
`063825 405.
`063826 419.
`063827 274.
`063828 Ignatius, St., Autobiography, 28.
`063829 Ibid., 40.
`063830 54.
`063831 Cath. En., VII, 640.
`063832 Fulop-Miller, 302.
`063833 Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 657; McCabe, Candid Hy of the Jesuits, 8;
Ranke, Popes, I, 173n.
`063834 Longridge, The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius
Loyola, 119.
`063835 Sedgwick, Ignatius Loyola, 350; McCabe, Candid Hy, 40.
`063836 Sedgwick, 182.
`063837 Belloc, 228, 234.
`063838 McCabe, 32.
`063839 Sedgwick, 221.
`063840 Ibid., 215.
`063841 Symonds, The Catholic Reaction, I, 215.
`063842 Report of Father Gonzalez in Sedgwick, 344.
`063843 Fulop-Miller, 319-20.
`063844 Cath. En., VII, 643.
`063845 Sedgwick, 111.
`063846 Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 69.
`063847 Campbell, Thos., The Jesuits, 77-8.
`063848 Ibid, 78.
`063849 84.
`063850 McCabe, 84.
`063851 Acton, Lectures, 115.
`063852 Robertson, Charles V, II, 78.
`063853 Pastor, XIII, 222.
`063854 Graves, Hy of Education during the Middle Ages, 214.
`063855 Smith, Reformation, 666.
CHAPTER XXXIX
-
`06391 Pastor, VII, 6.
`06392 Ibid., 5.
`06393 Pastor, X, 385.
`06394 XI, 40.
`06395 Cellini, Autobiography, i, 123.
`06396 Pastor, XI, 50.
`06397 Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 233.
`06398 Ranke, Popes, I, 125.
`06399 Froude, Council of Trent, 213.
`063910 Pastor, XI, 356.
`063911 XIII, 61 f.
`063912 Ibid., 154.
`063913 Robertson, Charles V, II, 401.
`063914 Pastor, XIV, 72.
`063915 Armstrong, Charles V, II, 361.
`063916 Pastor, XIV, 126.
`063917 Ranke, Popes, I, 218.
`063918 Pastor, XIV, 345.
`063919 Ibid., 142-3.
`063920 Ranke, I, 226.
`063921 Ibid., 227.
`063922 Acts, xix, 19.
`063923 Putnam, Censorship of the Church of Rome, I, 1.
`063924 Draper, Hy of intellectual Development, II, 214.
`063925 Pastor, XIV, 277 f.
`063926 Sarpi, Istoria del Concilio Tridentino, II, 91, in
Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 154.
`063927 Robertson, Freethought, I, 456-7.
`063928 Pastor, XII, 503.
`063929 Ranke, I, 159.
`063930 Pastor, XII, 508.
`063931 XIV, 286.
`063932 Ibid., 300.
`063933 Ibid
`063934 414 f.; Ranke, I, 235.
`063935 Ibid., 245n.
`063936 Admitted by Janelle, 78.
`063937 Ibid., 71.
`063938 Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 664, 678.
`063939 Sarton, II-2, 916.
`063940 Ranke, I, 153; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 667; Froude, Edward VI,
9 f.
`063941 Ranke, I, 155; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 668.
`063942 Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 518.
`063943 Froude, Council of Trent, 283.
`063944 Pastor, XIII, 116.
`063945 Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 675; Ranke, I, 252.
`063946 Ibid., 251.
`063947 Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 680.
`063948 Session XXV; Cath. En., VII, 787.
`063949 For Italy cf. Symonds, Catholic Reaction, I, 234, 333; for
Spain, Lea, Auricular Confession, II, 426.
`063950 Lecroix, Prostitution, II, 1156.
`063951 Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 43; Robertson, Charles V,
II, 515-6, Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 240.
FOOTNOTES
-
*06000 In DOS versions italicized text is enclosed in chevrons.
*06001 "One cause of the downfall of the German Church lay in her
enormous riches, the unhealthy growth of which aroused on the one side
the envy and hatred of the laity, and on the other had a most
deleterious effect on the ministers of the Church themselves."- Pastor
(C), History of the Popes, VII, 293.
*06002 In any society the majority of abilities is contained in a
minority of men; therefore, sooner or later, the majority of goods,
privileges, and powers will be possessed by a minority of men.
Wealth became concentrated in the Church in the Middle Ages because
she served vital functions and was herself served by the ablest men.
