Duiker W.J., Spielvogel J.J. The Essential World History. Volume 1: To 1800
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504 INDEX
State (nation): growth of power, 362; in Japan,
264–270; in Latin America, 445; power of
church and, 303; in precolonial Southeast
Asia, 352–355; in Renaissance, 328–329;
Roman, 107–110; Spartan, 86–87
State Confucianism (China), 122–124, 239–240,
254
State cult: in Angkor, 229
Stateless societies: in Africa, 198; in Americas,
151–154
Steel: in China, 242
Stelae (carved pillars), 203, 204, 281
Stoicism, 101
Stone Age. See Neolithic Revolution; Paleolithic
Age
Stonehenge, 20
Stone of the Sun (Aztec), 145
Storytelling: in Africa, 202–204
Straits: of Gibraltar, 162, 170, 192; of
Madagascar, 189; of Magellan, 146, 343
(map); of Malacca, 226, 335 (map); of Sunda,
227
Stupas, 41, 45, 46, 48, 48–49, 355
Subcontinent: Indian, 30
Sublime Porte (grand vezir), 393
Sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa; speci c
countries
Succession: in Arab Empire, 164
Sudan, 19
Sudras (India), 37–38
Su rage: universal male, 452
Su sm, 177, 336, 391, 394
Suger (Abbot), 306
Sui dynasty (China), 237–238, 254
Sui Wendi (Sui We Ti). See Yang Ji an
Sui Yangdi (Sui dynasty, China), 237
Sulawesi, 336
Suleyman I the Magni cent (Ottoman Turks),
385, 388, 390, 393
Suleymaniye Mosque (Istanbul), 393
Sultan(s), 166, 386, 389, 391, 392–393
Sultanate Delhi, 216–217
Sumatra, 227, 229, 250, 335, 351
Sumer and Sumerians, 2, 8–9, 10 (map)
Sunda: Strait of, 227
Sunjata (Sundiata), 203
Sun Kings, in France and China, 376
Sunni Muslims, 164, 167; in Iraq, 166; in
Ottoman Empire, 391
Supe River valley (Peru), 7–8
Supreme Ultimate (Tai Ji), 255
Surat, India, 345
Susa, 25
Suzhou, China, 237, 273
Swahili culture, 189–190, 193, 193 (map), 351
Sweden, 373, 378
Swiss Republic, in Grand Empire, 457
Switzerland, 365–366
Syr Darya River region, 398
Syria, 314; Arab control of, 162; architecture
in, 178; Assyria and, 23; Byzantine Empire
and, 319; crusader states in, 294; Egypt and,
16, 18
Song Family Saga, A (Hung Mai), 246
Songhai, 196, 336, 337 (map), 350
Song of the South (China), 75
Song Taizu (Song dynasty, China), 239
Son-Jara (Sunjata, Sundiata), 203
Sonni Ali (Songhai), 336
Sophocles, 90
South Africa, 350; Boers and, 346
South America, 135, 341; Arawak people in,
153–154; civilizations of, 7–8, 146–151;
Europeans in, 341–343, 345; humans in, 146;
peoples and cultures of, 146 (map); trade in,
148; writing in, 13. See also Latin America;
speci c countries
South Asia. See speci c countries
Southeast Asia, 225–231; Catholicism in,
351–352; economy in, 228; family in, 229;
India and, 209, 215, 227–228; Islam in, 163
(map), 335–336; lifestyle in, 228–229, 355–
357; migrants to, 225; precolonial, 352–355;
religion in, 229–230; rice in, 5; in spice trade
era, 351–357; in 13th century, 226 (map);
trade in, 225–226, 227, 228, 355; women in,
228–229, 355–357. See also speci c countries
Southern Africa, 199; Dutch in, 346
Southern Asia: civilization in, 208–232, 213
