Duiker W.J., Spielvogel J.J. The Essential World History. Volume 1: To 1800
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494 INDEX
Gods and goddesses: Aztec, 142, 144; Chinese,
59; Greek, 94; Hindu, 42–43; in India, 42, 43,
214, 215, 224; Mayan, 139; Mesopotamian,
11; Sumerian, 8. See also Jesus of Nazareth;
Religion; speci c deities
Gojoseon, 277
Gold, 373; in Africa, 336, 339, 346; in Americas,
343, 444–445; in Ghana, 195; in India, 40;
Nubian, 19; Portugal and, 339; trade and, 443
Gold Coast, 339. See also Ghana
Golden age: of Byzantine civilization, 317; in
Egypt, 16; of English literature, 381; in Qing
China, 411
Golden Horde (Mongols), 249
Golden Horn, 387
Golden Pavilion (Kyoto), 276, 276
Goldschmidt, Arthur, 164
Good emperors (Rome), 113
Gorée (island near Senegal), 348
Gospels: Christian, 121
Gothic cathedrals, 305–306, 306
Gouges, Olympe de, 451
Government: in Africa, 199; in Americas, 345;
Aristotle on, 92; of Athens, 87, 88; Aztec,
142–143; of Byzantine Empire, 314, 315; of
China, 56, 59, 67, 240–241, 249–252, 415; in
East Africa, 193; of France, 451–452, 457; of
Ghana, 196; of Greece, 85; Harappan, 31; of
India, 35–36, 400–401; Inkan, 149; Islamic,
171; of Japan, 266–267, 277, 427–428; of
Korea, 431; of Ottoman Empire, 389–390,
391; of Persian Empire, 25; Plato on, 92; in
Renaissance, 328–329; of Roman Empire, 113;
of Roman Republic, 107–110; of Russia, 378;
Safavid, 395; of Spanish Empire, 342–343;
of Sparta, 86–87; of Sumer, 8; of United
States, 447; of Vietnam, 280–281. See also
Absolutism; Colonies and colonization;
Imperialism; Politics; speci c countries and
regions
Gracchus family (Rome): Tiberius and Gaius,
111
Grain: in Athens, 94; in China, 60, 71; in India,
222
Granada, 178
Grand Army (Napoleon), 457–458, 458 (map)
Grand Canal (China), 68, 237, 237
Grand Council (China), 240–241
Grand Council of State (Japan), 266
Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 457
Grand Empire (Napoleon), 457–458, 458 (map)
Grand vezir (Ottoman Empire), 391, 393
Grasslands: in Africa, 184, 187
Great Altar of Pergamum, 387
Great Britain. See England (Britain)
Great King, in Persia, 96
Great Mosque (Samarra), 166, 178
Great Peloponnesian War, 89, 89 (map)
Great Plains region, 135, 153
Great Pyramid (Giza), 15–16
Great Schism, in Catholic church, 326
Great Viet. See Dai Viet (Great Viet)
Great Wall (China), 69, 126, 252, 253
Fu Xi (Fu Hsi) (China), 54, 72
Fu Xuan (Chinese poet), 72
Gaius Gracchus. See Gracchus family
Galen (physician), 176
Galilei, Galileo, 436–437
Gallipoli, 386
Gamelan (music), 228
Ganges River region, 30, 39, 211, 399
Gao, 194, 196, 350
Gaozong (Tang China), 255
Gaozu. See Han Gaozu (China)
Garamantes people, 187
Gardens, 273, 276, 276
Gascony, 325
Gaudry, Suzanne, witchcra trial of, 372
Gaugamela, battle at, 96, 99
Gaul (France): Caesar in, 112
Gautama Buddha, 44. See also Buddha;
Buddhism
Gays and lesbians. See Homosexuality
Gdavari River region, 399
Gedi (African “lost city”), 194
Gender: in Africa, 200; in Arawak society,
154; Aristotle on, 92–93; in Aztec society,
143, 145; in China, 72; in Maya civilization,
139; in Neolithic society, 5–6. See also Men;
Wom en
Geneva, Calvin in, 367
Genghis Khan (Mongols), 168, 216, 247, 248, 248
Genin (Japanese landless laborers), 271
Genoa, 297, 307, 322
Gentiles, 121
Gentry: in China, 245, 247
Geocentric theory, 436
Geography: of Africa, 184; of China, 54–55; of
Egypt, 28 (map); Egyptian civilization and,
12–13; of Greece, 80; of India, 30; isolation
of Americas and, 155; of Japan, 263; of Near
East, 28 (map); of Rome, 106; of Southeast
Asia, 225
Germanic languages, 20
Germanic peoples, 119, 287, 288 (map)
Germany: Holy Roman Empire and, 299; Luther
in, 364; plague in, 322; Roman Empire and,
113; irty Years’ War and, 373. See also
speci c wars
Ghana, 191, 195–196
Ghazni (state), 215
Ghent, 297
Gia Long dynasty, 431
Gibraltar: Strait of, 162, 170, 192
Gilgamesh (legendary king), 12
Gion district (Kyoto), 429
Giza, pyramids of, 15–16, 137, 203
Gladiators, 117
Globalization: of warfare, 449–450
Glorious Revolution (England), 379
Goa, 339
Gobi Desert region, 55, 68, 133. See also
Mongols
Godric (Saint), 295
Five relationships: in China, 71
Five Women Who Loved Love (Saikaku), 428
Flagellants, Black Death and, 323–324
Flamethrower, 248
Flanders, 294
Flint, 5
Flooding: by Nile, 12–13
Florence, 297, 326, 328, 429
Florentine Codex, e (Sahagún), 145
Flying buttress, 305
Food(s): in China, 60, 71, 128, 412–413;
economic patterns and, 443; in Egypt, 13;
nding of, 3; in Indonesia, 229; movement of,
191; Muslim eating habits and, 172; Neolithic
Revolution and, 4–5; population explosion
and, 419. See also Crops; Diet (food)
Foot binding, 246–247
Forbidden City (Beijing), 421–422, 422
Forced labor: in Americas, 342
Foreign trade. See Trade
Forts, European trade and, 346
Fort William (Calcutta, Kolkata), 401
Fourth Crusade, 307, 320, 386
France, 449 (map); Arabs and, 163; Bourbon
restoration in, 458; Calvinism in, 367;
Canada and, 450; cave art in, 4; chapel in,
49; colonialism of, 345; economy in, 377,
451; Enlightenment in, 439–440; Hundred
Years’ War and, 325, 328; India and, 401–402,
450; Italy and, 328, 337; kingdom in, 299;
nationalism in, 454; old regime in, 450–452;
in Seven Years’ War, 449, 450; Southeast Asia
and, 351; third estate in, 450, 451; irty
Years’ War and, 373; trade and, 294, 377, 443;
Vietnam and, 431; Vikings in, 290; wars of
religion in, 365–367, 370; women in, 455–457.
