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3. From “ e History of Wei,” quoted in ibid., p. 10.
4. From “ e Law of Households,” quoted in ibid., p. 32.
5. From “On the Salvation of Women,” quoted in ibid., p. 127.
6. Quoted in B. Ruch, “ e Other Side of Culture in Medieval Japan,” in
K. Yamamura, ed., e Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 3, Medieval
Japan (Cambridge, 1990), p. 506.
7. K. W. Taylor, e Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley, Calif., 1983), p. 76.
8. Quoted in ibid., pp. 336–337.
9. Confucius, Analects, 17:2.
CHAPTER 12
1. Norman F. Cantor, ed., e Medieval World, 300–1300 (New York,
1963), p. 104.
2. Alessandro Barbero, Charlemagne: Father of a Continent, trans. Allan
Cameron (Berkeley, Calif., 2004), p. 4.
3. Quoted in Marvin Perry, Joseph Peden, and eodore Von Laue,
Sources of the Western Tradition, vol. 1 (Boston, 1987), p. 218.
4. Oliver J. atcher and Edgar H. McNeal, eds., A Source Book for
Medieval History (New York, 1905), p. 208.
5. Quoted in R. H. C. Davis, A History of Medieval Europe from Constantine
to Saint Louis, 2nd ed. (New York, 1988), p. 252.
6. Quoted in Hans E. Mayer, e Crusades, trans. John Gillingham (New
York, 1972), pp. 99–100.
CHAPTER 13
1. Quoted in P. Cesaretti, eodora: Empress of Byzantium, trans.
R. M. Frongia (New York, 2004), p. 197.
2. Procopius, Buildings of Justinian (London, 1897), pp. 9, 6–7.
3. Quoted in J. Harris, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium
(New York, 2007), p. 118.
4. Quoted in C. S. Bartsocas, “Two Fourteenth-Century Descriptions of
the ‘Black Death,’” Journal of the History of Medicine (October 1966),
p. 395.
5. Quoted in M. Dols, e Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, N.J.,
1977), p. 270.
6. G. Boccaccio, e Decameron, trans. F. Winwar (New York, 1955),
p. xiii.
7. J. Froissart, Chronicles, ed. and trans. G. Brereton (Harmondsworth,
England, 1968), p. 111.
8. Ibid., p. 89.
9. Quoted in J. Burckhardt, e Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy,
trans. S. G. C. Middlemore (London, 1960), p. 81.
CHAPTER 14
1. From A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama (London, 1898),
cited in J. H. Parry, e European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents
(New York, 1968), p. 82.
2. H. J. Benda and J. A. Larkin, eds., e World of Southeast Asia: Selected
Historical Readings (New York, 1967), p. 13.
3. Parry, European Reconnaissance, quoting from A. Cortesão, e Summa
Oriental of Tomé Pires, vol. 2 (London, 1944), pp. 283, 287.
4. Quoted in J. H. Parry, e Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery,
Exploration, and Settlement, 1450 to 1650 (New York, 1963), p. 33.
5. Quoted in R. B. Reed, “ e Expansion of Europe,” in
R. DeMolen, ed., e Meaning of the Renaissance and Reformation
(Boston, 1974), p. 308.
6. K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An
Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985),
p. 65.
7. Quoted in M. Leon-Portilla, ed., e Broken Spears: e Aztec Account
of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1969), p. 51.
8. Quoted in Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, pp. 176–177.
9. Quoted in B. Davidson, Africa in History: emes and Outlines
(London, 1968), p. 137.
3. F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, trans., Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the
Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twel h and irteenth Centuries, Entitled
Chu-fan-chi (New York, 1966), p. 115.
4. al-Mas’udi, e Meadows of Gold: e Abbasids, ed. P. Lunde and
C. Stone (London, 1989), p. 151.
5. Quoted in G. Wiet, Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate, trans.
S. Feiler (Norman, Okla., 1971), pp. 118–119.
6. L. Africanus, e History and Description of Africa and of the Notable
ings erein Contained (New York, n.d.), pp. 820–821.
7. E. Yarshater, ed., Persian Literature (Albany, N.Y., 1988), pp. 125–126.
8. Ibid., pp. 154–159.
9. E. Rehatsek, trans., e Gulistan or Rose Garden of Sa’di (New York,
1964), pp. 65, 67, 71.
CHAPTER 8
1. S. Hamdun and N. King, eds., Ibn Battuta in Africa (London, 1975), p. 19.
2. e Book of Duarte Barbosa (Nedeln, Liechtenstein, 1967), p. 28.
3. Herodotus, e Histories, trans. A. de Sélincourt (Baltimore, 1964), p. 307.
4. Quoted in M. Shinnie, Ancient African Kingdoms (London, 1965), p. 60.
5. C. R. Boxer, ed., e Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622 (Cambridge,
1959), pp. 121–122.
6. Quoted in D. Nurse and T. Spear, e Swahili: Reconstructing the
History and Language of an African Society 800–1500 (Philadelphia,
1985), p. 84.
7. Hamdun and King, Ibn Battuta in Africa, p. 47.
8. Ibid., p. 28.
9. Ibid., pp. 28–30.
CHAPTER 9
1. Hiuen Tsiang, Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, trans.
S. Beal (London, 1982), pp. 89–90.
2. “Fo-Kwo-Ki” (Travels of Fa Xian), ch. 20, p. 43, in ibid.
3. E. C. Sachau, Alberoni’s India, vol. 1 (London, 1914), p. 22.
4. Quoted in S. M. Ikram, Muslim Civilization in India (New York, 1964),
p. 68.
5. Hiuen Tsiang, Si-Yu-Ki, pp. 73–74.
6. D. Barbosa, e Book of Duarte Barbosa (Nedeln, Liechtenstein, 1967),
pp. 147–148.
7. Quoted in R. Lannoy, e Speaking Tree: A Study of Indian Culture and
Society (London, 1971), p. 232.
8. Quoted in S. aru and K. Lalita, Women Writing in India, vol. 1 (New
York, 1991), p. 77.
9. Quoted in A. L. Basham, e Wonder at Was India (London, 1954),
p. 426.
10. Quoted in S. Hughes and B. Hughes, Women in World History, vol. 1
(Armonk, N.Y., 1995), p. 217.
CHAPTER 10
1. e Travels of Marco Polo (New York, n.d.), pp. 128, 179.
2. Quoted in A. F. Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History (Stanford, Calif.,
1959), p. 30.
3. Chu-yu, P’ing-chow Table Talks, quoted in R. Temple, e Genius of
China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention (New York,
1986), p. 150.
4. Quoted in E. H. Schafer, e Golden Peaches of Samarkand:
A Study of T’ang Exotics (Berkeley, Calif., 1963), p. 43.
5. Quoted in J. K. Fairbank, E. O. Reischauer, and A. M. Craig, East Asia:
Tradition and Transformation (Boston, 1973), p. 164.
6. A. M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (Cambridge, 1983), p. 241.
CHAPTER 11
1. Cited in C. Holcombe, e Genesis of East Asia, 221 b.c.–a.d. 907
(Honolulu, 2001), p. 41.
2. Quoted in D. J. Lu, Sources of Japanese History, vol. 1 (New York, 1974), p. 7.
484 CHAPTER NOTES
3. Lynn Struve, e Southern Ming, 1644–1662 (New Haven, Conn.,
1984), p. 61.
4. J. L. Cranmer-Byng, An Embassy to China: Lord Macartney’s Journal,
1793–1794 (London, 1912), p. 340.
5. Daniel J. Boorstin, e Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know
His World and Himself (New York, 1983), p. 63.
6. C. R. Boxer, ed., South China in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1953),
p. 265.
7. Chie Nakane and Sinzaburo Oishi, eds., Tokugawa Japan (Tokyo, 1990),
p. 14.
8. Quoted in Jurgis Elisonas, “Christianity and the Daimyo,” in John
Whitney Hall, ed., e Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4 (Cambridge,
1991), p. 360.
9. Engelbert Kaempfer, e History of Japan: Together with a Description
of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–1692, vol. 2 (Glasgow, 1906),
pp. 173–174.