The Reformation, in one aspect, was a redistribution of this naturally
concentrated wealth by the secular appropriation of ecclesiastical
property or revenues.
*06003 Probably from Middle Dutch lollaerd, from lollen, to
mutter, murmur, mumble (prayers?); cf. lull.
*06004 Livery was originally, in Anglo-French, livree, a
delivery or allowance of provisions or clothing, made by a lord to a
vassal. In time the clothing took on the character of a uniform worn
by the clients of a great man in the pomp of his retinue. Guilds
adopted the custom and proudly wore their distinctive livery at
their meetings and in their parades. Such habits gave color to "Merrie
England."
*06005 The last two titles have undergone further evolution.
*06006 Sote is sweet; rote, root; eek, also; holt, farm; ye, eye;
ferne, distant; halwes (hallows), shrines; couthe, known. In
scanning Chaucer's lines most now silent e 's are pronounced, as in
French verse; and many words of French lineage (matter, courage,
honor, voyage, pleasant, etc.) are accented on the final syllable.
*06007 Nas was not; holwe, hollow, thin; courtepy, short coat;
sautrye, psaltery or harp; souninge, sounding.
*06008 His burial there may have been due not to his poetry but to
his being at his death a tenant of Abbey property.
*06009 We may define capital as goods or funds used to produce goods
for consumption; a capitalist as an investor or provider of capital;
capitalism as an economic system or process dominated by capitalists.
*06010 The assumption that these two decrees referred to a law of
the Salic Franks prohibiting the inheritance of land by women is now
generally rejected; `06038 the inheritance of land by women had long
since become ordinary in France.
*06011 It was already a century old, for cannon had been used by the
Berbers at Sidgilmessa in 1247. `060312
*06012 This was apparently at first a proper name, Delphinus
(Dolphin), which, often repeated in the ruling families of Vienne
and Auvergne, became (c. 1250) a title of dignity. In 1285 it was
officially conferred upon the eldest son of the Count of Vienne, and
Delphinatus or Dauphine was thenceforth used to designate the
county, of which Grenoble is now the principal seat. In 1349 Count
Humboldt II of the Viennois sold the Dauphine, with the title Dauphin,
to Charles of Valois, son of King John II. When Charles became king in
1364 he transferred the title to his eldest son; and thereafter the
eldest son of a French king was regularly known as the Dauphin of
the Viennois.
*06013 Playing cards entered Europe probably in the fourteenth
century; the first definite mention of them is in 1379. Apparently
they came from the Moslems through Africa, Spain, and the crusaders.
The Chinese claim to have used them as early as A.D. 1120. `060334
*06014 O age of lead, perverse time, sky of brass,
Land without fruit, sterile and profitless,
People accursed, with every sorrow full!-
Is it not right that I should mourn you all?
For I see nothing in tomorrow's world,
Grievously sad and all disorderly,
Comprising every evil in its deeds.
Today the time of tribulation comes.
*06015 The year has changed his mantle cold
Of wind, of rain, of bitter air;
And he goes clad in cloth of gold,
Of laughing sun and season fair;
No bird or beast of wood or wold
But doth with cry or song declare,
The year lays down his mantle cold. `060357
*06016 O God! how good it is to see her,
Gracious one, so good and fair!
For all choice virtues that are in her
Each will offer praises rare.
Who then can weary of her beauty,
Fresh each day beyond compare?
O God! how good it is to see her,
Gracious one, so good and fair!
*06017 Salute for me all the company
Where now you meet in comradery,
And say how gladly I would be
One of their band if it could be;
Age holds me in captivity.
In time long past Youth joyously
Governed my life; gone now is he.
Lover was I, ne'er more must be;
In Paris led a life so free.
Good-by, good times I ne'er shall see!...
Salute for me all the company.
*06018 Reproduced in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
*06019 Tell me where, in what land of shade,
Bides fair Flora of Rome, and where
Are Thais and Archipiade,
Cousins-german of beauty rare,
And Echo, more than mortal fair,
That, when one calls by river-flow,
Or marish, answers out of the air?
But what is become of last year's snow? `060427
*06020 Cf. Shakespeare's caricature of Jack Cade: "There shall be in
England seven halfpenny loaves sold for a penny.... I will make it a
felony to drink small beer; all the realm shall be in common.... And
here... I charge and command that of the city's cost the pissing
conduit run nothing but claret wine.... Henceforth all things shall be
in common."- 2 Henry VI, iv, 2, 6.