See also French Revolution; Gaul; speci c
leaders and wars
Franciscans, 303, 414, 424
Francis of Assisi (Saint), 303
Franks: kingdom of, 287, 288 (map). See also
Charlemagne
Frederic I (“Barbarossa,” Holy Roman Empire),
299, 304, 307
Frederick I (Prussia), 378
Frederick II (Holy Roman Empire), 299
Frederick II (“the Great,” Prussia), 448, 449–450
Frederick II (Sicily), 176
Frederick the Wise (elector of Saxony), 364
Frederick William (Great Elector, Brandenburg-
Prussia), 377
Freedom(s): in U.S., 447
French and Indian War, 450
French North America, 450
French Revolution, 435, 435–436, 450–455, 452
Frescoes, 116
Friends of the Blacks (France), 454
Froissart (chronicler), 325
Frontiers: of Byzantine Empire, 314; of China,
55; of Roman Empire, 113, 119
Fujiwara clan (Japan), 267, 268
Fulcher of Chartres, 168
Funan (kingdom), 225–226
Index 495
Historians. See speci c historians
Historical Records (Sima Qian), 68, 75
Historical writing: Chinese, 127; Greek, 89–90;
Islamic, 177–178
History and Description of Africa, e (Leo
Africanus), 201
History of the Peloponnesian War ( ucydides),
89
History of the Persian Wars (Herodotus), 89
Hittites, 20, 58
Hokkaido, 263
Hokusai (Japanese artist), 430
Holland. See Dutch; Netherlands
Holy Land. See Crusades; Israel; Jerusalem;
Palestine
Holy O ce. See Inquisition
Holy Roman Empire, 299, 374 (map);
government of, 328–329; Habsburgs and, 378;
Luther and, 364–365; irty Years’ War and,
373
Holy wars, 308
Homer and Homeric Greece, 82–83, 94
Hominids, 3
Homo erectus, 3
Homo habilis, 3
Homo sapiens, 3, 184, 185 (map)
Homo sapiens sapiens, 3, 4 (map), 135, 190
Homosexuality, 39, 94–95, 174
Honduras, 341
Hong Kong, 411
Hongwu (China), 414
Honshu, 264
Hoogly, Port, 402
Hopewell culture, 153
Hopi Indians, 153
Hoplites, in Greece, 84, 84–85, 87
Horace (poet), 115
Horatius (legendary hero), 105, 105–106
Hormuz, 397
Horn of Africa, 184, 185, 189
Horses, 20, 128, 292
Horus (god), 14
House of Commons (England), 379
House of Lords (England), 379
“House of wisdom” (Baghdad), 174
Housing: in Africa, 203; in Arab Empire, 172; in
China, 71, 245; Harappan, 31; in India, 221;
Islamic, 178; in Japan, 265; Neolithic, 5; in
Sumer, 8; in Teotihuacán, 137
Huang Di (Huang Ti) (China), 54
Huayna Inka, 149
Hué, Vietnam, 431
Huguenots, 370. See also Protestantism
Huitzilopochtli (god), 142, 144
Hulegu (Mongols), 168
Humanism, 326–327, 363
Humans: in Americas, 135, 146, 151; origins of,
xxxii–1, 3–7
Human sacri ce: Arawak, 153; Aztec, 145;
Mayan, 139; in Teotihuacán, 136
Humayun (Mughals), 398, 405, 406
“Hundred schools” of philosophy, 60–65
Hundred Years’ War, 325
Hanoi, 281. See also Vietnam; Vietnam War
Han Shu (History of the Han Dynasty), 124
Han Wudi (China), 126
Han Yu (Neo-Confucianist), 240
Harappa (city), 30
Harappan civilization, 30–32, 32
Harem, 174; in Alhambra, 178; in Ottoman
Empire, 390–391
Harold (England), 297
Harun al-Rashid (Abbasid), 164, 165, 165
(map), 166, 174
Hashemite clan, 158, 159–160, 165
Hatshepsut (Egyptian queen), 16
Hawaii, 231
Heaven, Chinese concept of, 59, 61, 65
Hebrew Bible, 11, 17, 21, 22, 160
Hebrews, 22, 93. See also Israel; Jews and
Judaism
Hegira, 160
Heian Japan, 267–268, 275, 276
Heliocentric theory, 436, 437
Hellenistic world, 96–97, 100 (map); culture of,
98–101; kingdoms of, 97–98; Rome and, 111
Hellespont. See Dardanelles
Helots, 85
Henry II (England), 293, 297–298, 298
Henry IV (France), 370
Henry IV (Germany), 303
Henry V (England), 325
Henry VII (England), 341
Henry VIII (England), 367
Henry the Navigator (Portugal), 205, 337,
338–339, 344
Heraclius (Byzantine Empire), 314
Heresy, 303
Herodotus (historian), 89, 158
Hideyoshi. See Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Japan)
Hierarchies: in Mesopotamian society, 11;
in Southeast Asia, 228
Hieroglyphic writing, 13, 19, 33, 138, 141,
145–146
High culture, 442
Higher education. See Education; Universities
and colleges
High Middle Ages (Europe), 291–306, 293,
300 (map)
Highways. See Roads and highways
Hilda (Saint), 288
Himalaya Mountains, 30, 238
Hinayana Buddhism, 212
Hindus and Hinduism: architecture of, 224;
Buddhism and, 212, 213–214; in India, 30,
41–43, 210, 217, 219–221, 399; literature of,
406; in Mughal Empire, 399, 401; poetry of,
224; Rajputs and, 215; in Southeast Asia, 229;
temples of, 215; women and, 39
Hippodrome (Constantinople), 311, 313–314
Hirado Island, 424, 424 (map)
Hiroshige, Ando (Japanese artist), 430
Hispaniola, 341, 342, 454. See also Haiti;
Saint-Domingue
Historia General y Natural de las Indias
(Fernández de Ovieda), 356
Great Zimbabwe, 183, 198, 203
Greco-Roman world, 119–121; Islamic culture
and, 174, 175–176, 176
Greece, 79–80, 81 (map); arts in, 90–91, 91;
Athens and, 80, 87–88; city-states in, 80,
83–85; Classical period in, 87–95; colonization
in, 85; culture of, 88, 89–93, 311; Dark Age
in, 82–83; geography of, 80; government of,
85; Hellenistic world and, 96–101; India and,
35; Italy and, 107; Macedonia and, 18, 80, 87,
95–97; Minoan Crete and, 80–81, 82 (map);
Mycenaean, 81–82; Persian Empire and, 24;
religion in, 93–94; Rome and, 115–116; Sparta
and, 79–80, 85–87, 88; trade in, 85; tyrants in,
85; wisdom of, 91–93; writing in, 82
Greek alphabet, 21
Greek re, 164
Greek language, 20
Greek Orthodoxy, 315. See also Eastern
Orthodox Christianity
Greenland, 306
Greens (faction), 311, 313–314
Gregorian calendar, 141
Gregory VII (Pope), 303
Gregory XI (Pope), 326
Grimmelshausen, Jakob von, 375
Guangzhou (Canton), China. See Canton
Guaraní Indians, 446, 446
Guatemala, 135, 138
Guilds: in Europe, 297; in India, 40
Guillotine (France), 454
Guinea, 203
Gulf of Corinth, 80, 94
Gulf of Mexico region, 135
Gunpowder, 239, 242, 248, 255, 325
Gunpowder empires, 407–408
Guns, Germs, and Steel ... (Diamond), 6
Gupta Empire (India), 210, 211, 211 (map),
229
Guru (teacher), 39
Gutenberg, Johannes, 363
Habsburg dynasty, 329; Austrian Empire and,
378, 448; Holy Roman Empire and, 364, 373
Hadith, 161
Hadrian (Rome), 113, 114
Hadrian’s Wall, 114 (map)
Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), 313, 314, 318,
321, 393
Haiku poetry, 274
Haiti, 454
Hajj, 159
Hall of Mirrors (Versailles), 377
Hammurabi (Babylonia), 10–11, 10 (map)
Han (Japanese domains), 425
Han Empire (China), 122–128, 126 (map), 236,
239; China a er, 236; roads in, 109; Vietnam
and, 279
Han Gaozu (China), 122, 237
Hangul (spoken Korean), 431
Hangzhou, China, 239, 249, 296
Hannibal (Carthage), 110, 111
496 INDEX
Iroquois Indians, 153
Irrawaddy River region, 225, 226
Irrigation: in Africa, 187; Anasazi, 153; by
Chimor people, 147–148; in China, 7, 242;
in Egypt, 12–13; in India, 34; Moche, 147; in
South America, 8
Isabella of Castile, 328, 341
Isfahan, 395, 397, 397
Isis (god), 14
Islam: in Africa, 191–198, 191 (map), 201, 336;
arts of, 316; Axum and, 192; Byzantine Empire
and, 314, 320; cities of, 296; civilization
of, 171–180; conversion to, 162, 169, 170;
culture of, 170, 174–180; in East Africa, 193;
expansion of, 163 (map); in Gao, 194; Ghana
and, 196; in India, 214–218, 216 (map), 217,
219–221; literature in, 176–178; in Malacca,
335–336; Mongol conversion to, 169; Ottoman
Empire and, 386–394; religious art in, 315; rise
of, 157– 162; rulers in, 353; Safavids and, 396;
Seljuk Turks and, 167; society of, 172–174;
spice trade and, 335–336, 339–340; trade and,
170, 172, 173, 173, 176; veiling in, 174, 175; in
West Africa, 336. See also Muslims
Islamic empire. See Arabs and Arab world; Islam
Islamic law, 161, 391, 399
Ismail (Safavids), 394
Israel, 21, 22
Israelites, 21, 21 (map)
Istanbul, 387, 388, 393. See also Constantinople
Isthmus of Panama, 146
Italy, 106; Byzantine Empire and, 320; cities
in, 297; Crusades and, 307; France and,
328, 337; Greek colonization of, 107; Holy
Roman Empire and, 299; Lombards in,
312; Ostrogoths in, 287; plague in, 322; in
Renaissance, 326–328; trade in, 294. See also
speci c wars
Ivan III (Russia), 329
Ivan IV (Russia), 378
Ivory trade, 185
Izanagi and Izanami (gods), 264
Jade: trade in, 60
Jahan (Mughals), 399–401, 402, 405, 405
Jahangir (Mughals), 399, 406
Jainism, 217, 222
Jakarta, 351
James I (England), 378
James II (England), 379
Janissaries, 386
Japan, 263–277, 263 (map), 333; arts of,
273–274, 275–276, 430; Buddhism in, 213,
267, 273; capitalism in, 425–426; China and,
238, 263, 264–265, 276–277; Christianity in,
423–424; civil service examination in, 276–
277; culture in, 273–276, 428–430; economy
in, 270, 425–426; education in, 428; family
in, 271, 428; farmers in, 426; feudalism in,
269; government in, 266–267; Great Peace in,
424–425; Heian period in, 267–268; industry
in, 426; isolation of, 276; Jesuit conversions
35–36; medieval, 210; Mughals in, 397–406;
music in, 225; political and social structures
in, 31; population in, 419; Portugal and, 217,
222, 334, 339, 401, 402; religion in, 30, 41–46,
219–221, 399; rock architecture in, 48, 49, 49,
223, 223–224; science and technology in, 50,
222; society in, 31, 35, 36–38, 219–222, 399;
Southeast Asia and, 225, 227–228, 229–230;
Srivijaya and, 227; Tamerlane and, 217;
trade of, 222; untouchables in, 38; Western
in uence in, 401–403; women in, 38–39, 40,
220–221, 403–404; writing in, 32, 47. See also
speci c dynasties
Indian Ocean region, 40, 190, 193; commerce of,
184, 209, 335
Indians (Native Americans), 152, 152–154, 152
(map); Columbus and, 342; in Latin America,
445, 446, 446; Spanish treatment of, 342–343,
344, 344, 445
Indies: Columbus and, 341
Indigenous peoples. See Indians (Native
Americans)
Indochina. See Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
Indo-European languages, 20, 24, 106
Indo-Europeans, 20, 30, 34–35, 55, 56, 81, 190
Indo-Muslim civilization, in India, 399
Indonesia, 225, 226–227; foods in, 229; trade
and, 18
Indra (god), 41
Indus River region, 7, 30, 209
Industrialization: China and, 418–419; in
Europe, 443; in Japan, 426
Industry: in Greece, 85; in Korea, 431
Infanticide, 246
Inheritance: primogeniture for, 428; by women,
200, 271, 355, 403, 404, 420
Inka Empire, 149–151, 149 (map), 341
Innocent III (Pope), 170, 303, 307, 320
Innocent IV (Pope): Kuyuk Khan letter to, 249
Inquisition, 303, 325
Institutes (Justinian), 312
Institutes of Akbar (Fazl), 400
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 365
Intellectual thought, 7; in Andalusia, 170; in
Byzantine Empire, 315; in China, 60–65,
255–256; in Enlightenment, 438–442; in
Greece, 80, 91–93; in Renaissance, 326–327;
Scienti c Revolution and, 343, 436–438; Silk
Road and, 209. See also Literature; Philosophy
Interdict, 303
Invasions. See speci c countries
Inventions: by Archimedes, 99–100
Investiture Controversy, 303
Ionia and Ionians, 87
Ionic order, 91
Iran: Safavids in, 394–397; Seljuk Turks in, 166.