10. Quoted in Ryusaku Tsunda et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition (New
York, 1964), p. 313.
CHAPTER 18
1. J. Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (New York, 1964),
pp. 89–90.
2. Quoted in P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, rev. ed.
(New York, 1994), p. 186.
3. Quoted in W. Doyle, e Oxford History of the French Revolution
(Oxford, 1989), p. 184.
4. Quoted in L. Gershoy, e Era of the French Revolution (Princeton, N.J.,
1957), p. 157.
5. Quoted in Doyle, e Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 254.
CHAPTER 15
1. N. Machiavelli, e Prince, trans. D. Wootton (Indianapolis, Ind., 1995),
p. 48.
2. Quoted in R. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York,
1950), p. 144.
3. J. Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. J. Allen
(Philadelphia, 1936), vol. 1, p. 228; vol. 2, p. 181.
4. Quoted in B. S. Anderson and J. P. Zinsser, A History of eir Own:
Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present, vol. 1 (New York,
1988), p. 259.
5. Quoted in J. O’Malley, e First Jesuits (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), p. 76.
6. Quoted in J. Klaits, Servants of Satan: e Age of Witch Hunts
(Bloomington, Ind., 1985), p. 68.
CHAPTER 16
1. Vincent A. Smith, e Oxford History of India (Oxford, 1967), p. 341.
2. Quoted in Michael Edwardes, A History of India: From the Earliest
Times to the Present Day (London, 1961), p. 188.
3. Quoted in Edwardes, History of India, p. 220.
4. Quoted in Roy C. Craven, Indian Art: A Concise History (New York,
1976), p. 205.
CHAPTER 17
1. From Jonathan D. Spence, Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang Hsi
(New York, 1974), pp. 143–144.
2. Richard Strassberg, e World of K’ang Shang-jen: A Man of Letters in
Early Ch’ing China (New York, 1983), p. 275.
Chapter Notes 485
MAP CREDITS
e authors wish to acknowledge their use of the following
books as references in preparing the maps listed here:
MAP 3.1 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), p. 63.
MAP 5.4 Hammond Past Worlds: e Times Atlas of Archeology,
(Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1988), pp. 190–191.
MAP 5.5 Conrad Schirokauer, A Brief History of Chinese
and Japanese Civilizations, 2nd ed. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1989), p. 52.
MAP 6.3 Michael Coe, Dean Snow and Elizabeth Benson, Atlas
of Ancient America (New York: Facts on File, 1988), p. 144.
MAP 6.4 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), p. 47.
MAP 6.5 Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Atlas of World
Exploration (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), p. 35.
MAP 6.6 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), p. 47.
MAP 7.3 Geoffrey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), pp. 134–135.
MAP 7.4 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), p. 135.
MAP 8.1 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), pp. 44–45.
MAP 8.4 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), pp. 136–137.
MAP 9.2 Michael Edwardes, A History of India (London:
ames and Hudson, 1961), p. 79.
MAP 10.1 John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert
M. Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston:
Houghton Mi in, 1973), p. 103.
SPOT MAP, PAGE 239 Albert Hermann, An Historical Atlas of
China (Chicago: Aidine, 1966), p. 13.
MAP 11.1 John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert
M. Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston:
Houghton Mi in, 1973), p. 363.
MAP 14.1 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History (Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Inc., 1978), p. 160.
MAP 16.3 Geo rey Barraclough, ed., Times Atlas of World
History
(Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond, Inc., 1978), p. 173.
MAP 17.1 Jonathan Spence, e Search for Modern China
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 19.
MAP 17.2 Conrad Schirokauer, A Brief History of Chinese
and Japanese Civilizations, 2nd ed. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1989), p. 330.
MAP 17.3 John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert
M. Craig, East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston:
Houghton Mi in, 1973), pp. 402–403.
486
INDEX
Italicized page numbers show the locations
of illustrations.
Abbas I the Great (Safavids), 395, 396, 397
Abbasid Empire, 164–166, 165 (map), 167
(map), 171, 174, 215, 296, 320
Abbesses, 288
Abbots, 288
Abd al-Rathman (Umayyad), 169
Absolutism: in central and eastern Europe,
377–378; enlightened, 448; in France,
375–377; in Russia, 378
Abu al-Abbas (Abbasid), 164
Abu Bakr (Muslim caliph), 162
Academies: in China, 241; Islamic, 175;
of Plato (Athens), 92
Achaemenid family, 24
Achilles (Greek hero), 82, 96
Acre, fall to Muslims, 168
Acropolis (Athens), 83
Actium, Battle of, 112
Act of Supremacy (England), 367, 370
Adal (Muslim state), 192, 193
Administration. See Government
Adrianople: battle at, 119
Adriatic Sea region, 106
Adulis (port), 185
Adultery: in Islamic world, 174
Adventures of Marco Polo ( lm), 251, 251
Aegean Sea region, 80, 88
Aegospotami, battle at, 89
Aeneid, e (Virgil), 115
Aeolian Greeks, 82
Aequi: Rome and, 108
Aeschylus, 90
A onso of Congo, 348
Afghanistan, 208, 215; as Bactria, 47; Greek
culture and, 98
Africa: ancient, 185 (map); arts in, 201, 201–204;
Bantu-speaking peoples of, 133; Carthage and,
110, 110 (map), 111; Central, 187; civilizations
of, 183–191; culture in, 201–204; Dutch in,
346; East, 187–191, 193; economy in, 350–351;
Europeans and, 345–351; gold in, 336, 339,
346; human origins in, 3; Islam in, 191–198,
191 (map); literature in, 203–204; migration
to Americas from, 135; music of, 202–203;
Ottomans in, 388; peoples of, 184; politics in,
350–351; Portugal and, 338, 339; religions in,
191; rock art in, 187, 190, 201; Sahara region,
187; slavery in, 200–201, 339, 346–350;
society in, 199–201, 350–351; states in, 197
(map); storytelling in, 202–203; trade and,
Algeria, 388
Algiers, 388
Alhambra, 170, 178, 179
Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law), 162–163
Ali, Haidar, 403
Allah, 157, 158, 160, 161
Alliances: Iroquois, 153. See also speci c
alliances
Almohads, 165 (map), 176
Almoravids, 170, 176
Alphabet: Phoenician, 21, 82. See also Writing
al-Qaeda, 167
Altaic-speaking people, 277
Amaru (Indian poet), 224
Amaterasu (god), 264
Amazon River region (Amazonia), 146, 149, 154
Amendments: to U.S. Constitution, 447
Amenhotep IV (Egypt). See Akhenaten
American Indians. See Indians (Native
Americans)
American Revolution, 447
Americas, 134–154; Columbian Exchange
and, 343, 344, 419; Columbus in, 341; crops
from, 350; environmental changes in, 148;
Europeans in, 341–345, 345 (map); rst
peoples of, 135; gold and silver from, 443;
slave trade and, 346–347, 347 (map); stateless
societies in, 151–154; use of name, 341.
See also speci c colonizers and regions
Amerindians, 135, 151–152, 153. See also
Indians (Native Americans)
Amiens, 306
Amin (Abbasid), 165
Amir Khusrau (poet), 217
Amphitheaters, Roman, 117
Analects (Confucius), 53, 61, 62, 63, 75
Anasazi people, 153, 188
Anatolia, 20, 167, 167 (map), 320, 388, 395.