*06021 In this volume Netherlands and Lowlands will be used in
their original sense as approximately embracing both modern Belgium
and Holland.
*06022 Also known as Les heures de Turin. Some of these miniatures
were destroyed in the fire of the Biblioteca Nazionale of Turin in
1904; but photographic reproductions of these remain, and several
originals survive in Turin's Museo Civico.
*06023 The Adoration of the Lamb has survived many restorations
and vicissitudes. It was retouched in 1550, 1663, 1825, 1829, 1859,
1936, 1951. The major portions were removed by the French
Revolutionary Army to Paris in 1794, and were returned in 1816. The
wings (without Adam and Eve) were sold to an art dealer (1816), were
bought by the Berlin Museum (1821), and were restored to Ghent by
the Treaty of Versailles (1919). In the second World War the polyptych
was removed to France for protection; in 1942 it was taken by the
Germans; in 1944 it was hidden in Austrian salt mines; in 1946 it
was restored to its chapel in the church of St. Bavon by the Army of
the United States. `060610
*06024 Uncertainly attributed to him are five paintings: an
Annunciation (New York); The Three Maries at the Sepulcher
(Vierhouten, van Beuningen Collection); a small Madonna in
Frankfurt; and two wings of an altarpiece (New York), representing the
Crucifixion and the Last Judgment with almost Boschian diablerie.
*06025 Also known as the "Mazarin Bible," because it was
discovered about 1760 in the library left by that cardinal.
Forty-six copies survive. The Morgan Library of New York in 1953
paid $75,000 to a Swiss monastery for a "Constance Missal" which it
believes was printed by Gutenberg before the Bible, probably in 1452.
*06026 The French, confusing the Bohemian exiles with Gypsies who in
the fifteenth century were entering Western Europe, supposedly from
Bohemia, made Boheme their word for Gypsy. The name Gypsy is a
corruption of Egyptian, and reflects the claim of the tribe to
have come from "Little Egypt." Burton traces them to India. `060817 In
Byzantine lands they took the name Rom - i.e., (eastern) Roman; in
the Balkans and Central Europe they were called by variants of
Atzigan (Czigany, Zigeuner, Zingari), a word of uncertain origin. In
European records they first appear in the early fourteenth century
as wandering groups of craftsmen, musicians, dancers,
fortunetellers, and- in general belief- thieves. By 1414 they
reached Germany, by 1422 Italy, by 1427 France, by 1500 England.
Usually they accepted baptism, but they took religion and the
Commandments lightly, and soon ran afoul of the Inquisition. They were
expelled from Spain (1499), the Holy Roman Empire (1500, 1548), and
France (1561). Aside from the gay varicolored dress and ornaments of
their more prosperous women, their contribution to civilization lay in
dancing and music- whose alternations of sadness and exuberance have
inspired some major composers.
*06027 The unit of Castilian currency in the fifteenth century was
the copper maravedi; 18.7 of these equaled an Aragonese sueldo; 34
made a silver real; 374 made a gold escudo or ducat. The
fluctuations of currencies make it especially hazardous to suggest
modern equivalents for these coins. But as the wage of a day laborer
in fifteenth-century Spain was some six maravedis per day, we
shall hardly exaggerate if we equate the maravedi with $.067 in
the United States currency of 1954, the sueldo with $1.20, the
real with $2.28, and the escudo with $25.00. `061121
*06028 "The Catholic Sovereigns"- a title conferred upon Ferdinand
and Isabella by Pope Alexander VI in 1404.
*06029 Juan Antonio Llorente, a Spanish priest, was general
secretary of the Inquisition from 1789 to 1801. In 1809 he was
commissioned by Joseph Bonaparte to examine the archives of the
Inquisition and write its history. He left Spain with the retreating
French, and published his history of the Inquisition in Paris in 1817.
*06030 Covering 125,000 square feet. St. Peter's covers 230,000; the
Mosque of Cordoba 160,000.
*06031 Complutum (fruitful) was the old Latin name of Alcala.
*06032 The tale of "Buridan's ass" is not found in his extant works,
but is a tradition of respectable age; it may have occurred in one
of his lectures. Jean had argued that the will, on fronting
alternatives, is compelled to choose whichever the intellect judges
the more advantageous. Consequently, some wit concluded, a hungry
ass placed at equal distances from two equally attractive bales of hay
would have no reason for preferring either, and- other food lacking-
would starve to death.
