Drake G.W.F. (editor) Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
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Detailed Contents 1467
87.4 Electrical Discharge in Gases: Applications ............................. 1330
87.4.1 High Frequency Breakdown .................................... 1331
87.4.2 Parallel Plate Reactors and RF Discharges ..................... 1331
87.5 Conclusions ............................................................... 1333
References ........................................................................ 1333
88
Applications to Combustion
David R. Crosley ................................................................... 1335
88.1 Combustion Chemistry ................................................... 1336
88.2 Laser Combustion Diagnostics ........................................... 1337
88.2.1 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering ...................... 1338
88.2.2 Laser-Induced Fluorescence ................................... 1339
88.2.3 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing ................................. 1341
88.3 Recent Developments .................................................... 1342
References ........................................................................ 1342
89
Surface Physics
Erik T. Jensen ..................................................................... 1343
89.1 Low Energy Electrons and Surface Science ............................. 1343
89.2 Electron–Atom Interactions ............................................. 1344
89.2.1 Elastic Scattering: Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) .... 1344
89.2.2 Inelastic Scattering: Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ...... 1345
89.2.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy ................................... 1345
89.3 Photon–Atom Interactions .............................................. 1346
89.3.1 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) ................. 1346
89.3.2 Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy (IPES) ................... 1347
89.3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) ...................... 1348
89.3.4 X-Ray Absorption Methods ..................................... 1348
89.4 Atom–Surface Interactions .............................................. 1351
89.4.1 Physisorption .................................................... 1351
89.4.2 Chemisorption ................................................... 1352
89.5 Recent Developments .................................................... 1352
References ........................................................................ 1353
90
Interface with Nuclear Physics
John D. Morgan III, James S. Cohen ............................................. 1355
90.1 Nuclear Size Effects in Atoms ............................................ 1356
90.1.1 Nuclear Size Effects on Nonrelativistic Energies .............. 1356
90.1.2 Nuclear Size Effects on Relativistic Energies .................. 1357
90.1.3 Nuclear Size Effects on QED Corrections ........................ 1358
90.2 Electronic Structure Effects in Nuclear Physics ......................... 1358
90.2.1 Electronic Effects on Closely Spaced Nuclear Energy Levels .. 1358
90.2.2 Electronic Effects on Tritium Beta Decay ...................... 1358
90.2.3 Electronic Screening of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions ....... 1359
90.2.4 Atomic and Molecular Effects in Relativistic Ion–Atom
Collisions ......................................................... 1359
Detailed Cont.
1468 Detailed Contents
90.3 Muon-Catalyzed Fusion .................................................. 1359
90.3.1 The Catalysis Cycle ............................................... 1361
90.3.2 Muon Atomic Capture ........................................... 1362
90.3.3 Muonic Atom Deexcitation and Transfer ...................... 1363
90.3.4 Muonic Molecule Formation .................................... 1364
90.3.5 Fusion ............................................................ 1366
90.3.6 Sticking and Stripping .......................................... 1367
90.3.7 Prospectus ....................................................... 1369
References ........................................................................ 1369
91
Charged-Particle–Matter Interactions
Hans Bichsel ...................................................................... 1373
91.1 Experimental Aspects .................................................... 1374
91.1.1 Energy Loss Experiments and Radiation Detectors ........... 1374
91.1.2 Inelastic Scattering Events ...................................... 1375
91.2 Theory of Cross Sections .................................................. 1376
91.2.1 Rutherford Cross Section ........................................ 1376
91.2.2 Binary Encounter Approximation .............................. 1376
91.2.3 Bethe Model of Cross Section ................................... 1377
91.2.4 Fermi Virtual Photon Method .................................. 1377
91.3 Moments of the Cross Section ........................................... 1378
91.3.1 Total Collision Cross Section M
0
................................ 1378
91.3.2 Stopping Power M
1
.............................................. 1379
91.3.3 Second Moment M
2
............................................. 1380
91.4 Energy Loss Straggling ................................................... 1381
91.4.1 Straggling Parameters .......................................... 1381
91.4.2 Analytic Methods for Calculating Energy Loss Straggling
Function ......................................................... 1382
91.4.3 Particle identification (PID) ..................................... 1384
91.5 Multiple Scattering and Nuclear Reactions ............................. 1384
91.6 Monte Carlo Calculations ................................................. 1384
91.7 Detector Conversion Factors ............................................. 1385
References ........................................................................ 1385
92
Radiation Physics
Mitio Inokuti ...................................................................... 1389
92.1 General Overview ......................................................... 1389
92.2 Radiation Absorption and its Consequences ........................... 1390
92.2.1 Two Classes of Problems of Radiation Physics ................ 1390
92.2.2 Photons .......................................................... 1391
92.2.3 Charged Particles ................................................ 1391
92.2.4 Neutrons ......................................................... 1391
92.3 Electron Transport and Degradation .................................... 1392
92.3.1 The Dominant Role of Electrons ................................ 1392
92.3.2 Degradation Spectra and Yields of Products .................. 1392
92.3.3 Quantities Expressing the Yields of Products ................. 1394
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1469
92.3.4 Track Structures ................................................. 1395
92.3.5 Condensed Matter Effects ....................................... 1396
92.4 Connections with Related Fields of Research .......................... 1397
92.4.1 Astrophysics and Space Physics ................................ 1397
92.4.2 Material Science ................................................. 1397
92.5 Supplement ............................................................... 1397
References ........................................................................ 1398
Acknowledgements ............................................................... 1401
About the Authors ................................................................. 1405
Detailed Contents .................................................................. 1425
Subject Index ....................................................................... 1471
Detailed Cont.