See also Turkey
Ancestors: in Africa, 191; in China, 56; in India,
38; in Japan, 271
Ancient world: trade routes in, 125 (map);
writing systems in, 34 (map). See also speci c
civilizations
Andalusia, 163, 169–170
al-Andaluz, 169–170. See also Spain
Andes region, 135, 149 (map), 341. See also
Peru; South America
Angevin Empire, 298
Angkor, 225, 226, 226 (map), 227, 228, 351, 431;
sacred rituals in, 229
Angkor om, 230
Angkor Wat, 230, 231
443; women in, 200, 203–204. See also speci c
regions and locations
Afrikaans dialect, 346
Afshar, Nadir Shah, 395–396
A erlife: in China, 56, 57. See also Pyramids;
Religion
Against Celsus (Origen), 123
Agamemnon (king of Mycenae), 82
Agatharchides (historian), 186
Age of Discovery, 335
Age of Exploration, 332, 335–343, 340 (map);
Islam and, 385–386; warships in, 338
Age of Pericles (Athens), 88
Agincourt, Battle of, 325
Agora, 84
Agra, 399, 401, 405–406
Agriculture: in Africa, 184; Americas and, 343,
444–445; in China, 59, 60, 70, 70–71, 124, 128,
242, 293; in Europe, 19, 292, 293, 373, 443;
Harappan, 31; in India, 30, 34–35, 221–222,
400; in Japan, 263, 264, 270; in Latin America,
136; Mayan, 139; Neolithic Revolution and,
4–6; in Roman Empire, 115, 119; in South
America, 146; in Southeast Asia, 225, 226,
355; technology and, 174; in Teotihuacán, 137;
in Vietnam, 279. See also Farms and Farming;
Irrigation
Ahriman (spirit), 26
Ahuramazda (god), 26
Ain Ghazal, statues from, 5
Ainu people, 264
Aix-la-Chapelle. See Charlemagne
Ajanta caves (India), 49, 223, 223
Akbar (Mughals), 397, 398 (map), 399, 400,
405–406
Akhenaten (Egypt), 17–18
Akkad and Akkadians, 9–10
Akkak, Moustapha, 160
Ala-ud-din (Tughluq monarchy), 217, 219
Albuquerque, Afonso de, 339
Alcohol, in China, 71, 245
Alexander ( lm), 99, 99
Alexander Nevsky, 302
Alexander the Great, 95–97, 96, 97 (map);
India and, 35, 35 (map), 96, 98; Judah and, 22
Alexandria, Egypt, 98, 100, 115, 175; bishops
of, 287
Alexius I (Byzantine Empire), 306
Alexius I Comnenus (Byzantine Empire),
167, 320
Alfonso VI (Castile), 170
Alfonso X (Castile), 176
Algebra, 176
487
488 INDEX
Napoleon and, 457; Ottomans and, 388;
Reformation and, 364
Austrian Empire: Habsburgs and, 378, 448
Authors. See Literature
Averroës, 176
Avicenna, 175–176
Avignon, papacy in, 326
Axial Age, 93, 93
Axum, 184, 185–187, 192, 203, 204
Ayuthaya, ailand, 335, 351, 353
Azania (East Africa), 193
Azerbaijan, 394, 395
Aztecs, 142–146, 269, 341, 343
Aztlán, 142
Babur (Mughals), 398
Babylon, 24; Alexander the Great and, 96;
Assyria and, 24; Chaldean, 24; Cyrus the
Great and, 24; Hammurabi in, 10–11; Judeans
in, 22
Babylonian captivity: of people of Judah, 22
Bactria, 47, 209, 210, 243
Badajoz, battle at, 170
Baghdad, 164, 165 (map), 168, 172, 249, 296,
297; “house of wisdom” in, 174; Safavids and,
394–395. See also Iraq
Baghdadi, Khatib, 166
Baili s, 293
Bakufu (Japan), 268, 425, 427
Balance of Truth, e (Chelebi), 392
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 356
Baldwin of Flanders, 320
Balearic Islands, 170
Balkan region: agriculture in, 19; Bulgars in,
314; Ottomans in, 321, 386, 388; Roman
control of, 113
Ball courts: Mayan, 139–141, 140
Baltic region, 378
Bamboo, 71
Bamiyan (town), 208, 208, 210
Bananas, 191
Bandar Abbas, 397
Bandiagara Escarpment, 188
Ban Gu (historian), 127
Banking, 172; in India, 40; in Japan, 426
Banners (Manchu military units), 415
Banpo (Pan P’o), China, 56
Bantu-speaking peoples, 133, 188, 346
Ban Zhao (historian), 127
Bao-jia system (China), 71
Barbary pirates, 388
Bards: African, 203
Barley, 5, 31, 40, 71
Barmakid family, 165
Baroque style, 380–381, 381
Barter: in China, 60; in Gupta India, 211
Basho (Japanese poet), 428–429
Basil II (Byzantine Empire), 319
Basilicas, 49
Bastille, 435, 451
Batavia (Jakarta), 351
Baths: in Mohenjo-Daro, 32; Roman, 116
Battles. See speci c battles and wars
Armor, 291
Arranged marriages. See Marriage
Art(s), 7; in Africa, 201, 201–204; in Andalusia,
170; Aztec, 145; Baroque, 380–381; Byzantine,
313, 314–315; in China, 73, 75, 127, 128, 238,
257–258; Dutch realism in, 381; Egyptian,
18–19; in Enlightenment, 441–442; in Greece,
90–91; in India, 48–50, 405, 405–406, 406;
Islamic, 178–180, 179; in Japan, 273–274,
275–276, 430; in Korea, 279; Mesopotamian,
11–12; Moche, 147; Ottoman, 393–394;
Paleolithic, 4; religious, 315; in Renaissance,
327; in Rome, 115–116; Safavid, 397. See also
Culture; speci c arts
Arthasastra (Kautilya), 35, 36, 39, 47, 222
Articles of Confederation, 447
Artisans: African, 199; European, 297; in India,
222
Aryans (India), 30, 32–40, 41
Asceticism, in India, 41–42
Ashanti kingdom and people (Ghana), 191,
350–351, 419
Ashikaga shogunate (Japan), 269–270
Ashoka (India), 46, 46 (map), 48, 49, 204
Ashurbanipal (Assyria), 24
Ashurnasirpal (Assyria), 23
Asia: Alexander the Great in, 35; Columbus and,
341; Europeans and, 337, 343–345; migration
into Americas from, 135; Mongols in, 247–
252, 250 (map); Red Sea and, 184; southern,
208–232. See also New Zealand; speci c
countries and regions
Asia Minor, 20, 22–23, 82, 164, 320, 321
Askia Mohammed (Songhai), 336
Assemblies, 87
Assyrian Empire, 22–23, 23 (map), 24; Israelites
in, 21–22
Astrolabe, 176, 243, 338
Astronomy, 436–438; Chavín society and, 147;
geocentric and heliocentric theories and, 436,
437; Mayan, 141; Moche, 147; Muslim, 176;
Stonehenge and, 20
Aten (god), 16
Athena (god), 93
Athens, 80, 87; Cleisthenes in, 87; democracy
in, 79, 88; empire of, 88; government of, 87,
88; intellectual thought in, 91–93; lifestyle
in, 94–95; navy of, 88; Pericles in, 79, 79–80;
Persia and, 87–88; philosophy in, 91–93,
100–101; Platonic Academy in, 175; Spartan
war with, 79–80, 89; women in, 95. See also
Greece
Atlantic Ocean region: Phoenician trade in, 21
Atman (soul), 44
Attica, 80, 87
Atum (Egyptian sun god), 14
Augustus (Octavian, Rome), 112, 113
Aurangzeb (Mughals), 398, 401
Australopithecines, 3
Austrasia, 287
Austria, 329, 449 (map); absolutism in, 378;
enlightened absolutism in, 448; French
Revolution and, 452; Hungary and, 392;
Anglican Church. See Church of England
Anglo-Saxons, in England, 297
Angola, 198, 349
Animals: in Americas, 155; domestication of, 5,
184; herding of, 187; Hindus and, 42; hunting
of, 3; in Roman games, 117
Animism, in China, 64–65
Anjou, 299
Annam, 279
Anne (England), 379
Antapodosis (Liudprand of Cremona), 318
Antigone (Sophocles), 90
Antioch, 306, 320; bishops of, 287
Anti-Semitism. See Jews and Judaism
Antony, Mark, 112
Anyang, China, 55–56, 57
Apache people, 153
Aphrodite (god), 94
Apollo (god), 94
Apostles (Christian), 121, 287
Appenines, 106
Appian Way (Via Appia, Rome), 109
Aqueducts, Roman, 113, 116
Aquinas. See omas Aquinas
Aquitaine, 299, 325
Arabia, 114, 158
Arabian Nights, e, 177
Arabian peninsula, 133, 162, 192
Arabic language, 166, 174, 175, 176, 203; poetry
in, 176–177
Arabic numerals, 50, 176, 255
Arabs and Arab world, 133, 162–167; Byzantine
Empire and, 317; Islam and, 158, 169,
174–180, 214; in North Africa, 163, 164,
191–192; veiling in, 174, 175; wealth of, 172.