See also Persia
Iranian plateau, 22
Iraq: Abbasids in, 164. See also Mesopotamia
Ireland, 290
Iron and iron industry, 7; in Africa, 187; in
Americas, 155; in Asia, 58; Assyrians and, 22;
in China, 73, 127, 255; in India, 34
Hungary, 300, 364, 378; Austria and, 392; Battle
of Mohács in, 385; Magyars in, 289; Ottoman
Turks and, 388–389
Hung Mai, 246
Huns, 68, 119
Hunting and gathering societies: in Americas,
135, 155; Paleolithic, 3–4; transition to
farming, 6
Hussein (Ali’s second son), 164
Husuni Kubwa (palace), 193
Hydaspes River, Battle of the, 96, 98
Hydraulic societies, 76
Hyksos people, Egypt and, 16
Hymn to Aten (Akhenaten), 17
Hymn to the Nile, 14
Hypatius (Byzantine Empire), 311
Iberian peninsula, 163, 328. See also Portugal;
Spain
Ibn al-Athir, 168
Ibn Battuta, 193, 199, 200
Ibn Fadlan, 302
Ibn Khaldun (historian), 178, 295, 322
Ibn Rushd. See Averroës
Ibn Sina. See Avicenna
Ice age: human migration and, 135
Iceland, 306
Icons, iconoclasts, and iconoclasm, 315, 316
Ideographs: in China, 74–75; in Crete, 33
Ideology: in China, 67, 240
Ife peoples, 202, 202
Île-de-France, 299
Iliad (Homer), 82, 83
Imams, 162, 394
Imperator, use of title, 113
Imperial city (Beijing), 421–422, 422
Imperialism, 343; Vietnamese, 431. See also
Colonies and colonization
Imports: mercantilism and, 373. See also Trade
Independence: of American colonies, 447; in
Latin America, 454
India, 7, 216 (map); agriculture in, 30, 34–35,
221–222, 400; Alexander the Great in, 35, 35
(map), 96; ancient period in, 29–30; Arabic
numerals from, 50; architecture in, 48–50,
405, 405–406, 406; Aryans in, 32–40; Ashoa
in, 46, 46 (map); British in, 401, 402–403, 446,
450; Buddhism in, 43–46, 208, 210–214; castes
in, 36–38, 211, 220, 220, 221, 404; children
in, 39; culture in, 47–50, 222–225, 404–406;
diversity in, 30; Dutch in, 345, 401; economy
in, 38, 39–40, 211, 221–222, 399, 402–404,
405; European trade with, 209–210, 294;
family in, 38–39, 220; farming in, 5, 39–40;
France and, 401–402, 450; government of,
35–36, 400–401; Greeks and, 35, 98; Hinduism
in, 30, 41–43, 217, 219–221, 399; Islam and,
163 (map), 214–218, 216 (map), 217, 219–221;
lifestyle in, 38–40, 221–222; literature
in, 47–48, 224–225, 406; marriage in, 39;
mathematics in, 50; a er Mauryan Empire,
47–50, 211–214, 236; Mauryan Empire in,
Index 497
422–423, 431; Koryo dynasty in, 278–279;
Mongols in, 279; population in, 431; society
of, 431
Koryo dynasty (Korea), 278–279
Kosovo: Battle of (1389), 386
Kowtow, 417
Krak des Chevaliers, 169
Krishna (god), 29–30, 48
Kritovoulos, 322
Kshatriya (Indian warrior class), 35, 37, 42, 221
Kukulcan (Toltec), 142
Kung Fuci (K’ung Fu-tzu, Confucius), 61
Kurosawa, Akira, 272
Kush, 16, 19, 19, 184–185, 186
Kushan kingdom (India), 208–209, 209 (map),
210
Kushite kingdom (Meroë), 203
Kutub Minar, in India, 217
Kuyuk Khan, 249
Kyongju, Korea, 278
Kyoto, Japan, 263, 268, 273, 422, 425, 429
Kyushu, 263, 264, 422, 423
Labor: in Americas, 342; Aztec, 143; Black
Death and, 324; division of, 5; in Europe, 292,
443; Inkan, 149; in Roman Empire, 115, 119.
See also Industry; Peasants; Slavery; Slave
trade; Workers
Laconians, 85
Lacquerware, 73
Lagash, Mesopotamia, 8
Lahore, 216
Laissez-faire, 440
Land: in Africa, 184; in Athens, 87; in China,
54–55, 60, 124, 242, 418; in Egypt, 18; in
Europe, 291; in India, 40; in Japan, 268,
270–271, 426; Mayan, 142; Ottoman, 391.
See also Agriculture; Farms and farming
Land bridge: between Asia and Americas, 135
Landlords: in France, 451. See also Land
Landscape painting, 258
Language(s): in Africa, 199; Afrikaans, 346;
Arabic, 166, 174, 175, 176; Bantu family, 188;
in China, 74–75; in India, 30; Indo-European,
20; in Japan, 274; Koisan, 199; Korean, 278,
431; Latin, 20, 106, 114, 130, 176; Olmec, 136;
Persian, 20, 175, 406; Phoenician, 21; Prakrit,
47; Quechua, 150; Quiche, 140; Romance, 130;
Sanskrit, 20, 47; Semitic, 9–10; Swahili, 193;
Turkic, 214, 216 (map), 391; in Vietnam, 282;
Zapotec, 136. See also Writing
Laos, 353
Lao Tzu (Lao Zi), 61, 63, 64
La Plata, 445
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt (duc de), 435
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 342
Last Supper, e (Leonardo da Vinci), 327
Late Empire (Rome), 117–119
Lateen sail, 338, 338
Latifundia (estates), 111, 115
Latin America, 333; in 18th century, 444–445,
444 (map); society in, 445; Spanish conquest
Kabuki theater, 428
Kabul, 209, 210, 398
Kaempfer, Engelbert, 424
Kaifeng, China, 235, 239, 296
Kalidasa (Indian author), 224
Kamakura shogunate (Japan), 268–269, 269,
270, 275, 275–276
Kamasutra, 39
Kami (spirits), 271, 273
Kamikaze (divine wind, Japan), 269
Kampongs (villages), 228
Kanchi, 214
Kanchipuram (Kanchi), 209
Kanem-Bornu, 196
Kangxi (China), 376, 410, 410–411, 414, 415,
427
Kanishka (Kushan monarch), 210
Karakoram Mountains, 30
Karakorum, Mongol city at, 249
Karli (Indian rock chamber), 49, 49
Karma (actions), 42, 43, 46, 213, 353
Kashgar, 243
Kashmir, 399
Kautilya (Indian philosopher), 35, 36
Kenya, 184, 351; Swahili in, 193
Kepler, Johannes, 436
Khadija, 158
Khajuraho, India, 224
Khamerernebty (Egypt), 16
Khanates, Mongol, 249, 252
Khanbaliq (Beijing), 249, 251–252, 252 (map)
Khayyam, Omar, 177
Khitan people, 239
Khoi peoples, 199
Khubilai Khan (Mongols), 168, 235, 249, 250,
252, 337, 411; Japan and, 269
Khufu (Egypt), 15
Kiev, 301–302
Kilwa, 193, 203, 339, 345
Kings and kingdoms: absolutism in Europe
and, 375–378; in Africa, 199; in China, 59;
crusader states and, 294, 307; in Egypt, 15;
European, 297–302; Germanic, 287, 288
(map); Hellenistic, 97–98, 100 (map); in India,
36; in Korea, 277–278, 277 (map); Mongol,
169; of Naples, 328, 364; Nubian, 185; in
Southeast Asia, 353. See also Monarchs and
monarchies; speci c rulers
Kinship groups: Aztec, 143
Kipchak, khanate of, 249
Kirghiz people, 239
Kivas, 153
Knights, 269, 291, 292–293
Knossus, 80–81
Koguryo kingdom (Korea), 277
Koisan language, 199
Kongo, 198
Königshofen, Jacob von, 324
Koran. See Qur’an
Korea, 277–279, 430–431; arts in, 279;
Buddhism in, 213, 278, 278, 279; China and,
238, 263, 277, 430, 431; Christianity in, 431;
economy in, 431; Japan and, 265, 277, 278,
in, 369; Kamakura shogunate in, 268–270;
Korea and, 265, 277, 278, 422–423, 431; land
problems in, 426; language of, 274; lifestyle
in, 270–271, 426–427; marriage in, 271,
428; Mongols and, 250; Nara period in, 267;
peasants in, 270, 271, 426, 428; Polo, Marco,
in, 337; population in, 425–426; Portugal
and, 423, 424; prehistoric period in, 264;
religion in, 271–273; samurai in, 268; society