1471
Subject Index
AlH
3+
potential energy 763
Al
3+
+ H → Al
2+
+ H
+
762
Ar
+
+ N
2
→ Ar + N
+
2
988, 989
BHe
3+
potential energy 764
B
3+
+ He → B
2+
+ He
+
762
CCH + H
2
−→ C
2
H
2
+ H 569
CF
4
spectrum 504
– rovibrational 503
CH(X
2
Π) + N
2
(X
1
Σ
+
g
) reaction
484
CO
2
spectrum, rovibrational 505
C
+
+ H
2
O →[COH]
+
+ H 988
C
2
symmetry, character table 498
C
3
1247
C
6
H
6
spectrum, rotational 499
C
2
H
+
2
+ H
2
−→ C
2
H
+
3
+ H 569
C
60
spectrum, rotational 499
D
2
symmetry
– character table 498
– correlation with C
2
499
F + D
2
scattering 975, 979
H + H
2
reaction 569
H + NO
2
→ OH + NO 973
H
2
559, 560
– Monte Carlo method for 870
H
2
CO 560
H
2
O 560
H
+
2
charge transfer 990
H
+
2
+ H
2
→ H
2
+ H
+
2
990
H
+
2
+ He → HeH
+
+ H 989
He
2
diatomic molecule 601
NH
3
559
NH
+
3
+ H
2
−→ NH
+
4
+ H 569
NO in combustion 1337
N
+
(
3
P ) + D
2
→ ND
+
+ D 990
N
+
(
3
P ) + H
2
→ NH
+
+ H 991
O(
1
D ) + H
2
scattering 979
OH (hydroxyl) radical
– in combustion 1337
OH level inversion 1254
OH
2+
potential energy 762, 763
O
−
+ HF → F
−
+ OH 986
O
2+
+ H → O
+
+ H
+
762
O
5+
dielectronic recombination
830
SF
6
spectrum, rotational 499
SO(3, R) and SU(2) solid harmonics
61
STU-parameter
– definition 130
– generalized 130, 132
SiF
4
spectrum
– spin-
1
2
basis states for 506
U(n) solid harmonics 64
Z + 1rule 920
π and 2π pulse 1067, 1068
O symmetry
– character table 500
– correlations with C
n
503
O(4) symmetry, of hydrogen 156
O(
1
D ) 968
O(n) representation theory 93
β-decay
–
187
Re →
187
Os 1358
– general theory 1358
– tritium 1358
jj coupling 180
– allowed J values for 178
3– j coefficients 31
– explicit forms 33
– limiting properties and asymptotic
forms 37
– recurrence relations 36
– special cases 69
– symmetries 35
– tabulation of 70
6– j coefficients, tabulation of 71
9– j coefficients 47
– algebraic form 49
– definition 48
– Hilbert space
tensor operator actions 47
– reduction to 6– j coefficients 49
– relations to 3– j coefficients 48
– relations to 6– j coefficients 48
– symmetry relations 49
9– j, invariant operators 47
A
ABCD law 1029
Abel transform 974
ablation, laser 969
above threshold ionization (ATI)
1081
– in circular polarization 1082
– peak shifting 1082
– resonance substructure 1082
absorption see also multiphoton
transitions 1000
– coefficient 262, 286, 524, 1000
– discrete 186
– optical 262
– oscillator strength 261, 628
absorptive lineshape 1009
abstraction, atom 580
accidental resonance 750
ACT theory 566
active set of orbitals 315
Adams–Bashforth formula 142
Adams–Moulton formula 142
addition of angular momentum
– magic squares 63
ADDS 973
adiabatic
– approximation 742, 1128
energy-modified 723
in atom optics 1129
– capture theory 563, 1363
– correction 469
– elimination 1005, 1073, 1093
– following 1068, 1099
– Hamiltonian 742
– ionization 1362
–lapserate 1261
– nuclei approximation 722, 723
– passage, of Rydberg atoms 240
–PES 742
– potential 564
charge transfer 943
two-state system 810
vibrational 535
– representation 761
– state 280, 469, 762
electronic 742
vibronic 752
– switching 111
– transition 979
adjoint action 101
adsorption 1352
Aharonov–Bohm effect 1136
Aharonov–Casher effect 1127,
1136
alignment 222, 693
– angle 126
– atomic 936
– density matrix formalism 128
– in molecular beams 969
– in photoionization 903
alkali atom
– electron scattering by 368
– laser cooling parameters 1092
– molecular beams 968
Subject Index
1472 Subject Index
– Rydberg states of 240
– scattering by 872, 978
alkali metal clusters 590
alkali-like spectra 177
ambipolar diffusion 1325
amplifying medium 1014
Anderson localization 1085
Anger function 837
angular correlation 937
– density matrix formalism 128