(map)
Southern Song (China), 239
Southwest Asia, 11. See also Middle East
Soybeans, 71
Spain: Bourbon dynasty in, 377; Carthage
and, 110, 111; in 11th century, 170 (map);
exploration by, 341–342, 345 (map); in Grand
Empire, 457; Italy and, 328; Latin America
and, 445; monarchy in, 328; Muslims in, 163,
163 (map), 166, 169–170; in New World,
341–343, 342, 444; Ottoman Turks and, 388;
Southeast Asia and, 351; irty Years’ War
and, 373; trade by, 443; Visigoths in, 287
Spanish Empire, 342–343, 345. See also
Americas; Spain
Spanish Netherlands, 370
Sparta, 79–80, 85–87, 88, 89. See also Greece
(ancient)
Spartacus, revolt by, 117
Spheres of in uence: in Americas, 341
Spice Islands (Moluccas), 333, 339 (map), 344
Spices and spice trade, 190–191, 335; European
expansion and, 337, 351; in India, 222;
Islam and, 335–336; Portugal and, 339–341;
Southeast Asia and, 227, 355
Spirit of the Laws, e (Montesquieu), 439
Spirits: in Africa, 191; in India, 41; in Southeast
Asia, 229–230
Spiritualism: in China, 64–65
Spoken language, 33
“Spring Prospect” (Du Fu), 257
Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 30, 46, 48, 212, 215
Srivijaya state, 226 (map), 227
Stained glass, 305–306
Stamp Act (1765), 447
Standing army: in Rome, 113. See also Military
Starry Messenger, e (Galileo), 437
Silk and silk industry: in China, 60, 127, 417; in
Constantinople, 315–317; in Ottoman Empire,
394, 394; Persian weaving and, 397
Silk Road, 60, 105, 115, 125, 125 (map), 126,
208, 209–210; Chinese trade and, 242–243;
ideas and, 209; Kushan kingdom and, 209
(map); plague and, 321
Silla kingdom (Korea), 277, 278
Silver, 343, 373, 444–445; trade and, 412, 443
Sima Qian (historian), 67, 69, 127; on burning of
books, 68; on emperor’s mausoleum, 74
Simplicius Simplicissimus (Grimmelshausen),
375
Sinai Peninsula, 114
Singapore, 335
Sinitic language, 75
Sipahis (Ottoman cavalry elite), 391
Sitar (instrument), 225
Slave Coast, 351
Slavery: in Africa, 200–201, 339, 349; in Athens,
87, 94; in China, 60; in Haiti, 454; Islamic,
172; in Japan, 271; in Korea, 279, 431; in
Ottoman Empire, 390, 391; in Rome, 115, 117,
118; sources of slaves, 348. See also Slave trade
Slave trade, 195, 200, 339, 346–350, 347 (map),
348
Slavic peoples, 299–301; migrations of, 301
(map)
Slovenia, 378
Smallpox, 342, 419
Smelting iron, 155, 187
Smith, Adam, 440
Social classes. See Classes
Social Contract, e (Rousseau), 440
Social sciences, 440
Society: in Africa, 199–201, 350–351; in
Americas, 135, 343–345, 444–447; of Athens,
94; Aztec, 143–144; Black Death and, 324; in
China, 127, 244–247, 256; economic power
and, 7; European, 291, 292–293, 371–372,
443; feudal, 291; in India, 31, 35, 36–38,
219–222, 399, 401, 403–404; Inkan, 149–150;
Islamic, 172–174; in Japan, 426–428; in Korea,
278–279, 431; Kushite, 185; in Latin America,
445; in Ottoman Empire, 391–392; Protestant
Reformation and, 367; Renaissance, 362–363;
Safavid, 396–397; in Southeast Asia, 228–229,
355–357; Sumerian, 8–9