in, 426–428; state (nation) in, 264–270;
Tokugawa shogunate in, 333, 422–430, 422
(map); trading routes of, 265 (map); West and,
423–424; women in, 271, 275, 428. See also
speci c wars
Jati (Indian caste), 211
Java, 227, 229, 230, 335, 336, 351; kingship in,
353; Mongols and, 250
Je erson, omas, 447
Jerusalem, 9 (map), 21, 22, 121, 388; bishops
of, 287; in Crusades, 167–168, 306, 307, 320;
Dome of the Rock in, 178; siege of (701),
24, 168
Jesuits, 369, 369; in Africa, 346; in China,
411–412, 414; in India, 399; in Japan, 424;
in Latin America, 446, 446
Jesus of Nazareth, 44, 121, 121
Jews and Judaism, 93; in Andalusia, 170;
“Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews, e,”
324; Crusades and, 308; Cyrus the Great and,
24; naming of, 22; in Ottoman Empire, 391;
pogroms against, 324; Rome and, 120–121;
scholarship of, 305. See also Hebrews; Israel
Jihad, 162
Jimmu (divine warrior, Japan), 264, 266
Jizya (poll tax), 399
Joan of Arc, 325
John (England), 298
Joint family system: in Southeast Asia, 220, 229,
419–420
Joint-stock company, 345, 373
Jomon people (Japan), 264
Jordan, 5
Joseph II (Austria), 448
Journal of Captain James Cook, 356
Judaea, 120–121
Judah, kingdom of, 21, 22, 120
Judaism. See Hebrews; Jews and Judaism
Julio-Claudians (Rome), 113
Julius II (Pope), 363–364
Junkers (Prussia), 377
Junks (Chinese ships), 244
Juno (god), 119
Jupiter Optimus Maximus (god), 119–120
Jurchen peoples, 239, 413
Justice. See Law(s)
Justi cation by faith alone, 364, 365
Justinian (Byzantine Empire), 175, 311, 311,
312–314, 312 (map), 313, 315
Juvenal, 117
Ka (spiritual body, Egypt), 15
Ka’aba (Mecca), 158, 159
498 INDEX
Majapahit kingdom, 227, 335
Majlis (Arab council of elders), 158
Malacca: Chinese description of, 336;
Portuguese and, 339–340; Strait of, 226, 335
(map); sultanate at, 335–336
Malaya and Malay peninsula, 225, 226–227,
228, 335
Malay peoples, 190–191
Malay-Polynesian-speaking peoples, 230–231
Malaysia. See Malaya and Malay peninsula
Malfante, Antonius, 189
Mali, 196–198, 202, 336
Mamallapuram, 214, 215, 224
Mamluks (Egypt), 169, 388
al-Ma’mun, 164, 165
Manchu (Qing) dynasty (China). See Qing
dynasty (China)
Manchuria: China and, 239; Korea and, 277
Mandate of Heaven (China), 59, 124, 280
Manioc, 343, 350
Manor, 291
Mansa Musa (Mali), 196, 197, 198, 336
Manufacturing: in China, 60, 68, 126, 252;
in India, 40, 222; in Japan, 270, 426
Manzikert, battle at, 166–167, 320
Maori people, 231, 356
Maps: in 16th century, 338
Marathon, Battle of, 87
Marburg Colloquy, 366
Marco Polo ( lm), 251, 251
Maritime routes: in China, 127; in human
migration to Americas, 135; Portuguese,
338–341; worldwide, 332
Marius (Rome), 111–112
Markets: Aztec, 144; Japanese, 270
Marrakech, 196
Marriage: in China, 72, 419–420; in Code of
Hammurabi, 11; in early modern world, 368,
368; in Egypt, 18; in India, 39, 404; in Islam,
161; in Japan, 271, 428; Protestants on, 367;
in Rome, 109, 116; in Southeast Asia, 229.
See also Families
Mars (god), 119–120
Mary. See Virgin Mary
Mary I (England), 367, 370
Mary II (England), 379
Massachusetts, colony of, 345
“Masters of Huai Nan,” 280
al-Mas’udi (historian), 165, 177–178, 194, 199
Material goods, 7
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
See Principia (Newton)
Mathematics: Arabic numerals and, 50; in India,
222; Islamic, 176; Mesopotamian, 12
Mathura (Mo-tu-lo) (India), 210
Matrilineal society, in Africa, 200
Mauch, Karl, 183
Mauryan Empire (India), 35–36, 40, 208, 209;
India a er, 47–50, 211–214, 236
Mausoleum. See Tombs
Maximilian (Holy Roman Empire), 364
Mayan civilization, 13, 134, 135, 136, 138,
138–142, 139, 141 (map), 148
“Little ice age” (Europe), 321
Liu Bang (China). See Han Gaozu (China)
Liudprand of Cremona, 318
Liu Ling (Chinese poet), 236
Livia (Rome), 113
Livy (historian), 107, 108
Li Yuan (Tang dynasty, China), 238
Li Zicheng (China), 413
Llama, 148
Locke, John, 439
Loess, in China, 71
Lo us, William, 2
Lombards, 312
London, England, 295, 443
Longbows, 325
Long Count, of Maya, 141
Longhouse, in Japan, 265
Longmen caves, China, 255
Longshan culture (China), 54, 56, 72
Lord-vassal relationship, 289–291
“Lost Colony,” 152
Louis VII (France), 293
Louis XI (France), 328
Louis XIV (France), 354, 375–377, 376
Louis XVI (France), 435, 451, 452, 453
Louis XVIII (France), 458
Louisiana, 345, 450
Low Countries, 364. See also Belgium;
Netherlands
Lower Egypt, 14, 15
Loyola, Ignatius of (Saint), 369, 369
Luba, kingdom of, 198
Luoyang, China, 58, 65 (map)
Luther, Martin, and Lutheranism, 361, 361,
364–365, 366, 367; pope and, 365
Luxor: obelisk at, 204
Lycurgus (Sparta), 85–86
Lydia, 94
Macao, 411
Macartney (Lord), 417–418
Macedonian dynasty (Byzantine Empire),
317–319, 318, 320
Macedonians, 18, 80, 87, 95–97, 111
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 35, 362
Machu Picchu, Peru, 149, 149 (map), 151
Madagascar, 184, 191
Madras (Chennai), 209, 401
Magellan: Strait of, 146
Magellan, Ferdinand, 340 (map), 343–344
Maghrib, 192, 193–194
Magna Carta (England), 298
Magyars (Hungarians), 289
Mahabharata (epic), 30, 39, 47–48, 215
Maharajas (great princes), 35
Mahayana Buddhism, 36, 212–213
Mahmud of Ghazni, empire of, 214–215,
216 (map)
Ma Huan, 336
Maimonides, 176
Maine, France, 299
Maize (corn), 135
of, 341–342; state and church in, 445. See also
speci c countries
Latin Empire of Constantinople, 307, 320
Latin language, 20, 106, 114, 130; classical works
in Arabic, 176; humanists and, 326; Justinian’s
Code in, 313; monastic centers and, 288
Latin states, 107
Latitude, 338
Latium, 106, 107, 115
Launay, marquis de, 435
La Venta: Olmec site at, 136
Law(s): Aryan, 35; in England, 298, 299; in
European cities, 294; in India, 399; Islamic,
161, 391, 399; Jewish, 22; Roman, 107, 116,
312–313. See also Law codes
Law codes: in France, 455; of Hammurabi,
10–11; in Japan, 266; of Justinian, 312, 315;
Muslim Shari’a as, 161; in Russia, 448
Law of Manu, 37, 40
Laws of motion (Newton), 437
Lay investiture, 302–303
League of Iroquois, 153
Leakey, Louis, 3, 135
Lebanon, 294
Le Brun, Charles, 105
Lechfeld, Battle of, 289
Legalism (China), 62, 67, 69
Legionaries (Rome), 113
Legislative Assembly (France), 452
Le Loi (Vietnam), 262
Lent, 442
Leo III (Pope), 286
Leo VI (“Leo the Wise,” Byzantine Empire),
317, 318
Leo IX (Pope), 320
Leo Africanus, 201, 203
Leonardo da Vinci, 327, 327
Lepanto, Battle of, 388
Lesbians. See Homosexuality
Lesser Antilles, 345
Letters of credit, 172
“Letter to Genoa” (Malfante), 189
Liberal arts curriculum, 304, 326
Li Bo (Chinese poet), 256, 257