angular distribution 935, 976
– by Doppler spectroscopy 973
angular momentum
– abstract 16
– cone (diagram) 502
– coupling scheme 177, 309, 920
– coupling schemes 313
– differential operator realizations of
28
– orbital 12
cartesian representation 12
spherical polar coordinates 15
– transfer 126
– transfer formalism 903
anharmonic pumping 1329
anisotropy parameter 903
annihilation operator 76, 94, 105,
115, 118, 1108, 1109, 1142
anomalous dispersion 262, 1014
anomalous magnetic moment 227
– effects in helium 208
– measurement of 1105
antenna patterns 1171
anticommutator 1109
antiproton scattering 756, 873
anti-Zeno effect 1193
apparent excitation cross section
934
Appell function 166
Araki–Lieb inequality 1217
arbitrarily normalized decay curve
(ANDC) method 267
arc 644
– Ar mini-arc 644
argon
– photoionization of 385
aromaticity rule 594
Arrhenius rate law 563
association rate 813
associative detachment 576, 580,
983
associative ionization 836
astronomy 1397
–comets 1248
– submillimeter and far-infrared
620
astrophysical factor 1359, 1366
astrophysical plasma 1303
astrophysics 1235, 1397
asymmetric hybrid model 777
asymmetric top 493, 519, 560
– Hamiltonian 507
– transition moments for 530
asymmetry parameter 382, 387
asymptotic expansion 168
– method, for atomic energies 213
atmosphere
– effective thickness of 1260
– far-infrared and submillimeter
spectroscopy of 620
– heating efficiency 1281
– heating rates of 1282
– ion and electron temperature
profiles 1283
– luminosity of 1284
– planetary escape mechanisms
1287
– pressure and density variations in
1259
– temperature distribution model
1281
– temperature structure 1293
atom
– abstraction 580
–chip 1116
– counting statistics 1180
– decoherence 1138
– diffraction 1133
– optics 1125
– optics, nonlinear 1126
atomic beam 1132
– beam splitters 1134
atomic cascade
– source of nonclassical light 1186
atomic clocks 456
atomic fountain 456
atomic frame 694
atomic lens 1132, 1133
–thick 1132
–thin 1132
atomic mirror 1131
– evanescent wave mirror 1131
– magnetic mirror 1132
atomic state function 350
atomic structure
– eigenvector composition 181
– eigenvector purity 181
– ground level tabulation 182
– ground state 182
– Hartree–Fock theory 308
– helium 199
– hierarchy of 177, 178
– hydrogenic 153
– many-body perturbation theory
105, 359
– notation and nomenclature 176,
177, 179
– relativistic 329
– Thomas–Fermi theory 295
atomic units 3
– physical quantities in (table) 5
atomic waveguide 1132
atom–surface interactions 1351,
1352
attachment
– dissociative 576, 836
theory 722
– electron 576
– electronic 1330
attosecond pulses 551, 1033
Auger emission 936
Auger process 391, 904, 959
– calculation of width 367
– decay of deep vacancies 374
– post collision interactions 374
– resonant 905
Auger satellites
– near-threshold 924
Auger transition 919, 920
– classification 920
– diagram lines 921
–energy 920
– satellites 921
auroral activity 1266
autocorrelation function 541
autodetachment 391, 583
autoionization 320, 391, 579, 904,
936
– electron capture 943
– formation of states 391
–H
−
(
1
S ) resonance calculation 395
–He
−
(1s2s
22
S ) autodetachment
state 393
– in multiphoton processes 1079
– MCHF variational method for
316
– minimax method for 316
– of Rydberg atoms 244
– of two-electron systems 398
– other applications of 399
– saddle-point method for 316
– scattering resonances 391
–sumrule 393
automorphism 81
avalanche pumping 1041
avoided crossing 233, 743, 762
– narrow 746
Axonometric plot 988
Subject Index
Subject Index 1473
B
Baker–Campell–Hausdorff identity
38
balance, microscopic
– coronal 800
– improper 800
– proper 800
– radiative 800
Barkas term, stopping power 1379
basis functions