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits
Socrates, 91
Socratic method, 91
Sofala, East Africa, 339, 346
Soil: in China, 60, 71; in Europe, 292
Sokkuram Buddha, 278
Soldiers: Roman masters of, 119. See also
Military; speci c wars
Solomon (Israel), 21, 21 (map)
Solomonids (Ethiopia), 193
Solon (Athens), 87
Somalia, 193
Song dynasty (China), 222, 237, 239, 241; land
problems and, 242; Mongols and, 248; society
and, 244–245
Index 505
products, 343; in Athens, 94; in Axum, 192;
Aztec, 144; Bedouin, 158; in China, 60, 115,
124–125, 125 (map), 126–127, 242–244,
252–253, 411–412, 413 (map), 415, 416–418;
civilization and, 173, 173; in Constantinople,
315–317; Crusades and, 308; in East Africa,
193; Egyptian, 18, 19; European, 293–294,
337, 443; French, 377; Greek, 85; Harappan,
31; in India, 40, 222, 399, 401; Islamic, 170,
172, 173, 173, 176, 335–336; Japanese, 265
(map), 270, 423, 424, 424; mercantilist, 373;
Olmec, 136; Phoenician, 21; plague and, 321–
322, 324; Portuguese, 339; Roman, 115, 118;
Safavid, 396–397; in Sahara region, 187; by
sea, 189; in South America, 148; in Southeast
Asia, 225–226, 227, 228, 355; technology
and, 243; in Teotihuacán, 136; trans-Saharan,
195–196, 195 (map), 336; views of, 295;
worldwide, 332, 357 (map). See also Silk Road;
Slave trade; Spices and spice trade; speci c
countries and regions
Trade routes: of ancient world, 125 (map), 127;
trans-Saharan, 195 (map)
Trade winds, 340 (map)
Tragedies (Greek), 90
Trajan (Rome), 113–114, 123
Trans-Jordan. See Jordan
Translations: into Arabic, 175
Transportation: in China, 245; in India, 400;
South America and, 148; in Southeast Asia,
228
Trans-Saharan trade, 195–196, 195 (map), 336
Transylvania, 378, 392
Travels (Polo), 337
Travels of Fa Xian, e, 210
Travels of Sebastian Manrique, 1629–1649
(Cabral), 402
Treaties. See speci c treaties
Trebonian (jurist), 312
Trent, Council of, 369
Trials: for witchcra , 371, 372
Tribal law: in Ottoman Empire, 389
Tribes: Bedouin, 158
Tribunes of the plebs, 108–109
Tributary mode of production, 358
Tribute system, in China, 238, 244, 278, 411,
416, 430
Trinh family: Louis XIV letter to, 354
Trinity, 305
Tripitaka, 279
Tripoli, 320, 388
Trogodyte people, 186
Trojan War, 82
Trung sisters (Vietnam), 279
Tsar (Russia), 378
Tudor dynasty (England), 371, 378. See also
speci c rulers
Tughluq dynasty, 217
Tullia (Rome), 116–117
Tulsidas (Hindi poet), 406
Tumasik, 335
Tunis, 388
Turkey, 5, 20
Textiles and textile industry: in China, 242; in
India, 403; in Ottoman Empire, 394; Safavid,
397. See also Cotton; Silk and silk industry
ailand, 351
ai people, 225, 226
eater. See Drama
ebes, 23, 80, 89
eme (Byzantine administrative unit), 314
eodora (Byzantine Empire), 311, 311, 312
eodosius I “the Great” (Rome), 122
eodosius II (Byzantine Empire), 313
eology: scholasticism and, 304–305. See also
Religion
era (island), 81
eravada Buddhism, 212, 229
ermopylae, battle at, 88
essalonica, 320
essaly, 80
ird Coalition, Napoleonic wars and, 457
ird Crusade, 307