See also Islam; Israel; Middle East; Muslims
Aragon, 328
Aramaic writing, 35
Arawak people, 153–154
Arch, 116, 305
Archbishop, 287
Archimedean screw, 100
Archimedes of Syracuse, 99–100
Architecture: in Africa, 203; Baroque, 380;
in China, 245, 421, 421–422; in Greece,
90–91, 91; Hellenistic, 98; in India, 48–50,
405, 405–406; Indian rock architecture, 223,
223–224; Inkan, 149, 151; Islamic, 178, 179,
180; in Japan, 275, 276, 276; in Korea, 278;
Ottoman, 393, 393–394; Roman, 116; Safavid,
397; in Southeast Asia, 229–230
Aristocracy: in Athens, 88; in China, 56–57, 67;
in Europe, 291, 292–293; in Greece, 85, 87; in
India, 36–37; in Japan, 267, 268; in Rome, 108,
111; Safavid, 396; in Southeast Asia, 228. See
also Nobility
Aristotle, 92–93, 175, 305
Armada (Spain), 370
Armaments. See Weapons
Armed forces. See Military; Navy; Wars and
warfare; speci c wars and battles
Armenia and Armenians: Seljuk Turks in, 166
Armenian Christians, 391
Index 489
dynasty in, 317–319; military in, 317–319;
Ottomans and, 169; painting of Jesus and
Virgin Mary from, 44; politics in, 317–319;
revival of, 320–321; Seljuk Turks and,
166–167; western view of, 318. See also
Eastern Roman Empire; Roman Empire;
speci c rulers
Byzantium, 85, 119, 315. See also Constantinople
Cabot, John, 340 (map), 341
Cabral, John, 402
Cabral, Pedro, 341
Cacao (kakaw), 138, 343
Cactus Hill, Virginia, 135
Caesar, Julius, 112, 112
Cahokia, 153
Cairo, 169, 191, 296, 297, 388
Calakmul (city), 139
Calcutta (Kolkata), 401, 402
Calendar: Caesar and, 112; Mayan, 141;
Sumerian, 12
Calicut (Kozhikode, India), 334, 334, 339
Caliphs and caliphate, 162, 168; Abbasid,
164–165, 171; of Abd Al-Rahman, 169–170;
in Ottoman Empire, 388, 391; Umayyad, 163.
See also speci c caliphs and caliphates
Calligraphy: Arabic, 179; Chinese, 258; Mughal,
406
Calpullis (Aztec kin groups), 143
Calvin, John, and Calvinism, 365–367
Cambodia, 351, 353; Vietnam and, 431
Cambyses (Persian Empire), 24
Camels, 19, 40, 172, 187, 188, 190
Campania, 106
Canaan, 23
Canada, 446, 450
Canals: of Chimor people, 147–148; in China,
60, 68, 237
Cannae, battle at, 111
Cannon, 325, 386–387
Canton, 68, 244, 415, 417
Cao Cao (Ts’ao Ts’ao) (China), 128
Cape Guardafui, 184, 189
Cape Horn, 343 (map)
Cape of Good Hope, 184, 199, 205, 339, 344, 346
Capet, Hugh, 299
Capetian dynasty (France), 299
Cape Verde, 184, 350
Capital cities: of Arab Empire, 164; in China, 58;
in Japan, 267
Capitalism: American trade and, 343;
commercial, 294, 373, 443; European
expansionism and, 337; in Japan, 425–426
Caracalla (Rome), 114; baths of, 116
Caral, Peru, 7–8, 8 (map), 146
Caravans, 172, 173, 187, 188; Bedouin, 158; Indian
trade and, 40; plague and, 321–322; along Silk
Road, 115, 125, 243; in West Africa, 195
Caravels, 338
Caribbean region, 153, 341, 342, 345
Carlowitz, Treaty of, 392
Carnival, 442
Bosporus, 85, 386
Boundaries. See Borders; Frontiers
Bourbon dynasty (France), 370, 373, 377, 458
Bourgeois/bourgeoisie, 294; in France, 450–451,
457
Brahman (god), 37, 42
Brahman (Hindu Great World Soul), 42, 43
Brahmanism, Hinduism and, 42
Brahmaputra River region, 399
Brahmin class, 37, 41, 42; in Angkor, 228;
education of, 214; in India, 213, 221
Brandenburg-Prussia, 377–378
Braudel, Fernand, 387
Brazil, 341, 445; African slaves in, 346–347;
Portuguese government of, 345
“Bread and Circuses” (Rome), 117
Bride price, 246
Britain. See England (Britain)
British, use of term, 446
British East India Company, 345, 401, 402, 417
British Empire, 447. See also Colonies and
colonization; Independence; speci c locations
Brittany, 299
Bronze, 7; in Asia, 58; axhead from, 58;
in China, 57, 72–73, 73, 75, 127
Bronze Age, 7; in China, 56; in Minoan Crete,
80; in northeastern Asia, 277; in Vietnam, 279
Bruges, 297
Bubonic plague, 321–324, 443
Buddha, 43–46, 44; portrayals of, 101, 208,
210, 278
Buddhism, 355; in China, 127, 133, 236, 254;
Hinayana, 212; in India, 30, 43–46, 210–214;
in Japan, 267, 270, 271, 273; kingship in, 353;
in Korea, 278, 278, 279; Mahayana, 212–213;
a er Siddhartha, 211–212; in Southeast Asia,
226, 229; spread of, 209–210; eravada, 212
Building: in Rome, 116. See also Architecture;
Housing
Bulgaria, 319
Bulgarians, 300
Bulgars, 314, 317, 319, 386
Bullion (gold and silver), 373
Bureaucracy: Abbasid, 164–166; in China, 56,
62, 67, 69, 122–124, 241; in Europe, 374; in
France, 299, 457; in Korea, 431; in Roman
Empire, 113
Burghers, 363
Burgundy, 287, 299
Burial mounds: in Cahokia, 153; in China, 56
Burma (Myanmar), 225, 226, 351, 353, 355
Bushido (way of the warrior, Japan), 268
Business: women in, 404
Buxar: battle at, 402
Byelorussians, 300
Byzantine Empire, 167 (map), 311–312, 314
(map), 317 (map); Arabs and, 162, 191–192;
Christianity in, 300, 314–315; Crusades
and, 167–168, 306–308, 320; decline and
fall of, 319–321, 386–387, 388; economy of,
317; European trade with, 294; height of
civilization of, 317–319; Islam and, 163–164;
Justinian in, 312–314, 312 (map); Macedonian
Bayazid I (Ottoman Turks), 386
Bay of Naples, 115
Bazaars, 296
Bedouins, 158, 162, 176; rugs of, 178
Beijing, 421; imperial city in, 421, 421–422;
as Khanbaliq, 249, 251–252, 252 (map)
Belgium, 294; Napoleon in, 458
Belgrade, Ottoman Turks and, 388
Belisarius (general), 312, 315
Benares (Varanasi), 45, 210
Benedict (Saint), and Benedictines, 287–288,
303
Bengal, 222, 403
Benin, 202, 339, 351
Berbers, 163, 164, 170, 176, 187, 192, 200
Berengar (Italy), 318
Berenike, Egypt, 173
Bering Strait, migration across, 135
Bernard of Clairvaux (Saint), 307
Beys (governors), 386, 388, 390
Bhagavad Gita, 29–30, 48
Bhaja (Indian rock chamber), 49
Bhakti (devotion), 213
Bible, 363, 364. See also Hebrew Bible;
New Testament
“Big man,” in Africa, 200
Bill of Rights: in England, 379, 380; in U.S., 447
“Biography of a Great Man, e,” 240
Bipedalism, 3
al-Biruni (historian), 215
Bishops (Christian), 287, 303, 451–452
Black Death (plague, Europe), 321–324, 323
Black Hole of Calcutta, 402
Black pottery culture: in China, 54
Black Sea region, 81 (map), 85, 119, 294
Blast furnace, 242
Blues (faction), 311, 313–314
Bodhi (wisdom), 44
Bodhisattva, 212
Boeotia, 80
Boers, 346
Bohemia, 300, 364, 373, 378
Bokhara, 394, 395
Boleyn, Anne, 367
Bologna, Italy, university in, 304
Bombay. See Mumbai (Bombay)
Boniface VIII (Pope), 325–326
Bonsai, 276
Book of Changes. See Yi Jing (I Ching)
Book of History (China), 71, 75
Book of Kells, e, 316
Book of Mencius, e, 63
Book of Songs, e (China), 59, 72, 75
Book of Xunzi, e, 63
Books: burning in Qin China, 68; in China, 256,
412; in Islamic world, 175; in Middle Ages,