– adiabatic and diabatic 743
– Hylleraas 204
– molecular orbital 476, 518
– radial scattering 712
– Slater 317
– spline 317
– Sturmian 154, 759
BB84-protocol 1219
BBK theory 781
beam
– attenuation method 945
–effusive 1138
– splitters 1134
– supersonic 1138
beam–foil spectroscopy 266, 269
– lifetime measurement 266
BEC 1107
– atom–molecule conversion 1119
– Bogoliubov theory 1112
– critical density 1109
– critical temperature 1109, 1115
– dynamical instability 1112
– excitations 1112
– fragmented 1114
– free gas 1109
– gas parameter 1113
– interference 1115
– Josephson effect 1121
– mean-field theory 1110
– noncondensate fraction 1113
– optical lattice 1121
– orders of magnitude 1117
– persistent current 1118
– phase diffusion 1122
– phase dispersion 1122
– quantization of circulation 1118
– speed of sound 1112
– superfluid 1118
– superfluidity 1117
– trapped gas 1115
–vortex 1117
BEC interference 1189
BEC-BCS crossover 1120
Beer’s law 1000, 1070
– atmospheric application of 1267
Beer’s length 1070
Bell inequality 1195
– detection loophole 1198
– effect of local reference frame
1198
– energy–time entanglement
1197
– locality/timing loophole 1198
– loopholes 1198
– momentum entanglement 1196
– nonpolarization-based tests of
1196
– tested with ions 1198
Bell states 1220
Bell-state measurement 1220
Bennett hole 1012, 1016
Bernoulli number 102
Berry phase 480, 1129
– quantum nature 1189
Bethe integral 790
Bethe logarithm 409
– asymptotic expansion for 209
– electric field effect 233
– two-electron 208
Bethe model
– cross section 1377
– mean excitation energy 1380
– stopping power 1379
Bethe ridge 792
Bethe theory for energy loss 1377
Bethe–Born approximation 794
– normalization to 934
Bethe–Salpeter equation 405
betweenness condition 93
Bhabha scattering 416
Biedenharn–Elliott identity 44, 50
Big Bang model 1244
binary coupling theory
– combinatorics 56
– intermediate angular momenta
57
– types of coupling 57
binary encounter approximation
(BEA) 757, 852, 1376
– double ionization 855
binary encounter peak 794
binary peak 953
binary reactions 578
– ion–molecule 580
– ion–neutral 579
– temperature dependence 581
bipartite quantum state 1216
blackbody decay rate 238
blackbody radiation 238, 524, 1006
Blatt–Jackson formula 668
bleaching 1005
Bloch equations
– optical 1066
– two-photon 1073
Bloch operator 712
Bloch sphere 1067
Bloch term, stopping power 1379
Bloch vector 1003, 1067
– adiabatic inversion 1068
– orbits of (diagram) 1067
– spreading of (diagram) 1069
Bloch–Siegert level shift 1001
blocking temperature 592
body-fixed
– coordinates 30, 517, 519, 538,
557, 771
– frame 742
Boersch effect 1126
Bogoliubov theory 1112
Bohm–de Broglie deterministic
quantum mechanics 1205
Bohr correspondence principle 839
Bohr formula 236
Bohr magneton 999
Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization 839
bolometer 969
Boltzmann average momentum 824
Boltzmann distribution
– definition 802
Boltzmann equation 1321
bond rupture 550
Born approximation 716, 789, 856,
1362
– capture cross section 859
– dispersion relation 866
– elastic cross section 674
– excitation cross section 858
– for alignment in scattering 702
– for charge transfer 777
– for heavy particle scattering 756,
757
– for ion–atom collisions 789
– for line strength S
n
838
– ionization cross section 859
–planewave(PWBA) 757
–testof 873
– Thomas process 863
Born sequence 112
Born series 112, 147, 716
Born–Huang ansatz 468
Born–Markov approximation 1152
Born–Oppenheimer approximation
468, 525, 536, 556, 721, 1129,
1367
– Born–Huang ansatz 468
– breakdown of 469
– in scattering theory 721
Subject Index
1474 Subject Index
Bose exclusion principle 507
Bose–Einstein condensate 1107