ird estate, 299, 362–363, 450, 451
ird Punic War, 111
irty-Six Views of Mount Fuji (Hokusai), 430
irty Years’ War, 373, 374 (map)
omas Aquinas (Saint), 305
race, 85
ree- eld system, in Europe, 292
ucydides, 89–90, 315
utmosis III (Egypt), 16
Tian Shan mountains, 126, 243
Tiberius (Rome), 113, 209
Tiberius Gracchus. See Gracchus family
Tiber River, 106
Tibet, 225; China and, 239, 416; jade from, 60
Tibetan plateau, 55
Tigris River region, 2, 166
Tikal, 138, 139, 141, 142
Timbuktu, 196, 336
Titus (Rome), 117
Tlaloc (god), 144, 145
Tobacco, 343, 392
Togo (Togoland), 351
Tokugawa shogunate (Japan), 333, 422–430, 422
(map); Tokugawa Ieyasu, 422, 423, 424
Tokyo, 263, 423, 425
Toledo, 170
Toleration: in Mughal Empire, 399; in Muslim
Andalusia, 170; Voltaire on, 439–440
Toltec people, 142
Tombs: in China, 57, 57; pyramids and, 15–16;
Taj Mahal as, 401, 405
Tonkin, king of, 354
Tools, 3, 4, 58, 292
Topa Inka, 149
Topkapi Palace (Istanbul), 391, 393
Topography, 6; Greek, 80
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 341
Toussaint L’Ouverture, Pierre Dominique, 454
Towns. See Cities and towns; Villages
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Japan), 422, 423, 424, 425,
432
Trade, 5; in Abbasid Empire, 164; African,
184, 190–191, 195 (map), 198; in American
Tabriz, 180, 395
Tabula rasa (blank mind), Locke on, 439
Tacitus (historian), 113, 118
Tahiti, 231
Tahuantinsuyu (Inka empire), 149
Tai Ji (Supreme Ultimate), 255
Taika reforms (Japan), 266
Taille (French tax), 328, 450
Taiping Rebellion (China), 452
Taiwan, 230
Taj Mahal, 394, 401, 405, 405
Taklimakan Desert, 126, 238 (map), 243,
255
Tale of the Marshes (Chinese novel), 257
Tamerlane, 217, 218 (map), 394, 398
Tang dynasty (China), 236, 238–239, 238 (map);
Buddhism and, 254; Japan and, 264–265; land
reform and, 242; lifestyle in, 244–245; Silk
Road trade and, 242–243, 244
Tang Taizong (China), 238, 247
Tantrism, 254
Tanzania, 351
Taoism. See Daoism
Tariq, 163
Tassili Mountains: rock paintings in, 201
Tat ami (woven-mat oor), 271
Taxation: in China, 67, 124, 128; in Europe, 443;
in France, 328, 450; in India, 222, 399, 403; in
Japan, 266, 268, 270; in Ottoman Empire, 389;
in Rome, 115
Taxila, India, 210
Tea, 71, 245, 276
Teaching, 304
Technology, 332–333; agricultural, 174, 292; in
Americas, 148; in China, 57, 60, 133, 242, 255,
418–419; in cotton industry, 426; in India,
34–35, 50, 222; military, 386, 387; Neolithic,
6–7; in Ottoman Empire, 392; Scienti c
Revolution and, 438; Silk Road and, 209;
spread of, 243. See also Sciences
Telescope, 436–437, 438
Tellem people: tombs of, 188
Temple(s): in Angkor, 229; Buddhist, 255; at
Caral, 146–147; of Diana (Ephesus), 314;
Greek, 93; Hindu, 215, 224; in India, 223,
223–224; Inka, 149, 150; in Japan, 268; in
Jerusalem, 21, 22; Mayan, 138; in Teotihuacán,
136, 137; ziggurats as, 8
Temple of Heaven (Beijing), 414
Temple of Literature (Hanoi), 281
Temuchin. See Genghis Khan (Mongols)
Tenant farmers: in Japan, 426; in Rome, 115,
119
“Ten lost tribes,” 22