304; printing of, 363
Borders: of China, 416, 416 (map). See also
Frontiers
Borneo, 336
Borobudar, temple of, 220, 230
Borodino, battle at, 457
Bosnia, 391
490 INDEX
in, 72, 246–247, 420; writing in, 33, 55, 56,
57, 67, 74–75; Xiongnu people in, 68–69;
Yellow River region in, 7, 54, 58. See also
Japan; Korea; Taiwan; Vietnam; speci c rulers,
dynasties, and empires
Chinampas, 137, 138
China Sea, 55
Chinese language: in Japan, 274
Chinggis Khan. See Genghis Khan
Chinoiserie (Chinese art), 422
Chocolate, 138
Chola kingdom (India), 209, 211, 227
Chonmin (Korean slave class), 279, 431
Christ: Jesus as, 121
Christian humanism, 363
Christianity: in Andalusia, 170; in Axum, 192,
203; in Byzantine Empire, 314–315; in China,
411–412, 414; of Clovis, 287; conversion to,
287–288, 350; Coptic, 186–187; Crusades
and, 167–168; Diderot on, 440; in Japan,
423–424; in Korea, 431; in Latin America, 445;
in medieval Europe, 287–291, 300, 302–303;
in Middle Ages, 287–291; origins of, 121; in
Roman world, 121–122, 123; scholasticism
and, 304–305; in Slavic Europe, 300, 301;
spread of, 121–122, 289; in Vietnam, 431;
Vikings and, 290; western vs. eastern church,
317. See also Conversion; Reformation;
speci c groups
Chronicle of the First Crusade (Fulcher of
Chartres), 168
Chronicles of Japan, e, 266, 267
Chronographia (Michael Psellus), 319
Church(es): Christian, 122; in Latin America,
445; power of state and, 303; of San Vitale
(Ravenna), 313. See also speci c religions
Church of England, 367, 379
Cicero, 116–117, 120, 326
Cincinnatus, 108
Cinnamon, 190–191
Cistercian order, 303
Cities and towns: ancient, 2; in Arab world, 172;
in China, 71–72, 127, 245, 296; European,
294–297, 297, 307–308, 443; Hellenistic,
98; Inkan, 149; Islamic, 170, 296; in Japan,
425–426; medieval, 294–297, 296, 297;
Mesoamerican, 136–138, 146, 146 (map);
in Roman Empire, 114–115; third estate and,
363. See also Villages
Citizens and citizenship: in Athens, 88, 94;
in France, 451; in medieval cities, 294–295; in
Rome, 110, 114
City-states: in Greece, 80, 83–85; in Mesopotamia,
8–9; Sumerian, 8–9
Civil Code (France), 455
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (France),
451–452
Civilization(s), xxxii–1, 2; in Africa, 183–191;
of Central America, 135–146; characteristics
of, 7; emergence of, 7–8; European, 19–20,
302–303, 356; Harappan (India), 30–32;
Islamic, 171–180; in Mesopotamia, 7, 8–12;
Mycenaean, 81–82; river valley, 2–3, 6;
Chau Ju-kua (Chinese o cial), 227
Chavín society, 146–147
Chelebi, Katib, 392
Chemical warfare, 387
Chenla (state), 226
Chennai. See Madras (Chennai)
Chichén Itzá, 142
Chicken pox, 419
Chie ains: in Southeast Asia, 228
Children: Aztec, 143; in China, 70–71, 420;
in Code of Hammurabi, 11; in India, 39;
in Ottoman Empire, 390
Chile, 149
Chimor kingdom, 147–148, 149
China, 53–54, 122–128, 126 (map); agriculture
in, 59, 60, 70, 70–71, 124, 128, 242, 293; arts
in, 73, 127, 128, 257–258, 420–422; Britain
and, 412, 416–417; bronzes in, 72–73, 73;
Buddhism in, 127, 133, 236; bureaucracy
in, 56, 62, 67, 69; Christian missionaries in,
411–412; cities in, 71–72, 296; civilization in,
7, 7 (map), 54–57; civil service examination
in, 240–241; commerce in, 133; Confucianism
in, 61–62, 122–124, 239–240, 250, 254,
410–411; culture in, 72–75, 127, 238–239,
256–258, 264, 420–422; Daoism and, 240;
dynastic histories in, 256; economy in, 59–60,
67–68, 124–126, 237, 242–244, 412–413;
European trade with, 294; expansion by, 411;
family in, 70–71, 72, 245–246, 419–420; foot
binding and, 246–247; foreign policy in, 68;
government of, 56, 59, 67, 240–241, 250–252;
Great Wall in, 69; “hundred schools” of
philosophy in, 60–65; industrialization and,
418–419; inward turning of, 253–254; iron
in, 72–73, 73; Japan and, 238, 263, 264–265,
276–277; Jesuit conversions in, 369; Korea
and, 430; land in, 54–55; language in, 74–75;
lifestyle in, 70, 70–72, 127, 245–247, 419–420;
local government in, 241–242; medieval,
252–254; metalwork in, 58; Mongols in, 55,
236, 239, 247–252, 248 (map); music in, 75;
neo-Confucianism in, 255–256; peasants in,
242, 413; people of, 54; Period of the Warring
States in, 79; philosophy in, 60–65; plague in,
321; politics in, 56, 59, 67, 239–240, 414–415;
Polo in, 235–236; popular culture in, 256–257;
population in, 69, 124, 128, 239, 242, 418–419;
Portugal and, 340, 411; printing in, 245, 255,
256, 363, 412; religions in, 60–61, 64–65, 127,
254–256; reuni cation of, 237–247; revolution
in, 452; rice in, 5, 60, 70; Roman Empire and,
209; rural areas in, 124, 245; Russia and, 416;
sciences in, 438; silk from, 315–317; society
in, 56–57, 59–60, 67–68, 127, 244–247, 256;
Southeast Asia and, 225; technology in, 57,
242, 255, 418–419; terraced farming in, 174;
Tibet and, 239, 416; trade in, 60, 115, 124–
125, 125 (map), 126–127, 242–244, 411–412,
413 (map), 415, 416–418; urban areas in, 242,
245; veneration of ancestors in, 56; Vietnam
and, 126, 279–282; Warring States period in,
65 (map); West and, 411, 415–418; women
Carolingian Empire, 288–289, 289 (map), 299
Carpini, John Plano, 249, 337
Carruca (plow), 292
Carthage, 110–111, 110 (map), 187, 192
Castes: in India, 36–38, 40, 46, 211, 220, 220,
221, 404; origin of term, 38
Castile, 170, 328
Castles: in Europe, 294; in Japan, 423; medieval,
169
Çatal Hüyük, 5
Cathedrals: Gothic, 305–306, 306
Catherine of Aragon, 367
Catherine the Great (Russia), 448
Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism
Catholic Reformation, 367–369
Cavalry: of Alexander the Great, 96; in India,
398
Cave art: in Dunhuang (China), 257–258;
Paleolithic, 4. See also Rock art
Cebu, Philippines, 344
Celadon pottery, 73
Celibate clergy, 367
Celsus (philosopher), 123
Central Africa, 187, 198; Bantu-speaking
peoples of, 133; farming in, 5
Central America, 134, 135–146, 341, 342;
civilizations of, 135–146; peoples and cultures
of, 146 (map). See also Americas; South
America; speci c countries
Central Asia, 133; China and, 55, 126, 127, 252,
411; civilizations of, 7, 7 (map); European
trade with, 294; Mongol Empire in, 247–252
Central Europe, 328–329; absolutism in,
377–378; Protestantism in, 367; Slavic peoples
of, 299–301
Centuriate assembly (Rome), 108
Ceramics: in China, 73, 258. See also Porcelain;
Pottery
Ceremonies: Mayan, 139; Olmec, 136
Ceylon. See Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 153
Chaeronea, Battle of, 95
Chaghadai khanate, 249
Chaldeans, 22, 23, 24
Champa, 226 (map), 279–280, 281, 431
Chan Buddhism, 254, 273. See also Zen
Buddhism (Japan)
Chandragupta (India), 211