Libraries: in Alexandria, 175; in Andalusia, 170
Libya, 16, 18
Life of Mehmed the Conqueror (Kritovoulos), 322
Life of Saint Godric, 295
Lima, Peru, 342
Limited (constitutional) monarchy, 378–380
Limpopo river region, 198
Lineage groups: in Africa, 191, 200; in China, 420
“Linked verse” technique, 274
Lion in Winter, e ( lm), 297, 298, 298
Li Su (Li Ssu) (China), 67, 68
Literature: African, 203–204; Byzantine, 315;
in China, 74–75, 127, 256, 421; in England,
381; Epic of Gilgamesh, e, and, 12, 33; in
India, 47–48, 224–225, 406; Islamic, 174–175,
176–178; in Japan, 274–275, 428–429; in Latin
America, 445; Persian, 177; in Rome, 115;
Safavid, 397; in Southeast Asia, 228. See also
Poets and poetry; speci c works and authors
Index 499
Mongol Empire, 217, 247–252, 250 (map), 337,
411
Mongols, 133, 168, 169; cannon and, 325;
in China, 55, 236, 239, 247–252, 248 (map);
Delhi sultanate and, 216; European trade with,
294; Japan and, 268–269; Korea under, 279;
migration by, 190; plague and, 321–322; in
Russia, 302, 329; Tamerlane and, 217; Vietnam
and, 280; weapons of, 325, 387
Monks and monasticism: Chinese Buddhist,
127, 238–239, 254; Christian, 287–288;
de ned, 287; in Europe, 303; Indian Buddhist,
46; in Japan, 270; in Korea, 278, 279. See also
speci c orders
Monotheism: of Islam, 160; of Israelites, 21, 91
Monshi, Edsander Beg, 396
Monsoons, in India, 40, 209
Monte Albán, 136
Montesquieu (baron de), 439
Montreal, 450
Morality: of Confucianism, 415
Moravia, 300
Morocco, 350
Mortality rates: in Europe, 443; in Middle
Passage, 347–348; for plague, 322
Mosaics: Turkish, 394
Moscow, 457. See also Russia
Moses (Bible), 22
Moslems. See Muslims
Mosques, 178; in Africa, 203; in Córdoba,
179; in Ottoman Empire, 393, 393–394;
in Samarra, 166, 178
Mountains. See speci c mountains
Movable type, 256, 363
Movies. See speci c lms
Mozambique, 346, 350
Mu’awiya, 163
Muezzin (crier), 178
Mughal Empire (India), 217, 397–406,
398 (map)
Muhammad, 157, 157, 158–161, 159 (map)
Mulattoes, 444
Mumbai (Bombay), 222
Mumtaz Mahal, 399, 401
Murad I (Ottoman Turks), 386
Murasaki Shikibu (Lady Murasaki), 271
Musa. See Mansa Musa
Muscovy, 378
Music: in Africa, 202–203; in China, 75;
gamelan, 228; in India, 225
Muslims, 158; in Arab world, 158, 169, 174–180,
214; arts of, 316; brotherhoods of, 167; castles
of, 169; Crusades and, 307, 308; eating habits
of, 172; empires of, 385–408; Europe and, 289;
in India, 217, 219, 222, 399; non-Arab, 164;
Rus described by, 302; scholarship of, 305;
trade and, 195–196, 321, 335–336. See also
Islam
Mutiny on the Bounty ( lm), 352, 352
Mwene Metapa (Shona dynasty), 346, 351
Myanmar. See Burma (Myanmar)
Mycenaean Greece, 81–82, 82 (map)
Mystery religions, 120
Middle East, 2, 333; African architecture
and, 203; agriculture in, 5; civilization in,
132–133; Greek culture and, 98; Islam and,
159 (map); Jews in, 22; Ottoman Turks in,
169; slavery and, 346; trade and cities in, 172.
See also Arabs and Arab world; Israel; speci c
locations
Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 14, 16
Middle Passage, 347–348
Middle Path (Buddhism), 45
Midwives: Aztec, 145
Migration, 3, 133, 190; into Americas, 135;
by Anasazi, 153; into China, 56; Columbian
Exchange and, 344; into East Africa, 188;
of Slavs, 301 (map); in Southeast Asia, 225
Mihrab (niche), 178, 179
Milan, 297; duchy of, 328
Military, 7; Abbasid, 165–166; Assyrian, 23, 24;
British, in India, 402; in Byzantine Empire,
317–319; in China, 126, 415; in Europe, 292–
293, 373–374; in France, 325, 377, 453–454;
Frankish, 291; Greek, 84–85; Hellenistic, 98;
in India, 398; Inkan, 150; in Japan, 268, 423;
Napoleon and, 456; Persian, 25; roads for, 109;
Roman, 107, 111–112, 113, 118, 119; Spanish,
328; Spartan, 85–86. See also Weapons
Millet (crop), 5, 40
Minakshi Temple (Madurai), 32
Minamoto Yoritomo (Japan), 268
Minerva (god), 119–120
Ming dynasty (China), 236, 252–254, 411–413,
413 (map); arts in, 421–422
Ming Hongwu (China), 411
Ming-huang (Tang China), 258
Minoan civilization, 80–81, 82 (map)
Minorities: in Ottoman Empire, 391–392; in
Safavid Empire, 395. See also Ethnic groups
Mission, e ( lm), 446, 446
Missions and missionaries: in Americas, 343; in
China, 411–412, 414; in Japan, 423–424, 425;
in Korea, 431; in Russia, 301; in Southeast
Asia, 351–352. See also speci c orders
Mobilization: in French Revolution, 454
Moche culture, 147–148, 148
Moctezuma (Aztecs), 341
Mogadishu, 193, 203
Mohács, Battle of, 385, 385, 388
Mohenjo-Daro, 30, 32, 33
Moluccas. See Spice Islands (Moluccas)
Mombasa, 193, 194, 339, 346
Monarchs and monarchies: in Austria, 378; in
England, 297–298; enlightened despots and,
448; European expansionism and, 337; French
Revolution and, 450–452; in Holy Roman
Empire, 299, 329–330; “new monarchies” and,
362; popes and, 303; Sumerian, 8; in Western
Europe, 328. See also Kings and kingdoms;
speci c countries, rulers, and dynasties
Monasticism. See Monks and monasticism
Money: in China, 60, 67, 242; in Rome, 118;
trade and, 172
Money economy: in China, 60; in India, 40,
211
Meadows of Gold (al-Mas’udi), 177–178
Measles, 342, 419
Mecca, 157, 158, 159, 162, 322, 388
Medes, 23
Medici, Cosimo de’, 328
Medicine, 176
Medina, 159–160, 388
Mediterranean region: China and, 125, 125
(map); Greeks in, 80, 81 (map), 85; Justinian
and, 312; Muslims and, 170; Ottomans and,
388; Phoenician colonies in, 20–21; Rome
and, 106, 110–111, 110 (map). See also speci c
countries
Megalithic structures, in Europe, 19–20, 20
Megasthenes (Greek), 35
Mehmet II (Ottomans), 169, 321, 386, 387, 393
Mekong River region, 225, 226, 431
Men: Arawak, 154; in Athens, 94–95; in China,
72; in Code of Hammurabi, 11; in Europe,
294–295; in India, 38–39; Neolithic, 5–6;
Paleolithic, 3
Mencius (Chinese philosopher), 62, 63
Menes (Egypt), 14
Menkaure (Egypt), 16
Mercantilism, 332, 373
Merchants: in Africa, 199; Chinese, 67–68,
124–125; Egyptian, 18; European, 294, 297,
297; in India, 222; in Kush, 185; in Southeast
Asia, 225; views of, 295
Merit system: in China, 62, 67, 122–124. See also
Civil service examination
Meroë, 185, 187, 203
Mesa Verde, 153, 188
Mesoamerica, 5, 135–146, 136 (map), 140, 323
Mesopotamia, 2–3, 7, 8–12, 9 (map), 158;
Assyria and, 22; culture of, 11–12, 33; Egypt
and, 16; environment and, 148, 166; Mongols
in, 168; Roman rule of, 113; writing in,
11–12, 12
Message, e (Muhammad: e Messenger of
God) ( lm), 160, 160
Messenia, 85
Messiah: Jews and, 120–121
Mestizos, 444
Metal and metalwork, 7; in Chavín society, 147;
in China, 58, 72–73; in West Africa, 201.