Bose–Einstein condensation 1104,
1227
Bose–Einstein statistics 1108
– two-photon interference 1190
Bose–Hubbard Hamiltonian 1227
Bose–Hubbard model 1122
Bose-symmetric molecule 507
boson 76, 94, 115, 1108
– commutation relations 115
– commutators 1108
– field operator 1108
– operator 20
bosonic realization of U(4) 95
bottleneck method
– for ion–dipole reactions 565
– for recombination processes
815
bow ties 263
Bowen fluorescence 1237
–incomets 1252
bracketing theorem 104
Bragg reflection 1134
Bragg regime 1134
Bragg rule, for Bethe logarithms
1380
Bragg scattering conditions, optical
1060
branching fraction 194, 261
branching ratio
– in highly ionized atoms 264
– radiative 264
branching rule, group 78, 79
Breit interaction, relativistic 334,
352
Breit–Pauli interaction 307, 335,
478, 709
– in MCHF calculations 316
Breit–Wigner line shape 396
Bremsstrahlung 374
– in dense plasmas 1312
Brewster window 1027
Brillouin frequency shift 1060
Brillouin gain coefficient 1060
Brillouin linewidth 1060
Brillouin scattering
– stimulated 1060
anti-Stokes field 1060
Stokes field 1060
Brillouin susceptibility 1060
Brillouin’s theorem 311, 351
– generalized 316
broadband light source 1014
Brueckner approximation 408
Brueckner equation 404
B-spline 411
buckminsterfullerene 593
bunching, photon 1186
Burshtein–Mollow spectrum 1003
C
cage effect 551
caloric curve 600
canonical reduction 79
capture cusp, continuum electron
794
capture theory 565
– Born approximation for 859
carbon chemistry, in molecular clouds
1239
carbon clusters 593
Cartan–Weyl form 76
cascade 934
Casimir effect 1186
Casimir forces 209
– retarded limit 1172
Casimir operator 76, 78, 79, 83
–ofSO(3) and SO(2) 88
catalysis, muon 1360
causality
– superluminal group delays 1203
– Wigner condition for scattering
668
caustics, in WKB approximation
1130
cavitiy QED
– applications of 1181
cavity bandwidth 1027
cavity dumping 1030
cavity effects 238
– excitation probability diagram
1168
cavity fields
– manipulation of 1137
cavity limit, bad and good 1170,
1171
cavity QED 1167, 1186, 1226
– dielectrics 1173
– resonator types for 1171
– strong coupling 1173
– weak coupling 1169
cavity ring-down spectroscopy
1342
cavity, atomic 1132
– Fabry–Perot resonator 1132
– gravito-optical 1132
– trampoline 1132
center of mass motion
– quasiseparation in magnetic field
251
central potential model 88, 335
–SO(4) symmetry of 82
– for photoionization 383
centrifugal barrier 563, 682, 1363
– effect on adiabatic capture 1363
– effect on multiphoton ionization
1082
– effect on Rydberg states 236
centrifugal coupling tensor 500
centrifugal potential 558
channel
– capture 762
– Coster–Kronig 921
– coupled channels method 757
– decay 261, 320, 921
– exoergic 570, 580
– inelastic, projection operator
393
– photoionization 381, 902
– reaction 484, 572, 580
– scattering 706
channel function 706
channeling
– in de Broglie optics 1132
chaos 1033
– classical 249
– in Rydberg atoms 1085
– intermanifold 249
– intermittency route 1033
– intramanifold 250
– Lorenz model for 1033
– period doubling route 1033
– quantum 249
chaotic laser 1033
– spatial pattern formation 1033
Chapman layer 1277
Chapman production profile 1280
Chapman–Enskog formula 666
characteristic conversion length
1056
characteristic energy
– electron 1324
charge exchange 579, 943
– excitation 939
– reaction 761
charge solvation 602
charge transfer 579, 580, 753, 775,
943, 1294
– double 753
– measurement of 989, 990
– recombination 1236
– resonant 667, 1280
– symmetrical 581
– with core rearrangement 761
charge-coupled device 650
charge–current 4-vector 329
Subject Index
Subject Index 1475
charged-particle–matter interactions
1373
charmonium 92
Chebyshev interpolation 137