Chandragupta II (India), 224
Chandragupta Maurya (India), 35–36, 46, 211
Chang’an, China, 127, 237, 239, 239, 244, 296
Chao Phraya River region, 225, 226
Chapels: France, 49; rock (India), 49
Chariots, 56, 311, 313, 387
Charlemagne, 286, 288–289, 289 (map), 290
Charles I (England), 379
Charles I (Spain), as Charles V (Holy Roman
Empire), 364
Charles II (England), 379
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), 361, 364, 370
Charles VII (France), 325
Charles Martel, Arabs and, 163
Chartres, 306
Index 491
Coronation of Napoleon, e (David), 456
Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian), 312
Corsica, 106, 455
Cortés, Hernán, 323, 337, 341, 341 (map)
Cosmology: Aztec, 144–145; Buddhist, 212;
Newtonian, 437–438. See also Gods and
goddesses; Religion
Cottage industry, 350, 443
Cotton: in China, 242; in India, 222, 401;
in Japan, 426
Council of elders: Spartan, 87
Council of the Indies, 342
Council of the plebs (Rome), 108–109
Councils (Christian): of Clermont, 306;
of Constance, 326; of Trent, 369
Courts (royal): in China, 124; in England,
297–298; in France, 376–377; Ottoman, 390
Covenant (Jewish), 22
Cra s: in European cities, 297, 297
Cranmer, omas, 367
Crassus (Rome), 112
Creation myths: Japanese, 264; Mayan, 140
Crécy, Battle of, 325
Credit, in China, 242
“Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews, e”
(Von Königshofen), 324
Crete, 16, 18, 82, 170, 319, 320; ideographs from,
33; Minoan, 80–81, 82 (map)
Crime and criminals: in medieval cities, 296;
Roman gladiators and, 117
Croatia, 378
Croats, 300
Croesus (Lydia), 94
Cromwell, Oliver, 379
Crops: in Abbasid Empire, 164; American in
Africa, 350; in Americas, 135; in China,
60, 128; Columbian Exchange and, 419;
in European Middle Ages, 292; in India, 40,
222; in Japan, 264, 270, 426; in New Guinea,
243; in Stone Age Nubia, 184–185. See also
Agriculture; speci c crops
Crossbow, 325
Cruci xion: of Jesus, 121; of Roman slaves, 117
Crusader states, 294, 307
Crusades, 167–168, 170, 294, 306–308, 307,
320, 337; Byzantine Empire and, 320; castles
and, 169
Cruz, Juana Inés de la (Sor Juana), 445, 445
Cuba: Columbus in, 341
Cultivation, of plants, 5
Cults: Greek religion and, 93
Cultural exchange: in Africa, 187
Culture(s): African, 201–204; Aztec, 145–146;
Chavín society and, 146–147; in China,
72–75, 127, 238–239, 244, 256–258, 264,
420–422; Egyptian, 18–19; in Enlightenment,
441–442; European, 380–381; European-
Polynesian, 352; Greek, 88; Harappan, 31–32;
Hellenistic, 96–97, 98–101; in High Middle
Ages, 304–306, 306; in India, 47–50, 222–225,
404–406; Inkan, 150–151; Islamic, 170,
174–180, 176; in Japan, 273–276, 428–430;
Mesopotamian, 11–12; of Mongols, 250–251;
222, 399, 404; in Japan, 270, 426; in Kush, 185;
Rome and, 115; in Southeast Asia, 353–355.
See also Trade
Commercial capitalism, 294, 373, 443
Committee of Public Safety (France), 453–454,
455
Common law (England), 298
Common people. See ird estate
Commonwealth: in England, 379
Commune (Paris), 453
Communication: in Assyrian Empire, 23; in
China, 245; global network of, 332; among
Inka, 149, 149 (map); in Persian Empire, 25;
technology and, 243
Compass, 255, 338
Concordat of Worms, 303
Concubines: in China, 245, 246
Confederation of the Rhine, 457
Confucianism: Buddhism and, 213; in China,
61–62, 69, 122–124, 127, 236, 239–240,
250, 254, 410–411; Christianity and, 412;
commandments of, 427; Neo-Confucianism
and, 240; in Vietnam, 280, 282; women and, 72
Confucius, 53, 53–54, 61, 61, 62, 63
Congo, 351
Congo River region, 184, 198–199
Conquest of New Spain, e (Díaz), 144
Conquistadors, 341
Consistory (Geneva), 367
Constance, Council of, 326
Constantine (Rome), 118, 119, 122
Constantine VII (Byzantine Empire), 318
Constantinople, 119, 119 (map), 296, 297, 311,
314; Arab siege of, 314; in Crusades, 307;
rebuilding of, 313; sacks of, 320, 321, 322,
386–387, 388; trade in, 315–317. See also
Byzantium; Istanbul
Constitution(s): in England, 439; in France,
451–452; in U.S., 447
Constitutional monarchy: in England, 379–380
Consulate (France), 455
Continent: Africa as, 184
Continental Congress: Second, 447
Continental Europe: legal system of, 313
Continental System, 457
Convents. See Monks and monasticism; Nuns
Conversion: to Christianity, 133, 287–288, 343,
350, 351–352, 369, 414, 445; to Islam, 162,
169, 170, 391, 396. See also Missions and
missionaries
Convivéncia (commingling), 170
Cook, James, 356
Cook Islands, 231
Copán, 138, 141
Copernicus, Nicholas, 436, 437
Copper and copper industry, 7; in Asia, 58;
in India, 40
Coptic Christianity, 186–187, 191
Córdoba, 170; mosque at, 178, 179
Corinthian order, 91
Corn, 343
Cornwallis (Lord), 447
Coronation, of Charlemagne, 289
of South America, 7–8, 146–151; in southern
Asia, 208–232; spread to new areas, 132–133;
trade and, 173, 173; writing and, 6–7, 33.
See also Culture(s); speci c civilizations
Civil law, Roman, 107
Civil service: Byzantine, 317
Civil service examination: in China, 47, 240–241;
in Japan, 276–277; in Korea, 278, 430; in
Vietnam, 280–281
Civil war(s): in France, 370; in Rome, 118
Clans: in China, 56, 71, 420; in Japan, 264
Classes: African lineage groups and, 200; Aztec,
143–144; in China, 56–57; in Egypt, 18;
in Europe, 291, 292–293, 362–363, 443; in
France, 450; in India, 36–38, 221; in Islamic
society, 172; in Japan, 268, 271, 428; in
Korea, 278–279, 431; in Southeast Asia, 355;
Sumerian, 8–9. See also speci c classes
Classical age: in India, 211
Classical Greece, 80, 87–95; Byzantine thought
and, 315; culture of, 89–93, 91, 92; Islamic
thought and, 174–176
Classical Latin, 326
Cleisthenes (Athens), 87
Clement V (Pope), 326
Cleopatra VII (Egypt), 112
Clergy, 302–303; as rst estate, 299, 362, 450;
in French Revolution, 451–452; Napoleon
and, 457; Protestant Reformation and, 367
Clermont, Council of, 306
Climate, 6; in China, 59, 68; human migration
and, 190; of India, 40; of Japan, 263;
population explosion and, 419; in Southeast
Asia, 355; world, 187
Clive, Robert, 401, 402, 450
Clocks, European, 419
Cloth and clothing: in China, 71. See also
Textiles and textile industry
Cloud Messenger, e (Kalidasa), 224
Clove trade, 351
Clovis (Franks), 287
Cobá, 140
Coca plant, 147
Code of Hammurabi, 10
Code of Law (Justinian), 312
Codes of ethics: Muslim, 161
Co ee, 392
Coins: in China, 60
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 377
Colombia, 149
Colonies and colonization: in Africa, 350–351;
American, 341–345, 345 (map), 445–447,
450; English, 445–447; Greek, 85, 98, 107;
mercantilism and, 373; Spanish, 341–342.