See also speci c metals
Methodius (missionary), 300
Metropolis, 85
Mexica people, 142
Mexico, 135, 342; Cortés in, 341, 341 (map);
European diseases in, 419; feudal system in,
269; silver in, 343
Mexico City, 136
Michael III (Byzantine Empire), 317
Michael Cerularius (Patriarch), 320
Michael Paleologus, 320
Michael Romanov, 378
Michelangelo, 327, 328
Middle Ages: in Europe, 286, 286–309, 296, 297,
316; in India, 210
Middle classes: in China, 256; in England, 446;
in France, 450; Japanese literature of, 428–430
500 INDEX
Olympia, 94
Olympic Games, 94
Olympus, Mount, 94
Ometeotl (god), 144
Onin War (Japan), 270
“On the Erythraean Sea,” 186
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
(Copernicus), 437
Oracle bones, in China, 56, 61
Oracles, in Greece, 94
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 90
Orient. See Asia
Oriental despotism, 76
Origen of Alexandria, 123
Orinoco River, 153
Orissa, India, 403
Orkhan I (Ottoman Turks), 386
Orléans, battle at, 325
Orthodox Christianity, 300, 391. See also
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Osaka, Japan, 263, 425
Osaka Castle, siege of, 423
Osiris (god), 14
Osman Turks, 386
Ostia, 115
Ostrogoths, 287, 288 (map), 312
Otto I (Germany), 299, 318
Ottoman Empire, 385, 386–394, 389 (map), 395
(map); arts in, 393–394; decline of, 392–393;
population of, 419
Ottoman Turks, 169, 217, 321, 386
Outcastes. See Untouchables
Outer Mongolia, 247, 249
Oxford University, 305
Pacal (Mayan), 139, 141
Pachakuti (Inka), 149
Paci c Ocean region: Magellan and, 343–344;
Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples in,
230–231. See also Asia; speci c countries
Padshahnama (Book of Kings), 402
Paekche kingdom (Korea), 277
Pagan (Burmese kingdom), 225, 226, 228
Painted pottery culture: in China, 54
Painting: Aztec, 145; Baroque, 381, 381; in
China, 127, 257–258, 258, 422; in India,
223–224, 406; in Japan, 275, 430; Persian, 397;
in Renaissance, 327, 327; in Rome, 116, 116;
wall paintings, 146. See also Rock art
Pakistan: Alexander the Great and, 96. See also
India
Palaces: Islamic, 178; in Japan, 423
Palembang (Srivijaya capital), 227, 335
Palenque, 139, 141, 141 (map), 142
Paleolithic Age, 3–4
Paleologi dynasty (Byzantine Empire), 320
Palestine: Byzantine Empire and, 314; crusader
states in, 294; Crusades and, 306–307; Egypt
and, 16; Phoenicians in, 20–21
Pallava people and state, 209, 211, 215
Panhellenic celebrations, 94
Pantheism, 191
Nineveh, 23
Nirvana, 43, 45, 212, 213
Nobility: in China, 415; in England, 298; in
Europe, 292–293, 362, 363, 443; in France,
450, 457; in Germany, 377; in Japan, 266,
268–269, 270, 425; in Korea, 278; in Russia,
448; as second estate, 299, 362. See also
Aristocracy
Nobunaga (Japan). See Oda Nobunaga
No drama (Japan), 275, 428
Nok culture, 187
Nomads, 3; China and, 68–69, 128, 236, 239, 413
(map); in India, 211; Indo-European speakers
as, 20; Mongol, 248–249; settled peoples and, 1;
Tamerlane as, 217. See also Huns
Nomarch (Egyptian governor), 15
Nomes (Egyptian provinces), 15
Normandy, 290, 299, 325
Normans, 297, 320
North Africa: Arabs in, 163, 164, 191–192;
Carthage in, 192; civilizations of, 2–3; Islam
in, 201; Ottomans and, 388; trade of, 187;
women in, 201
North America: British in, 445–447; European
colonization of, 345; French-British
confrontations in, 450; peoples and cultures
of, 135, 151, 152, 152–154, 152 (map); Vikings
in, 306. See also speci c locations
Northern Renaissance humanism, 363
Northmen (Norsemen), 289, 289–290
Northumbria, 288
Novels: in China, 257, 421; in Japan, 275, 428.
See also Literature
Novels (Justinian), 312
Novgorod, 302
Nubia, 16, 18, 19, 19, 184–185, 186 (map)
Nuclear family, 56, 428
Numerical systems, 176, 222
Nuns, 288, 303, 304, 445
Nur Jahan (Mughals), 399, 400
Nutrition, 419. See also Food(s)
Nu Wa (China), 72
Nyame (god), 191
Oaxaca, Mexico, 136
Obelisk: at Luxor, 204
Obsidian, 136
Oceans. See Navy; Sea trade; speci c ocean regions
Oc Eo (port), 226
Octavian (Rome). See Augustus
Oda Nobunaga (Japan), 422, 423
Odoacer, 119
Odyssey (Homer), 82, 83
Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 95
Oedipus the King (Sophocles), 90
Old Kingdom (Egypt), 14–16, 16
Old order: in France, 435–436, 450–452, 451, 452
Old Testament. See Hebrew Bible
Oleg (Kiev), 301
Oligarchies: in Europe, 443; in Florence, 328;
in Greece, 85; in Sparta, 86–87
Olmec culture, 135, 136, 138
Nagasaki, 424, 424, 424 (map)
Namibia, 199
Nanak (Sikh guru), 221
Nanjing, 452
Naples, 297; kingdom of, 328, 364
Napoleon I Bonaparte (France), 454, 455–458,
456; in Egypt, 455
Napoleonic wars, 457–458, 458 (map)
Nara period (Japan), 267, 268
National Assembly (France), 451, 452
National Convention (France), 453, 454, 455
Nationalism: in France, 454
Native peoples: of Americas, 152, 152–154,
152 (map), 343. See also Indians (Native
Americans)
Natural law, 116, 439
Natural rights, 447
Nature: in China, 258, 273; humans and, 4–5;
in Japan, 273, 275; in Mesopotamia, 11
Navajo people, 153
Navigation, 338, 338, 341
Navy: Athenian, 88. See also Exploration
Neanderthals, 3
Near East, 9 (map). See also Middle East
Nebuchadnezzar II (Chaldean), 24
Neo-Confucianism, 240, 246, 255–256
Neolithic period: in China, 54–55, 54 (map);
in Europe, 19; in Japan, 264; Korea and, 277
Neolithic Revolution, 4–7
Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 416–417
Nero (Rome), 113
Netherlands: in Grand Empire, 457; Protestantism
in, 367; Spanish control of, 370; trade and, 443.
See also Dutch; Low Countries
Neustria, 287
Newfoundland: Vikings in, 306
New Grenada, 445. See also Colombia
New Guinea: crops in, 243
New Kingdom (Egypt), 14, 16–18, 19, 185;
slavery in, 200
New Mexico, 153
New Model Army (England), 379
New monarchies, 362
New Netherland, 345
New Rome, Constantinople as, 119, 119 (map)
New Spain, 342, 445
New Testament, 121
Newton, Isaac, 437–438, 439, 440
New World, 341–343, 342. See also Americas;
speci c regions
New York: colony of, 345
New Zealand, 231
Nguyen dynasty (Vietnam), 431
Nha Trang: shrine-tower in, 281
Nias (island), 265
Nicaea, kingdom of, 320
Nicene Creed, 317
Nigeria, 187
Niger River region, 188, 196, 337 (map), 350
Nihan Shaki ( e Chronicles of Japan).
See Chronicles of Japan, e
Nile River region, 12–13, 14, 15 (map), 184
Ninety-Five eses (Luther), 364
Index 501
Politics (Aristotle), 92
Polo family: Marco, 235–236, 244, 251, 296, 335,
337; Niccolò and Ma eo, 294, 337
Polyclitus (sculptor), 90–91
Polygamy: in India, 39
Polygyny: in Africa, 200; Aztec, 143; Islamic,
161, 172–174; in Japan, 271
Polynesia, 231, 352
Polytheism: of Arabs, 158; Mayan, 139; in
Mesopotamia, 11; in Rome, 120
Poma, Huaman, 150
Pompeii, 33
Pompey (Rome), 112
Popes, 287; Byzantine Empire and, 317;
Charlemagne and, 289; Napoleon and, 455;
Reformation and, 365; Renaissance, 363.
See also speci c popes
Popular culture, 442; in China, 256–257; in East
and West, 429. See also Culture(s)
Population: Aztec, 142; in China, 69, 124, 128,
239, 242, 418–419; of Constantinople, 315;
in Europe, 371, 419, 443; explosion in (1700–
1800), 419; in India, 419; in Japan, 425–426;
in Korea, 431; Mayan, 138; in Rome, 114, 117
Popul Vuh, 140
Porcelain: Chinese, 256, 258, 422. See also
Pottery
Po River region, 106
Port Hoogly: capture of, 402
Portolani (navigation charts), 338
Portraits: in Japan, 275–276
Portugal: Africa and, 193, 345–346; Americas
and, 341; Angola and, 198; Brazil and, 341,
445; China and, 340, 411; English, Dutch, and,
344–345; exploration by, 205, 334, 338–341,
340 (map), 343; India and, 217, 222, 334,
339, 401, 402; Japan and, 423, 424; maritime
empire of, 338–341; slave trade and, 339,
346–347; Southeast Asia and, 351; spice trade
and, 339–341; trade and exploration by, 343
Porus (India), 98
Poseidon (god), 94
Potatoes, 343
Potosí mines, 343
Pottery, 5, 31, 54, 73. See also Porcelain
Poverty: in Rome, 115
Power (energy). See Energy (power)
Power (political). See Politics
Praetorian guard, 113
Praetors (Rome), 107
Prakrit language, 47
Prambanan: Hindu temple of, 230
Pre-Columbian Americas. See Americas; speci c
cultures
Predestination, 365–366
Prester John (legendary king), 187
Primogeniture, in Japan, 428