Tenochtitlán, 144, 145
Ten Princes, e (Dandin, India), 225
Teotihuacán, 136–138, 137
Terraced agriculture, 146
Terra-cotta army, in China, 73–74, 74
Terror, e (France), 454
Terrorism: Assyrian, 23–24
Tetzel, Johann, 364
Texcoco, Lake, 142
506 INDEX
Wayang kulit (shadow play), 228
Way of the Tao, e, 75, 151
Wealth and wealthy: in Abbasid Empire, 165; in
Arab Empire, 172; in China, 60; Crusades and,
308; in Egypt, 16; in Greece, 85; in Roman
Empire, 115
Weapons, 387; Assyrian, 22; in China, 58;
in Hundred Years’ War, 325; Mongol, 248;
population explosion and, 419; Portuguese
and, 340–341. See also Firearms; Gunpowder
Weaving, 5, 443; Islamic, 178, 180; Mayan,
139; Safavid, 397. See also Textiles and textile
industry
Well eld system, in China, 59, 146
Wendi (China), 124
West, the. See Western world
West Africa: architecture in, 203; gold from, 339;
Islam in, 194–195, 336; metalwork in, 202;
slavery and, 339, 349; states of, 193–198; yams
in, 419
Western Asia: Hittites in, 20; as Middle East,
2–3; Ottomans in, 387–388
Western Christian church, 317
Western Europe: a er Hundred Years’ War,
328–329
Western Hemisphere: colonial empires in,
444–447; plants and animals in, 5, 344; trade
and, 443. See also Americas; New World
Western Roman Empire, 119
Western world: Byzantine in uence on, 315;
expansion by, 343–345, 401–403; Scienti c
Revolution in, 343, 436–438; trade and, 115,
416–418. See also speci c countries and regions
West India Company. See Dutch West India
Company
West Indies, 454
Wet rice. See Rice
Wheat, 5, 31, 40, 71
Whitby, monastery of, 288
White, John, 152
White Lotus Rebellion (China), 414
White Lotus sect, 254
Widows: in China, 246, 420; European, 297;
in India, 39, 401, 404
William and Mary (England), 379, 380
William of Nassau (prince of Orange), 370
William of Normandy (England), 297
Wind(s): exploration and, 340 (map); as power
source, 292
Winkelmann, Maria, 441
Wisdom: Greek love of, 91–93. See also
Philosophy
Witchcra , 371–372
Wittfogel, Karl, 76
Wollstonecra , Mary, 441
Women: in Africa, 200, 203–204; Arawak, 154;
Aristotle on, 92–93; in Athens, 94, 95; Aztec,
143, 145; Buddhism and, 46; in China, 72,
246–247, 420; in Code of Hammurabi, 11;
in Egypt, 18; in Enlightenment, 440–441;
in Europe, 292, 293, 297; foot binding and,
246–247; in France, 451, 455–457; in India,
38–39, 40, 220–221, 403–404; Islamic,
Venezuela, 153
Venice, 294, 297, 307, 320, 328
Veracruz, 135
Versailles, 376–377; Hall of Mirrors at, 377
Vespucci, Amerigo, 340 (map), 341
Vesuvius, Mount, 33
Viceroys, 342, 343, 445
Vienna: Ottomans in, 385, 388
Vietnam, 225, 279–282, 351, 431; China and,
126, 225, 250, 252, 262–263, 279–282;
Christianity and, 431; culture of, 280–282;
empire in, 431; France and, 431; government
of, 280–281; religion in, 282; women in,
282–283
Vietnam War, 387; First, 280
Vikings, 265, 289, 289–290, 300–301, 306
Villages, 5; in Africa, 199–200; in China, 56,
241–242, 245–246; Harappan, 31; in India, 36;
in Japan, 426–428; in North America, 152.