chemical kinetics 578, 1336
chemical potential 1111
chemical reaction
– gas phase 561, 576
– ionic 576
chemiluminescent reactions 1285
chemisorption 592, 597, 1352
chemistry
–ofclusters 592, 596
– of combustion 1336
chirped pulse amplification 1031
chirping 1031
chi-square curve fitting 138
chlorine, in upper atmosphere
1299
Christoffel–Darboux formula 167
chronological operator 111
classical electron radius 999, 1006
classical oscillator approximation
280
classical over-barrier model
– charge transfer 943
classical scaling 1085
classical scattering theory 659, 841,
976
– charge transfer 856
– electron removal cross section
842
– impulse approximation 849
– ionization 855
– Thomas process 863
classical trajectory Monte Carlo
(CTMC) method 869, 1362
– nCTMC 870
classical trapping resonance 1085
classical-quantal coupling 1362
Clebsch–Gordan coefficient 82, 558
Clebsch–Gordan series 31
Clifford algebra 94, 97
Clifford numbers 94
cloning photons 1200
close-coupling method 706
– for heavy particle scattering 757
closed shell 393, 401, 403, 407,
408, 411
closed-orbit theory 248
cluster 589
– adsorbate binding energy 593
– alkali metal 590
– binding energy of 591
– carbon 593
– chemistry of 592, 596, 598
– classical models 592
– copper 591
– doped 600, 601
– electronic properties of 590, 596,
600, 602
– electronic spectra of 591, 592
– elliptical distortions 591
– expansion 109
– geometric structures 590, 592,
596, 599, 602
–giant 595
– helium 601
– ionic 596
– ionization potentials 600
– magnetic moment of 592
– magnetic properties of 590
– mercury 592
– metal 590
– molecular 602
– noble gas 599
– noble metal 590
– operator 109
– phase change in 600, 602
– phase dynamics 602
– quantum calculations for 590
– reaction rates in 592
– semiconductor 597
– silicon and germanium 597
– spectroscopy of 590, 598, 600,
601
– states 1226
– transition to bulk 590
– wetting 601
CODATA 1
coherence
– and statistics 1079
– atomic 1001
– first-order field 1146
– in three-level processes 1017
– induced by the vacuum 1192
– nth order 1146
–ofmatterwaves 1137
– off-diagonal 1024
– parameter 937
– quantum 1146
– two-photon 1073
coherence length 1055
– spatial 1138
– wave function collapse 1189
coherence time
–thermal 1138
coherent anti-Stokes Raman
scattering 630, 1338
coherent excitation 129, 694, 699
coherent state 1030, 1143, 1154,
1176
coherent transients 1065
– multilevel generalizations 1071
coincidence
– electron–photon 127, 131
coincidence fringes
– in a Franson interferometer 1197,
1198
coincidence measurements 936
cold atom collisions 1103
cold-target recoil-ion momentum
spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) 922
collective effects, in ion traps 1102
collective excitation 592, 1375
colliding pulse laser 1031
collision
– action 664
– complex 979, 988
– delay time 664
– density matrix representation 696
– dynamics
and antimatter 873
– frame 694
– frequency 1270
in dense plasmas 1307
– in laser field 940
–integral 1322
– number 968
– orientation and alignment in 693
– processes 933
– strength 707
Gailitis average 712
– strong and weak 1004
– theory see also scattering theory
705
collisional association 576
collisional broadening
– of Raman linewidths 1338
collisional narrowing 1013
collisionally ionized gas 1237
collisional-radiative equilibrium
1309
combustion 1335
– models of 1336
– nonturbulent flow 1336
– pollutant emissions 1337
– turbulent flow 1336
combustion chemistry 1336
– intermediates 1339
combustion diagnostics, laser 1337
comets 576, 1247
– atomic and molecular processes in
1250
– composite FOS spectrum of
103P/Hartley 2 1249
– density models 1255
– dust tail 1247
Subject Index
1476 Subject Index
– excitation mechanisms 1250