Prince, e (Machiavelli), 35, 362
Principia (Newton), 437
Printing: in China, 245, 255, 256, 412;
development of, 209; Reformation and, 363
Proclamation to French Troops in Italy
(Napoleon), 456
Peter (Saint), 287
Peter the Great (Russia), 378
Petrarch, 326
Phalanx, in Greece, 84
Pharaohs (Egypt), 14, 15, 16
Philip II Augustus (France), 299, 307
Philip II (Macedonia), 80, 87
Philip II (Spain), 370
Philip IV (“the Fair,” France), 299, 325–326
Philip VI (France), 325
Philippines, 225, 336; Magellan in, 344
Philosophes, 439–441, 447–448
Philosophy: Buddhism as, 212; in China, 60–65;
in Greece, 91–93, 93; Hellenistic, 100–101;
Islamic, 174–175. See also Intellectual thought
Phoenician alphabet, in Greece, 82
Phoenicians, 20–21, 82, 110
Phonetic script, 33, 75
Photian schism, 317
Photius (Patriarch), 317
Physics, 50
Pictographs, 12, 32, 74–75
Pilate, Pontius, 121
Pilgrimage to Cythera, e (Watteau), 442
Pillars (India), 48
Pirates, Barbary, 388
Pisa, 307
Pisistratus (Athens), 87
Pitt, William (the Elder), 446
Pizarro, Francisco, 341
Plague. See Bubonic plague
Planetary motion, 436. See also Astronomy;
Universe
Plantagenets (England), 299
Plantations: African slaves for, 346–347; in
Americas, 345; pepper, 351, 353; trade and, 443
Plants, 3, 5. See also Crops
Plassey, Battle of, 402
Plataea, battle at, 88
Plato, 91–92, 93, 174
Platonic Academy (Athens), 175
Plebeians (Rome), 108–110
Pliny the Younger, 118, 123
Plows, 292
Plutarch: Lycurgus, 86
Poets and poetry: Arabic, 176–177; in China, 75,
256, 257; in India, 224, 406; in Japan, 274–275,
428–429; in Rome, 115
Pogroms, against Jews, 324
Poitiers, Battle of (732), 163
Poland, 300, 329; Jews in, 324
Polis (city-state), 80, 83–85, 87, 94
Political structures, 7; Hellenistic, 97–98; Mayan,
138–139
Politics: absolute rulers and, 375–379; in Africa,
350–351; Aztec, 142–143; Black Death and,
324–325; in Byzantine Empire, 317–319;
in China, 59, 67, 239–240, 414–415; a er
Enlightenment, 447–450; in Europe, 370; in
India, 31; Inkan, 149–150; Machiavelli on,
362; Ottoman, 389–390; in Reformation, 364–
365; Safavid, 396–397; Scienti c Revolution
and, 438; irty Years’ War and, 373
Papacy, 325–326; Inquisition and, 303; reform
of, 302–303, 369. See also Popes
Papal States, 302, 328, 363
Paper, 126, 175, 255, 256
Paper money, in China, 242
Papyrus, 19
Paradise: in Islam, 161, 162
Paraguay, 446, 446
Paramesvara (Malacca sultanate), 335
Pariahs (outcastes), 38
Paris, 306, 458; Commune in, 453
Paris, Treaty of: in 1763, 450; in 1783, 447
Parliaments: in England, 299, 378–380, 446;
in France, 299, 451
Parsis (Zoroastrians), 222
Parthenon (Athens), 90, 91
Pashas, 388
Paterfamilias (Rome), 116, 117
Patriarchies: in Southeast Asia, 11
Patriarchs: of Constantinople, 317. See also
speci c patriarchs
Patricians: in European society, 363, 443;
in Rome, 108, 109–110
Patrilinear society, 200
Paul III (Pope), 369, 369
Paul of Tarsus (Saint), 121
Pax Mongolica, 133
Pax Romana, 113
Peace: in Tokugawa Japan, 424–425
Peace of Augsburg, 365
Peace of Westphalia, 373
Peasants: Black Death and, 324; in China, 67,
124, 242, 413; in Europe, 291, 292, 293, 373,
443; in France, 450; in India, 38, 399; in Japan,
270, 271, 426, 428; in Korea, 278–279; in
Russia, 448; in Southeast Asia, 228; as third
estate, 362–363, 450. See also Revolts and
rebellions; Serfs and serfdom
Peloponnesian War, 89
Peloponnesus region, 80, 82
Pemba, 193
Peons, in Latin America, 445
“People of the Book,” 158
Pepin (Franks), 289
Pepper plantations, 351, 353
Pergamum: Great Altar of, 387
Pericles (Athens), 79, 79–80, 88, 89
Period of the Warring States: in China, 79
Periplus (travel account), 189, 209
Persepolis, 25
Persia: Abbasid dynasty and, 164, 165; Egypt
and, 18; Greece and, 87–88; India and, 401;
Judah and, 22; literature in, 177; miniatures
in, 406; Mongols and, 168, 249; Safavids in,
394–397; Shi’ites in, 167. See also Iran
Persian Empire, 23 (map), 24–26; Alexander the
Great and, 95–96, 97 (map); Arabs and, 162,
314; Greece and, 87–88; India and, 35; religion
in, 25–26; Safavid Iran and, 396–397
Persian language, 20, 175, 406
Peru, 342, 445; Inka in, 149–151, 341; Moche in,
147; Potosí mines in, 343; Supe River valley
civilization in, 7–8
502 INDEX
Restoration: of Bourbons in France, 458;
in England, 379
Resurrection: of Jesus, 121
Reuni cation: of China, 237–247
Revelations: to Muhammad, 158, 160
Revolts and rebellions: in China, 413, 414,
452; in Greece, 87–88; Jewish (66 c.e.), 121; by
peasants, 324; by Roman slaves, 117;
in Vietnam, 279
Revolution(s): American, 447; in China, 452;
in France, 435, 435–436, 450–455, 452; in
Haiti, 454; in 17th century, 373–374. See also
Revolts and rebellions; Scienti c Revolution
Rhapta (East African port), 189, 190
Rhine River region, 114
Ricci, Matteo, 369, 412, 419
Rice, 5, 31, 40; in Africa, 187; in China, 5, 60,
70, 242, 293, 419; Japan and, 264, 270; in
Southeast Asia, 226
Richard I the Lionhearted (England), 307
Rigaud, Hyacinth, 376
Rights: Enlightenment and, 447; in France, 451,
453, 455–457. See also Women
Rig Veda, 35
Riots: at Oxford, 305
Rites of Zhou, 59, 62, 75
Rituals: in Africa, 191, 202; Greek, 94
Rivers and river regions. See speci c river
regions
River valley civilizations, 2–3, 6, 7–8, 54. See also
speci c civilizations
Riza-i-Abassi (Persian artist), 397
Roads and highways: in China, 109; of Inka,
149; Roman, 107, 109, 113, 116; in Southeast
Asia, 228
Robespierre, Maximilien, 453–454
Rock architecture: in India, 48, 49, 49, 223,
223–224
Rock art: African, 187, 190, 201; in India, 223,
223–224. See also Cave art
Rococo style, 441–442
Roman alphabet, 21
Roman Catholicism, 287; Catholic Reformation
and, 367–369; in central Europe, 300; Church
of England and, 367, 379; Copernican system
and, 437; corruption of, 363–364; decline of,
325–326; French Revolution and, 451–452;
Greek Orthodoxy and, 315; in Latin America,
445, 446, 446; Luther and, 364–365; Napoleon
and, 455; Reformation of, 367–369; schism
with Eastern Orthodox Church, 320; in Spain,
370; in Spanish colonies, 343. See also Papacy;
Popes; speci c orders
Romance languages, 130
Romance of the ree Kingdoms, e (China),
128
Roman Confederation, 107
Roman Empire, 159 (map); agriculture in, 115,
119; Augustus in, 113; Charlemagne and, 286,
289; Christianity in, 121–122, 123; crisis in
late period, 117–119; early period in (14-180),
113–115, 114 (map); end of Western, 119;
environment of, 148; ve good emperors
Rama (India), 48
Ramadan, 161
Ramayana, 47, 48, 406
Ramcaritmanas (Tulsidas), 406
Ramesses II (Egyptian king), 18
Rangoon (Yangon), Burma, 355
Raphael, 327
Rarotonga (island), 231
Rashomon ( lm), 272, 272
Ravenna, Justinian in, 313
Razzia (raid), 162
Re (Egyptian sun god), 14
Realism: in art, 381; in Roman sculpture, 116
Reason, in Enlightenment, 438–439
Rebellions. See Revolts and rebellions
Records of Foreign Nations (Chau Ju-kua), 227
Records of Western Countries (Xuan Zang), 214
Red Fort, 401, 405–406
Red River region, 225, 250, 279, 280
Red Sea, 18, 170, 184, 185
Reform(s). See Reformation; speci c reforms
and countries
Reformation, 362–364; Catholic, 367–369;
Protestant, 361–362, 364–369
Reichstag, 364
Reign of Terror (France), 454, 455
Reims, 306
Reincarnation: Buddhism and, 43, 45–46;
in Hinduism, 42
Relics, 60, 364
Religion, 7; of Abbas the Great, 396; in Africa,
191; in Axial Age, 93; in Axum, 186–187;
Aztec, 144–145; Buddhism as, 212; in
Byzantine Empire, 314–315, 317; in central
Europe, 329; in China, 60–61, 64–65, 127,
254–256; in Eastern Europe, 329; Egyptian,
13–14; in European art, 316; European
expansionism and, 333, 337; French wars
of, 365–367, 370; in German Reformation,
364–365; in Greco-Roman world, 119–121;
in Greece, 93–94; in Harappa, 31; imagery
in medieval world, 316; in India, 30, 41–46,
219–221; Inkan, 150; in Israel, 22; in Japan,
271–273; in Latin America, 445; Mayan,
139; Mesopotamian, 11; in Mughal Empire,
399; Olmec, 136; in Ottoman Empire,
391; in Persian Empire, 25–26; Protestant
Reformation and, 361–362, 364–369;
in Russia, 329; in Safavid Empire, 395; in
Southeast Asia, 229–230, 353; in southern
and eastern Asia, 213 (map); in Spanish
colonies, 343; irty Years’ War and, 373;