See also Cities and towns
Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecra ),
441
Violence: deaths from, 419; medieval, 305
Virgil (poet), 115, 326
Virginity: in Inka society, 150; in Southeast
Asia, 229
Virgin Mary, 44
Vishnu (god), 42, 215
Visigoths, 119, 163, 169, 287, 288 (map)
Vizier, 164, 165; Ottoman grand vezir as, 391
Vladimir (Kiev), 301
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 439–440
Voyages: of Columbus, 341; European, 337–338,
340 (map); Spanish, 341; of Zhenghe, 252–253
Walled cities, 387; in Europe, 294; Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro as, 31
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 332
Wang Anshi (China), 242
Wang Mang (China), 128
Warka, mound of, 2
Warring States period: in China, 65 (map);
in Japan, 270
Warriors: Almoravids as, 170; Aztec, 269;
European, 292–293; Germanic, 287; in India,
35, 37. See also Samurai
Wars and warfare: Anasazi and, 153; Assyrian,
23–24; changes in, 387; in China, 56, 68, 69;
in French Revolution, 453; global, 449–450;
Greek hoplites and, 84, 84–85; gunpowder
empires and, 407–408; in India, 47; Inkan,
150; Mayan, 139; Moche, 147; Napoleon and,
457–458, 458 (map); in 17th century, 373–374,
375; in Southeast Asia, 229. See also Military;
speci c battles and wars
Wars of religion, 365–367, 370
Washington, George, 447
Water: in China, 60; in Hindu temple
complexes, 32
Waterloo, battle at, 458
Water power, 292
Watteau, Antoine, 441, 442
Turkic-speaking peoples: in India, 214, 216
(map); in Ottoman Empire, 391; Uzbeks and,
394
Turkmenistan, 7
Turks: Osman, 386; Ottoman, 169, 321, 386;
Seljuk, 166–167, 167 (map), 306, 320, 321.
See also Ottoman Empire; Turkey
Tutankhamen (Egypt), 18, 57
“Twice-born” classes (India), 37
Two- eld system, in Europe, 292
Typhus, 342
Tyranny and tyrants, in Greece, 85
Tyre, 294
Tyrrhenian Sea region, 106
Uighur people, 239, 243
Uji (Japanese clans), 264
Ukraine, 300
Ulama (Muslim scholars), 161, 391
Umar, 162
Umayyad dynasty, 162–163, 164, 171
Umma, 160, 171
Umma, Mesopotamia, 8
United Kingdom, 446. See also England (Britain)
United Provinces of the Netherlands, 370
United States, 447; government of, 447. See also
Western world
Universal male su rage, 452
Universe: geocentric and heliocentric theories
of, 436, 437; medieval conception of, 437
Universities and colleges: in Europe, 304, 305
Untouchables (India), 38
Upanishads, 41, 42
Upper Egypt, 14, 15
Ur, Mesopotamia, 8
Urban II (Pope), 306, 320
Urban VI (Pope), 326
Urban areas: in Africa, 199; in China, 242, 245;
cities as, 7; Islamic trade and, 172; population
of, 363. See also Cities and towns
Uruinimgina, cone of: cuneiform script and, 13
Uruk, 2, 8
Utamaro (Japanese artist), 430
Uthman, 162–163
Uxmal, 142
Uzbekistan, 7
Uzbeks, 394–395, 398
Vai sya (Indian commoner class), 37
Valencia, 170
Valley of Mexico, 137, 142. See also Aztecs;
Mayan civilization
Valois, house of (France), 370
Vandals, 119, 312
Varanasi. See Benares (Varanasi)
Var na (Indian classes), 36, 38, 228
Vassals, 269, 289, 291
Vault, 116
Vedas, 35, 41
Vedic prose (India), 224–225
Veils: for Islamic women, 174, 175
Veneration of ancestors: in China, 56
Index 507
Zagwe dynasty (Ethiopia), 192–193
Zaidi imams, 165 (map)
Zama, Battle of, 111
Zambezi River region, 184, 198, 346
Zamindars (Mughal o cials), 399, 404
Zanj (East Africa), 193, 194
Zanzibar, 193
Zapotec peoples, 136
Zazen, 273
Zealots, 121
Zemsky Sobor (Russian assembly), 378
Zen Buddhism (Japan), 254, 273, 274, 276.