– g-factor as a function of
heliocentric velocity 1252
– models 1254
–Oi energy level diagram 1253
– observational data 1247
– phenomenology 1250
– photodissociation in 1254
– photoionization in 1254
– photolytic processes in 1254
–plasmatail 1247
– radiative transfer effects 1256
– solar flux and fluorescence
efficiency 1252
common trajectory approximation
743
complementarity 119
complementarity principle 1191
– quantum eraser 1191
complete active space 315
– perturbation theory 475
– reduced form 316
– wave function 474
complete scattering experiment
938
completely positive map 1221
complex
– collisional stabilization of 562
– of atomic states 315
– probabilities in quantum theory
1205
– radiative stabilization of 570
– rotation 396, 397
– rotation method 396
– scattering 979
complexity
– ion–molecule reactions 991
composite rotor 507
Compton scattering 919
concurrence 1075
condensation reaction 983
conditional probabilities in quantum
theory 1205
Condon oscillations 286
conducting sphere 591
configuration interaction 107, 308
– expansion 473
– in photoionization 922
– limited 96
– method
contracted 475
configuration state function 308,
350, 471
confluent hypergeometric function
162
confocal parameter 1029
conical intersection 480, 486
– points of 486
conjugation operator 118
connected cluster theorem 108
connected diagram 108, 109
constant ionic state mode 910
constant kinetic energy mode 910
continuity equation 329
– and recombination 806
– atmospheric 1264
continuous slowing down
approximation (CSDA) 1270,
1383, 1392
continuum distorted wave (CDW)
757, 775
– amplitude 777
– and Monte Carlo techniques
871
– ionization theory 779
– perturbation series 777
– projectile 777
– second-order 777
–target 777
– variational 778
– wave function 777
continuum lowering
– plasma-induced 1309
continuum radiation, atomic 196,
608, 642, 904, 1080
continuum radiation, stellar 1241
continuum wave function 155, 320,
706
– Dirac equation 161, 330
– normalization of 668, 790, 821
– variational 713, 778
continuum-distorted wave (CDW)
– relativistic 778
– theory
magnetically quantized 780
contraction of operators 105
contravariant 4-vectors 327
controlled-NOT gate 1221
controlled-phase gate 1221
convergence acceleration 169
convergent close coupling (CCC)
method 715
conversion factors 4
cooling
– axial motion 1102
– cold collisions 1103
– critical velocity 1094, 1095, 1098
– cyclotron motion 1102
– damping coefficient 1094, 1095,
1097, 1099, 1101
–diffusion 1093, 1095–1097
– diffusive heating 1095
– dissipative force 1094
– Doppler 1095, 1100
– Doppler limit 1092
– evaporative 1099, 1116
– frequency standards 1104
– induced diffusion 1096
– induced orientation 1097–1099
– ion chaos 1102
– ion crystal 1102
– ion phase transitions 1102
– magnetron motion 1102
– many ions 1102
– optical molasses 1095
– parameters, laser 1092
– polarization gradient 1097
– quantum theory 1094, 1097, 1098
– Raman 1105
– recoil limit 1092
– resistive 1102
– semiclassical theory 1093, 1097,
1098
– sideband 1100, 1102
– Sisyphus 1097
effect 1097, 1098
– sympathetic 1103
– temperature of trapped particle
1094, 1095, 1098, 1101, 1103
– transverse diffusion 1095
– velocity capture range 1094,
1095, 1098
cooling, of stratosphere 1297
Cooper minimum 384
coordinate systems, scattering 694
copper
–clusters 591
– photoeffect 916
core
– excited states 392
– penetration 177
– scattering 249
Coriolis coupling 491, 559, 745,
1127
coronal equilibrium 1309
correlation
– angular 128, 937
analysis of 696
–CODATA 1
– dynamic 474, 763
decay curve analysis 267
– internal or static 474
– of symmetry types 499
–Pauli 755
– photon 1031, 1146, 1186
– polarization 937
– valence 316