See also Imperialism; Nationalism
Color of skin: in Indian society, 36
Colosseum (Rome), 117
Columbian Exchange, 343, 344, 419
Columbus, Christopher, 135, 251, 340 (map),
341, 342, 344
Commandments: Jewish, 22
Commerce: of Axum, 185; in China, 67–68,
126–127, 133; cities and, 297; in India, 40, 211,
492 INDEX
Dualism: in Zoroastrianism, 26
Du Fu (Chinese poet), 256, 257
Dunhuang, 257–258
Dupleix, Joseph François, 401, 402
Dutch: in Africa, 346; China and, 412;
exploration by, 345, 345 (map); India and,
345, 401; Japan and, 424; realistic art by, 381;
religious wars and, 370; Southeast Asia and,
351; trade and, 443. See also Netherlands
Dutch East India Company, 345, 351
Dutch West India Company, 345
Dyarchy, 415
Dyaus (god), 41
Dynasties. See speci c dynasties and locations
Early History of Rome, e (Livy), 108
Early Middle Ages (Europe), 287–291
Early modern era, 332–333
Earthquakes: in Japan, 263
East Africa, 187–191, 193; Europeans in, 339,
345–346, 351; slavery and, 349; trade in, 190
East Asia, 410; civilization of, 133; religion in,
213 (map)
Easter Island, 231
Eastern Christian church, 317
Eastern Europe, 328–329; absolutism in, 378;
Jews in, 324; Protestantism in, 367; religion in,
317; Slavic peoples of, 299–301
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 133, 301, 317,
320
Eastern Roman Empire, 119, 311–312, 314. See
also Byzantine Empire; Roman Empire
East India Company. See British East India
Company; Dutch East India Company
East Indies, 346, 401
Economics: as motive for expansion, 337; Smith,
Adam, and, 440
Economy: in Abbasid Empire, 164; in Africa,
350–351; in Americas, 343, 444–445; in
Athens, 87, 94; Aztec, 143; Black Death and,
324; in Byzantine Empire, 317; in China,
59–60, 67–68, 124–126, 237, 242–244, 251,
412–413; in Egypt, 18; in Europe, 291, 373,
442–443; in France, 377, 451; global, 332; in
India, 38, 39–40, 211, 221–222, 399, 402–403,
405; in Japan, 270, 425–426; in Korea, 431;
mercantilism and, 373; in Ottoman Empire,
392; in Roman Empire, 115, 118; in Southeast
Asia, 353–355; Sumerian, 8
Ecuador, 149
Edessa, 320
Edict of Milan, 122
Edict of Nantes, 370
Edirne (Adrianople), 393
Edo. See Tokyo
Education: of Brahmin, 214; in India, 39;
in Japan, 428; Rousseau on, 440. See also
Universities and colleges
Edward I (England), 299
Edward III (England), 325
Edward VI (England), 367
Egalitarianism: of Buddhism, 45–46
Descent of the Ganges River (rock sculpture), 224
Description of a Starry Ra (Ma Huan), 336
“Description of the Rus” (Ibn Fadlan), 302
Description of the World (Polo), 251
Deserti cation, in Africa, 187
Deserts. See Gobi Desert region; Sahara Desert
region; Taklimakan Desert
Deshima Island, Japan, Dutch in, 424
Despotism: enlightened, 448
Devi (Hindu deity), 221
Devshirme system, 390, 390–391, 392
Dharma (laws), 35, 42, 61
Diamond, Jared, 6, 155
Diary of Matthew Ricci, e (Ricci), 412
Dias, Bartolomeu, 339, 340 (map)
Díaz, Bernal, 143, 144, 145
Dictators and dictatorships: Caesar and, 112
Diderot, Denis, 440, 448
Did Marco Polo Go to China? (Wood), 251
Diet (food): in Europe, 292; Islamic, 172;
in Japan, 271. See also Food(s)
Diet of Worms, 361, 361
Digest (Justinian), 312
Diocese, 287
Diocletian (Rome), 118, 119
Diplomacy: Roman, 107
Directory (France), 454–455
Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of
Mankind (Rousseau), 440
Diseases: African slaves and, 348; in Americas,
155, 342; historical role of, 323, 323; in Japan,
277; population explosion and, 419
Disk of Phaistos, 33
Divination: in China, 56, 61
Divine Faith (Mughal Empire), 399, 400
Divine right of kings, 375–376, 378
Divinity: Chinese rulers and, 59; Islam and, 160;
of Japanese emperor, 264, 267, 272. See also
Gods and goddesses
Division of labor, 5; in Arawak society, 154
Divorce: in China, 247, 420; in Code of
Hammurabi, 11; in France, 455–457; in India,
39; in Islam, 174; in Japan, 271; in Southeast
Asia, 355–357
Diwan (council), 164
Dome, 116
Dome of the Rock, 178
Domestication, of animals, 5, 184
Domestic system of production, 443
Dominicans, 303, 414
Dominic de Guzmán (Saint), 303
Dorian Greeks, 82
Doric order, 91
Doryphoros (statue), 91, 92
Dos Pilas (archaeological site), 134
Dowry: in China, 72, 246, 247; in India, 221;
in Southeast Asia, 229
Drama: in Greece, 90; in Japan, 275, 428;
in Southeast Asia, 228
Dravidians (India), 30, 31, 34, 41, 209
Dream of the Red Chamber, e, 421
Drinking. See Alcohol
“Drinking Alone in Moonlight” (Li Bo), 257
popular, 428–429, 442; Roman, 114, 115–117;
Swahili, 189–190; in Vietnam, 280–282. See
also Art(s); Religion; Society
Cuneiform writing, 12, 13, 33
Currency. See Money
Curriculum: in universities, 304
Cuzco, Peru, 149, 150, 151
Cyprus, 319
Cyril (missionary), 300
Cyrillic alphabet, 21
Cyrus the Great (Persia), 24
Czech people, 300
Dacia (Romania), 113, 114
Da Gama, Vasco, 205, 334, 339, 340 (map), 398
Daimyo (Japan), 270, 423, 424, 428
Dai Viet (Great Viet), 226 (map), 279–280–282,
280 (map), 431
Dakar, 350
Dalits (untouchables, India), 38
Damascus, 163, 297, 322
Dandin (Indian writer), 225
Danes, in England, 290
Dangun (Korea), 277
Danibaan, 136
Danube River region, 113, 114, 388
Dao (Way), 61–62, 124, 255, 258
Dao De Jing ( e Way of the Tao), 63–64
Daoism (Taoism), 63–64, 236; China and,
240, 254
Dara Shikoh (Mughals), 401
Dardanelles, 85, 386
Dar es Salaam, 189, 193
Darius (Persia), 25, 25, 87
Darius III (Persia), 96
Dark Age, in Greece, 82–83
David (Israel), 21 (map)
David (Michelangelo), 327, 328
David, Jacques-Louis, 456
Death rate. See Mortality rates
Deccan Plateau, 30, 217, 222
Decentralization: in India, 398, 401; in Japan,
268, 423
Declaration of Independence (U.S.), 447
Declaration of Indulgence (England), 379
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
(France), 451, 453
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the
Female Citizen (Gouges), 451
“Decree of Emperor Qianlong, A,” 417
Deism, 440
Deities. See Gods and goddesses
Delhi, 398, 401
Delhi sultanate, 215, 216–217
Delian League, 88
Delos, island of, 88
Delphi, oracle at, 94
Democracy: in Athens, 79, 88; Plato and, 92
Denmark, 373; Danes in England and, 290
Depopulation: from slave trade, 349
Dervishes, 177
Desas people, 33
Index 493
Colonies and colonization; Imperialism;
Western world
Exchange of goods. See also Commerce; Trade
Excommunication: of Leo IX and Michael
Cerularius, 320; of Luther, 364
Exodus, 22
Expansion: Arab, 162; by China, 411; European,
306, 333, 337–338, 343–345; Russian, 448. See
also Colonies and colonization; Imperialism
Exploration, 306, 332, 335–343. See also speci c
explorers and countries
Explosives, 387
Exports: from Ghana, 195; Japanese, 270; from
Rome, 209
Factories (trading stations), 340, 351, 401
Families: in Athens, 94; in China, 70–71, 72,
245–246, 419–420; in Egypt, 18; in Europe,
297; in Hammurabi’s Code, 11; in India,
38–39, 220; in Japan, 271, 428; Protestantism
on, 367; in Rome, 116–117; in Southeast Asia,
228–229. See also Marriage
Far East. See Asia; speci c locations
Farms and farming: in Africa, 187; in Arab
Empire, 172; in China, 56, 59, 60, 70, 70–71;
in Egypt, 16, 18; in Europe, 292, 443; hunter-
gatherer transition to, 6; in India, 39–40;
Inkan, 150; in Japan, 426; Mayan, 139;
Neolithic, 5; in North America, 151–152; in
Rome, 111, 115; in South America, 146; in
Southeast Asia, 228; technology and, 174.