*06033 Cf. The Renaissance.
*06034 All these private contributions were later repaid by the
government. Santander was summoned before the Inquisition July 17,
1491, on charges unknown; he was "reconciled," but apparently relapsed
into heresy or Judaism, for all his property was confiscated;
Ferdinand, however, restored it to his children. `06138
*06035 This settlement, the "Fuggerei," still exists. It charges
forty-two pfennigs (eighty-six cents) per family per year.
*06036 For other dubious interpretations cf. Panofsky, Durer,
I, 156-71.
*06037 Our animal ancestors seem to have been vegetarians when
they could not get lice; but our human ancestors were apparently
hunters, and therefore meat-eaters, for 50,000 years before the
discovery of agriculture. Dietetic arguments from history are
treacherous.
*06038 An expectancy was a promise of appointment to a benefice in
anticipation of the incumbent's death or removal. The postponement
of appointments was often due to the rule that between the death of
one bishop and the selection of his successor the revenues of the
see went to the Roman Curia.
*06039 In 1485 the domains of the house of Wettin were divided
into two regions. The smaller but richer part, containing Leipzig
and Dresden, was given to the younger son, Duke Albert, and became
known as Ducal or Albertine Saxony. The larger but less populous
portion, including Wittenberg and Weimar, was assigned to the elder
brother, the Imperial Elector Ernest, and came to be known as
Electoral or Ernestine Saxony. This division proved of some moment
in the Reformation.
*06040 We cannot fully authenticate the famous words engraved on the
majestic Luther Denkmal or Memorial at Worms: Hier stehe Ich, Ich
kann nicht anders - "Here I stand, I can do no other." The words do
not occur in the transcript of Luther's reply as given in the
records of the Diet; they make their first appearance in the
earliest printed version of his speech. `061677
*06041 Or, as we should now say, man is born with instincts fitted
for the hunting stage but requiring persistent restraint in
civilization.
*06042 Cf. the Beatitudes, Matt. 5:3-11.
*06043 It has been replaced in Lutheran practice by collective
confession of sinfulness, followed by a general absolution.
*06044 A branch of the Anabaptists migrated (1719) from Germany to
Pennsylvania, and settled in or near Germantown, Philidelphia; these
"Dunkers" now number some 200,000. In 1874 many Anabaptists of
Moravian descent left Russia and settled in South Dakota and
Alberta. In eastern Pennsylvania the "Amish" Mennonites- named from
a seventeenth-century leader, Jakob Amen- still officially reject
razors, buttons, railroads, automobiles, motion picture, newspapers,
even tractors, but their farms are among the tidiest and most
prosperous in America. The world total of Mennonites in 1949 was
400,000. `061770
*06045 Recess is the accepted mistranslation of Abschied, which,
like the better rendering, decision, meant a cutting off- a
concluding decree to govern conduct between the adjournment and
reconvening of a conference.
*06046 The principle is named after the Swiss theologian Thomas
Erastus (1524-83), but cannot be found explicitly in his works.
*06047 Calvin, by charging them with moral laxity, gave the word
libertine its new connotation.
*06048 In 1903 a monument was raised to Servetus at Champel. First
on the list of contributors to the cost was the Consistory of the
Reformed Church of Geneva. `062172
*06049 Almost certainly legendary is the story of the lawyer who,
when his wife, La Belle Ferroniere (The Pretty Ironmonger), was
conscripted to the royal bed, deliberately infected himself and gave
her syphilis that she might give it to the king. `06222
*06050 The duel had existed in the Middle Ages as an appeal, under
royal or judicial sanction and control, to the judgment of God. In the
sixteenth century it became a private and individual defense of
slighted honor; it developed its own strict laws outside the laws of
the state; and it shared in some measure in developing the rules of
gentlemanly courtesy and discreet restraint. It was not legally
permitted in France after 1547, but public opinion continued to
sanction it. In England it fell into disuse under Elizabeth; trial
by combat, however, remained legal there till 1817.
*06051 There is no truth in the story, spread by Hugo in Le roi
s'amuse, that Diane bought the pardon by giving herself to the
King. `062267
*06052 But Erasmus' ecclesiastical friends, Dean Colet, Bishop