– vector, in photodissociation 538
Subject Index
Subject Index 1477
correlation energy 106, 313
– definition of 313
– diagrammatic expression for 365
– Thomas–Fermi Z
−1/3
expansion for
300
correlation function
– master equation 1156
– photon 1146
– quantum regression hypothesis
1156
– scattering 706
– two-time 1156
correlation potential 706
– exchange 476
– Lee, Yang, Parr expression for
302
correspondence principles
– Bohr 839
– Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization
839
– equivalent oscillator theorem 840
– Heisenberg 839
– in Rydberg collisions 839
– strong-coupling 840
cosmic rays 1238
Coster–Kronig transition 920
– super 920
Coulomb
– boundary conditions 776, 779
– coupling parameter 1305
– explosion 1084
– function 155
– gauge 379
–law 1
– logarithms 1307
– phase shift 821
– repulsion 1360
– scattering 671, 819
modified, effective range formula
669
– trajectory 754
– wave, asymptotic form 790
Coulomb–Born approximation
1362
Coulomb–Stark potential 239, 240
counter-intuitive pulse sequencing
1073
counting statistics 1186
coupled cluster (CC) 109
– approximation 401
– calculations 353
– expansion 109, 337
– method 109, 472
coupled-channels method 757
coupled-channels optical (CCO)
method 716
coupling
– electronic and rotational 482
coupling schemes
– term symbols 179
coupling strength
– atom–molecule 1120
coupling, atomic
– J
1
j or J
1
J
2
180
– J
1
l or J
1
L
2
(J
1
K) 180
– LS(Russell–Saunders) 177
– LS
1
(LK) 181
– jj 178
covariance matrix 1217
covariant 4-vectors 327
covariant perturbation theory 413
CPT invariance 429, 430
creation operator 76, 94, 105, 115,
118, 1108, 1142
critical angle
– for total reflection 1131
critical density 1109
critical laser intensity 1081
critical temperature 1109
critical velocity 1118
cross section 659, 706, 882
– Bethe model of 1377
– classical 659, 841, 977
– collision strength 930
– density matrix formalism for 131,
695
– differential 661, 664, 665, 706,
716, 717, 770, 930, 976, 984
binary encounter approximation
852
for Coulomb scattering 819
– double differential 717, 791
– elastic scattering 661
– for multipolar relaxation 223
– frame transformation 517, 792,
975, 985
– Galilean invariant 790
–integral 661, 718, 751, 930
– moment transfer 661
– moments of 661, 708, 814, 1378,
1380
– momentum transfer 930, 1320,
1326
– Rutherford 155, 671, 794, 819,
1376
– selection rules 932
– total scattering 707, 839, 933
– transport 665
– triple differential 717, 783
crossed beam 971
– for ion–molecule reactions 988
– ion-laser 265
crossed beam imaging apparatus
992
crossed beam imaging technique
991
crossing distance 979
Crothers semiclassical approximation
785
Cu
26+
dielectronic recombination
832
cubic graphs, classes of 60
cubic splines 136
cuboid crystal 596
curve crossing 535, 807, 810, 978
– matrix elements of AlH
3+
768
curve fitting 137
– chi-square 138
– least squares 137
cusp conditions, Kato 200
cylindrical mirror analyzer 910
D
damped harmonic oscillator 1153,
1154, 1157
damped two-level atom 1154, 1155
– in squeezed bath 1154
damping rate
– longitudinal 1066
– transverse 1066
dark state 1018, 1073
Darwin term 308, 709
dayglow 1284
– spectra of selected planets 1287
– terrestial spectrum 1286
De Broglie optics 1125
– gravitation 1127
– Hamiltonian 1126
– rotation 1127
De Broglie wavelength 824
–thermal 1138
Debye length 1305
Debye shielding 1325
decay
– free induction 1068
– purely radiative 1005
decay rate
– inelastic collisions 1004
– spontaneous 215, 1004
decoherence 1162, 1223
decoherence times 1224
decoherence-free subspace 1224
deflection function 976
– formulae 660
deflection parameter 643
degeneracy groups (algebras) 87
degenerate Fermi gas 1109
Subject Index