See also Agriculture
Fatehpur Sikri, India, 406
Fathers: in Roman families, 116
Fatimid dynasty, 166, 167, 172, 296
Fa Xian (Chinese Buddhist monk), 208, 210,
213–214, 236
Fazl, Abu’l, 400
Female infanticide, 246, 428
Feminism, 441
Ferdinand of Aragon, 328
Fernández de Ovieda, Gonzalo, 356
Fertile Crescent, 9 (map)
Fertilizers, 60
Festivals: Greek, 94
Feudalism, 269, 269, 291, 298, 325; in France,
450, 455. See also Middle Ages
Fiction: in China, 421
Fief, 291
Fiji, 231
Filial piety: in China, 71, 420
Films. See speci c lms
Finances: in China, 59
Fire, 4
Firearms, 387, 423, 423. See also Weapons
First Crusades, 294, 306–307, 307, 320
First estate, 299, 362, 450
First Punic War, 110
First Triumvirate (Rome), 112
First Vietnam War, 280
Five good emperors (Rome), 113
Five Pillars of Islam, 161
Entrepreneurs, 443
Environment: in China, 59; in European cities,
297; in Mesopotamia, 166; Moche and, 147,
148; of Roman Empire, 148
Ephesus, 314
Epic literature: African, 203; Indian, 30, 39; Roman,
115. See also Homer and Homeric Greece
Epic of Gilgamesh, e, 12, 33
Epic of Son-Jara, e, 203
Epicurus and Epicureanism, 100–101
Epidemics: in China, 413; population explosion
and, 419. See also Bubonic plague
Equal eld system (China), 242
Equality: in Islamic society, 172–174; slavery in
Haiti and, 454
Erasmus, Desiderius, 363
Eridu, Mesopotamia, 8
Erik the Red, 306
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(Locke), 439
Essenes, 120–121
Essentials of the Moral Way (Han Yu), 240
Estates (land): in Rome, 111
Estates (social orders): in Europe, 362–363;
in France, 299
Estates-General (France), 299, 451
Eta (Japanese class), 271, 428
Ethiopia, 186 (map); Axum as, 185, 187; Coptic
Christianity in, 192, 193
Ethnic groups: in Africa, 199; in China, 415.
See also speci c groups
Etruria, 106
Etruscans, 106, 107
Eunuchs: in China, 69, 128, 241
Euphrates River region, 2, 166
Euripides, 90
Europe: Africa and, 345–351; Age of Exploration
and, 332, 335–343, 340 (map); agriculture
in, 292, 293; Asian exploration by, 343–345;
Black Death in, 322–324; China and, 411–412;
cities and towns in, 294–297; civilization in,
19–20; crises of 14th century in, 321–326;
crises of 1560-1650 in, 369–374; Crusades
and, 306–308; economy in, 291, 373, 442–443;
exploration and expansion by, 334–358;
farming in, 5; feudalism in, 269; global
confrontation in, 449–450; in High Middle
Ages, 291–306, 300 (map); Indian trade
with, 209–210; invasions of (9th and 10th
centuries), 289–290; kingdoms in, 297–302;
in Middle Ages, 286, 286–309; Mongols and,
248; Muslims in, 169–170; Ottoman Turks
in, 388–389; peasants in, 373; population
in, 371, 419, 443; Reformation in, 361–362;
Renaissance in, 326–329; Safavids and, 397;
Scienti c Revolution in, 436–438; in 1763,
449 (map); in 17th century, 373–374, 374
(map); slave trade and, 346–350, 347 (map),
348; society in, 291, 292–293, 371–372, 443;
Southeast Asia and, 351–357; technology in,
418–419; trade of, 293–294, 315–317, 443;
Viking invasions of, 289–290; women in, 292,
293; world and, 306–308. See also Christianity;
Egypt (ancient): Alexander the Great and,
98; Arabs in, 162; Assyria and, 12–19, 15
(map), 23; Berenike in, 173; burials in, 57;
civilizations in Africa and, 184; culture of,
18–19; dominance by others, 18; economy in,
18; Fatimid dynasty in, 166, 167, 172; Islam
and, 167–168, 191–192; Jewish exodus from,
22; Mamluks in, 169; Middle Kingdom in,
14, 16; New Kingdom in, 14, 16–18; Nubia
and, 16, 18, 19, 19; Old Kingdom in, 14–16;
pharaohs in, 15, 16; pyramids in, 15–16;
religion in, 13–14; slavery in, 200; society and
daily life in, 18; writing in, 19
Egypt (modern), 296; France and, 455; Mamluks
in, 388; Ottomans and, 388; Seljuk Turks and,
166–167
Eighteenth Dynasty (Egypt), 16–18
Einhard, 290
Einstein, Albert, 437–438
Elamites, 24
Elba, Napoleon on, 458
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 293, 298, 298
Electors: in Germany, 364
Elite(s): in China, 56–57, 71; in India, 221; in
Ottoman Empire, 391. See also speci c classes
Elizabeth I (England), 367, 370, 371, 378, 381
Ellora, temple at, 223
El Niño, Moche culture and, 147, 148
Émile (Rousseau), 440
Emir, 170
Emirate: in Spain, 170
Emperors: Byzantine, 315; Chinese, 124, 413–414;
Japanese, 264; Napoleon as, 455; Roman, 113.
See also speci c emperors
Empire(s). See Imperialism; speci c empires
Encomienda system, 342
Encyclopedia (Diderot), 440
Energy (power), 292
Engineering: Mayan, 138; Roman, 107, 113, 116
England (Britain), 449 (map); Bill of Rights
in, 379, 380; Canada and, 446, 450; China
and, 412, 416–417; colonialism of, 345; as
commonwealth, 379; constitution in, 439;
Danes in, 290; exploration by, 344–345, 345
(map); France and, 449, 450, 457; Germanic
tribes in, 287; Glorious Revolution in, 379;
in High Middle Ages, 297–299; Hundred
Years’ War and, 325; India and, 401, 402–403,
450; laws in, 298, 299; limited monarchy in,
378–380; Napoleon and, 457; plague in, 322;
Protestantism in, 367, 370; Restoration in,
379; Rome and, 114, 114 (map); in Seven
Years’ War, 449, 450; Southeast Asia and,
351; trade and, 443. See also Common law;
Parliaments; speci c rulers and wars
Enlightened absolutism, 448–449
Enlightenment (Buddhism), 45
Enlightenment (Europe), 436, 438–442;
American Revolution and, 447; philosophes
in, 439–440, 447–448; political impact of,
447–450; women in, 440–441
Entertainment: in China, 245; in Southeast Asia,
228