in Vietnam, 282. See also Secularization;
speci c religions
Religious orders, Catholic, 303, 369
Rémy, Nicholas, 371
Renaissance (Europe), 326–329, 337, 362–363
Renaissance humanism, 326–327
Rentiers, 443
Republic(s): in France, 453–454, 455; Roman,
106–112
Republic, e (Plato), 92
Resistance. See Revolts and rebellions
Procopius (historian), 313, 315
Production: systems of, 443; tributary mode of,
358
Progress, 439
Prolegomena (Ibn Khaldun), 295
Property rights: in France, 457; of women, 18,
72, 247
Prophets, Jewish, 22
Protestantism, 361, 361, 364–365, 366, 367; in
England, 367, 370. See also speci c groups
Protestant Reformation, 361–362, 364–369
Provinces: Egyptian, 15; Persian, 25; Roman,
113–115, 114 (map), 119
Prussia, 378, 449–450, 449 (map); absolutism
in, 377–378; enlightened absolutism in, 448;
France and, 452; Napoleon and, 457
Psalm 104 (Hebrew Bible), 17
Psellus, Michael, 319
Ptolemy (astronomer), 175, 436
Pueblos, 153
Punic Wars, 110–111
Punishment: in Code of Hammurabi, 10–11;
in medieval cities, 296
Punjab, 216. See also India; Pakistan
Punt, 18
Purdah (India), 220–221, 404
Pure Land Buddhism, 254, 267, 273
Puritans, in England, 379
Putting-out system, 443
Pyongyan, 277
Pyramids: in Africa, 203; Aztec, 145; Egyptian,
15–16, 137; Moche, 147, 148; in Teotihuacán,
136, 137
Pyrenees, 287
Qianlong (China), 414, 417
Qibla, 178
Qin dynasty (China), 65–69, 67 (map), 71, 109,
239; fall of, 69, 122; tomb of First Emperor,
73–74, 74; Vietnam and, 279, 280; Xiongnu
and, 68–69
Qing dynasty (China), 411, 413–418, 416 (map),
431; arts of, 421–422; lifestyle under, 419–420
Qin Shi Huangdi (First Emperor of Qin, China):
tomb of, 66–67, 68, 69, 73–74, 74
Qu (Ch’u) (China), 66
Quadrant, 338
Quechua language, 150
Queens: Egyptian, 16, 18; of Sheba, 185, 186. See
also Monarchs and monarchies; speci c rulers
Quetzalcoatl (god), 142, 144
Quiche language, 140
“Quiet Night oughts” (Li Bo), 257
Quipu (Inka record-keeping system), 150
Quraishi clan, 158, 163
Qur’an, 157, 158, 160–162, 179
Rabe’a of Qozdar (Persian poet), 177
Radicalism: in France, 453–455
Raga (Indian musical scale), 225
Raja (prince), 35, 40
Rajputs (Hindu clans), 215
Index 503
Sea trade, 189
Second Continental Congress, 447
Second Crusade, 307
Second estate, 299, 362, 450
Second Punic War, 110–111
Secularization: in Enlightenment arts, 441–442
Sedentary societies, 6, 190
Selim I (Ottoman Turks), 388, 395
Seljuk Turks, 166–167, 167 (map), 306, 320,
321, 394
Semitic languages, 22, 158
Semitic peoples, Akkadians as, 9–10
Senate: in Rome, 108, 111, 113
Sennacherib (Assyria), 24
Separation of powers, 439
Serbs, 300, 317, 386
Serfs and serfdom: in Europe, 291, 373, 443;
in France, 450, 455
Sermon on the Mount, 121
Servian Wall (Rome), 107
Settlements: European, in Africa, 350–351;
Neolithic, 5; nomads and, 1. See also
Exploration; speci c locations
Seventeen-article constitution (Japan), 266, 267
Seven Years’ War, 443, 446, 447, 449–450
Severan dynasty (Rome), 117–118
Seville, 170
Sex and sexuality: in Indian art and society, 39;
in Mesopotamia, 11
Shah: Ismail as, 394–395; Safavid, 396–397
Shakespeare, William, 381
Shakuntala (Kalidasa), 224
Shamans: in China, 61
Shang Di (god), 60
Shang dynasty (China), 7, 55–57, 55 (map), 58,
60; bronze casting in, 73, 73, 75
Shari’a (Islamic law), 161, 391, 399
Sheba, 185, 186
Sheikh, 158
Shen Nong (Shen Nung) (China), 54, 71
Shi’ite Muslims, 164, 167; Fatimid, 166; Safavids
and, 388, 394, 396
Shikoku, 263, 422, 423
Shinto, 271–273, 277
Ships and shipping: in China, 126, 244, 252–253;
European warships and, 338; exploration and,
338; Harappan trade and, 31; Portuguese, 338,
340; in Southeast Asia, 228
Shiraz, 193
Shiva (god), 42, 43, 214, 215
Shoen (farmland), 268
Shogun and shogunate (Japan), 268–269, 333,
422–423
Shona peoples, 346
Shotoku Taishi (Japan), 265, 266, 276
Shwedagon Pagoda (Rangoon), 355
Sicily, 106, 170, 312, 322; Carthage and, 110;
slave revolts in, 117
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), 43–46, 212
Siege weapons, 387
Sierra Leone, 350
Sikhs and Sikhism, 221
Sikri, India, 406
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 145
Sahara Desert region, 184, 187, 188, 190, 346
Saikaku (Japanese novelist), 428
Sailendra (kingdom in Java), 230
Sailing ships, 244, 252–253, 338, 338
Saint-Denis, abbey of, 306
Saint-Domingue, 454
Saint Helena, Napoleon on, 458
Saints. See speci c saints
Saladin (Muslims), 167–168, 169, 307
Salt: trade in, 336
Salvation. See speci c religions
Salween River region, 225, 226
Samaria, 21
Samarkand, 217, 218, 218 (map), 249, 321
Samarra, Great Mosque of, 166, 178
Samoa, 231
Samudragupta (Gupta Empire), 211
Samurai (Japan), 268, 269, 273, 425, 426, 428
Sanchi gate and stupa, 41, 48
Sanitation: in urban areas, 297
San Lorenzo: Olmec site at, 136
San peoples, 199, 201
Sanskrit language, 20, 47, 224, 225, 228
San Vitale, Church of, 313
Sardinia, 106, 170
Sardis, 25
Sarnath: stupa at, 45
Sassanian Empire, 159 (map), 162
Sati (India), 39, 401, 404
Satori (enlightenment), 273
Satrapies, 25
Saul (Israel), 21 (map)
Savannas, 187
Saxony, Holy Roman Empire and, 299
Scandinavia: Lutheranism in, 364. See also
Vikings
Schisms: in Roman Catholic Church, 326;
Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox, 320
Schliemann, Heinrich, at Mycenae, 81, 82
Scholar-gentry, in China, 241, 255–256
Scholasticism, 304–305
Schools: monastic, 288. See also Universities and
colleges
Sciences: China and, 255; Hellenistic, 99–100;
in India, 50, 222; Islamic, 174, 175–176;
Mesopotamian, 12; in Ottoman Empire, 392.
See also Technology
Scienti c laws: of motion, 437
Scienti c Revolution, 343, 436–438
Scorpion (Egyptian king), 33
Scotland, 114, 114 (map), 367
Scribes: Aztec, 146; Mayan, 141
Scripts: Arabic, 203; in Southeast Asia, 228. See
also Writing
Scrolls: in China, 258; in Japan, 275–276
Sculpture: African, 202, 202; from Ain Ghazal, 5;
Buddhist, 255; Egyptian, 18–19; Greek, 90–91,
92; Harappan, 31–32, 32; Hellenistic, 98–99,
101; Islamic, 179; in Japan, 275; Mayan, 139;
in Roman art, 115–116
Seals (written), Harappan, 32
Sea Peoples, 18
in, 113; frontiers of, 113–115, 114 (map);
Germanic peoples in, 287; at height, 112–117;
Jews and, 120–121; provinces in, 113–115,
114 (map); religion in, 119–121; silk and,
127; slaves in, 115, 117, 118; trade and, 118,
209; women in, 116, 116, 117. See also Roman
Republic; Rome (ancient); Western Roman
Empire
Romania, 113
Roman law, codi cation of, 312–313
Romanov family, 378
Roman Republic, 106–112; decline and fall of,
111–112; First Triumvirate in, 112; Hellenistic
world and, 111; Mediterranean region and,
110–111, 110 (map); Punic Wars and, 111.
See also Roman Empire; Rome (ancient);
speci c rulers
Romanus IV (Byzantine Empire), 320
Rome (ancient), 105–106; Egypt and, 18;
Etruscans and, 106; Greece and, 107; invasions
of, 118; legendary founding of, 106–107;
military in, 107, 111–112, 113, 118, 119.
See also Roman Empire; Roman Republic
Rome (city), 107 (map), 115, 117; papacy and,
287; sacks of, 119
Romulus and Remus, 106
Romulus Augustulus (Rome), 119
Ronin (unemployed warriors), 426
Root crops, 5
Rose Garden (Sadi), 177
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 440
Royal Road, 25
Rubaiyat (Omar Khayyam), 177
Rubber, 136
Rubens, Peter Paul, 381
Rubicon, Caesar at, 112
Rugs: in Middle East, 180; Ottoman, 394
“Rule of the shes,” 47
Rules of Saint Benedict, 287–288
Rumi (poet), 177
Rural areas: in Arab Empire, 172; in China, 124,
245; in Europe, 443; in Japan, 266
Rus people, 301, 302
Russia, 301–302, 449 (map); absolutism in, 378;
Catherine the Great in, 448; China and, 416;
Christianity in, 301, 301 (map); invasions of,
301; Jews in, 324; Mongols in, 302; Napoleon
and, 457; reforms in, 378; religion in, 317, 329;
Seven Years’ War and, 450; Slavs and, 300;
Vikings in, 300–301. See also speci c wars
Saba (Sheba), 185
al-Sabahh, Hasan, 167
Sacks: of Constantinople, 320, 321, 322, 386–
387, 388; of Delhi, 401; of Kiev, 301–302;
of Rome, 119
Sacraments, 303
“Sacred Edict” (Kangxi), 427
Sacri ce: in India, 41. See also Human sacri ce
Sadi (Persia author), 177
Safavids, 388, 391, 394–397, 395 (map), 397, 398
Sa al-Din, 394