See also Chan Buddhism
Zend Avesta, 25
Zeno, 101
Zero: in India, 222; Islamic use of, 176
Zeus (god), 94
Zhang Qian (Chang Chi’ien) (China),
126
Zhenghe (Chinese admiral), 252–253, 254,
335, 411
Zhou Daguan (Chinese traveler), 229
Zhou (Chou) dynasty (China), 53, 57–65, 65
(map), 127, 236; burial pit from, 57; family
during, 70–71
Zhu Xi (Chinese philosopher), 255
Zhu Yuanzhang (China), 252, 411
Zia-ud-din Barai, 219
Ziggurat, 8
Zimbabwe, 198, 346. See also Great
Zimbabwe
Zoroastrianism, 25–26, 93, 222
Zubaida (wife of Harun al-Rashid), 165
Zuni Indians, 153
Zwingli, Ulrich, and Zwinglianism,
365, 366
Xin (New) dynasty (China), 128
Xinjiang, China, 56, 126, 238, 253, 416
Xiongnu people, 68–69, 77, 119, 126, 128
Xuan Zang (China), 211, 214, 221, 236
Xunzi (Hsün Tzu), 63
Yahweh, 22
Yalu River region, 278
Yamato clan (Japan), 264–265, 267, 271
Yamato plain, 264, 267 (map)
Yam crops, 419
Yan g ba n (Korea), 431
Yang Jian (Sui Wendi, China), 237
Yangon. See Rangoon (Yangon), Burma
Yangshao culture, China, 54, 72
Yangtze River region (China), 54, 68, 239, 242, 252
Yarmuk River, battle at, 162, 314
Yathrib. See Medina
Yayoi culture (Japan), 264
Yellow River region (China), 7, 54, 58, 242
Yemen, 174
Yi dynasty (Korea), 279, 430, 431
Yi Jing (I Ching), 61, 249
Yin and yang, 61, 255, 258
Yi Song-gye (Korea), 430
Yoga (union), 42
Yongle (China), 252, 414, 414
Yongzheng (China), 414
Yorktown, battle at, 447
Yu (China), 55
Yuan dynasty (China), 235, 236, 239, 249, 279
Yucatán peninsula, 135, 138
Yue (Yueh) (Chinese state), 66
Yueh people (Vietnam), 279
Yur ts (tents), 68
172–174, 178; in Japan, 271, 275, 428; in
Latin America, 445; Mayan, 139; Neolithic,
5; in North Africa, 201; in Ottoman Empire,
391–392; Paleolithic, 3; as poets, 177, 224; in
religious orders, 303, 304; in Rome, 116, 116,
117; rug weaving by, 178, 180; in Southeast Asia,
228–229, 355–357; in Sparta, 86; in Vietnam,
282–283; witchcra scare and, 371–372
Wood, Frances, 251
Woodblock printing, 363; in China, 256;
in Japan, 430, 430
Woolen industry, 294
Workers: in Europe, 443. See also Labor
World-machine (Newton), 437–438
Worms: Concordat of, 303
Writers. See Literature
Writing, 7; ancient systems of, 34 (map);
Aramaic, 35; Aztec, 145–146; in Central
America, 13; Chavín society and, 147; in China,
33, 55, 56, 57, 67, 74–75; civilization and, 6–7,
33; cuneiform, 12, 13, 33; Egyptian, 18–19; in
Greece, 82; Harappan, 31, 32, 32; hieroglyphs,
13, 19, 33; in India, 32, 47; Mayan, 136, 138,
141; in Mesopotamia, 11–12, 12; in Southeast
Asia, 228. See also Alphabet; Storytelling
Wrought iron, 58
Wu Zhao (Chinese empress), 247
Xavier, Francis, 369
Xenophon, 95
Xerxes (Persia), 87–88
Xia (Hsia) dynasty (China), 55
Xian, China, 56, 58; tomb of First Emperor in,
73–74, 74
Xianyang, China, 65 (map), 67 (map)