Drake G.W.F. (editor) Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
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Detailed Contents 1457
70 Laser Principles
Peter W. Milonni .................................................................. 1023
70.1 Gain, Threshold, and Matter–Field Coupling .......................... 1023
70.2 Continuous Wave, Single-Mode Operation ............................. 1025
70.3 Laser Resonators .......................................................... 1028
70.4 Photon Statistics .......................................................... 1030
70.5 Multi-Mode and Pulsed Operation ...................................... 1031
70.6 Instabilities and Chaos ................................................... 1033
70.7 Recent Developments .................................................... 1033
References ........................................................................ 1034
71
Types of Lasers
Richard C. Powell ................................................................. 1035
71.1 Gas Lasers ................................................................. 1036
71.1.1 Neutral Atom Lasers ............................................. 1036
71.1.2 Ion Lasers ........................................................ 1036
71.1.3 Metal Vapor Lasers .............................................. 1037
71.1.4 Molecular Lasers ................................................. 1037
71.1.5 Excimer Lasers ................................................... 1038
71.1.6 Nonlinear Mixing ................................................ 1038
71.1.7 Chemical Lasers ................................................. 1039
71.2 Solid State Lasers ......................................................... 1039
71.2.1 Transition Metal Ion Lasers ..................................... 1040
71.2.2 Rare Earth Ion Lasers ........................................... 1040
71.2.3 ColorCenterLasers.............................................. 1042
71.2.4 New Types of Solid State Laser Systems ....................... 1043
71.2.5 Frequency Shifters .............................................. 1043
71.3 Semiconductor Lasers .................................................... 1043
71.4 Liquid Lasers .............................................................. 1044
71.4.1 Organic Dye Lasers .............................................. 1044
71.4.2 Rare Earth Chelate Lasers ....................................... 1045
71.4.3 Inorganic Rare Earth Liquid Lasers ............................. 1045
71.5 Other Types of Lasers ..................................................... 1045
71.5.1 X-Ray and Extreme UV Lasers .................................. 1045
71.5.2 Nuclear Pumped Lasers ......................................... 1046
71.5.3 Free Electron Lasers ............................................. 1046
71.6 Recent Developments .................................................... 1046
References ........................................................................ 1048
72
Nonlinear Optics
Alexander L. Gaeta, Robert W. Boyd ............................................ 1051
72.1 Nonlinear Susceptibility ................................................. 1051
72.1.1 Tensor Properties ................................................ 1052
72.1.2 Nonlinear Refractive Index ..................................... 1052
72.1.3 Quantum Mechanical Expression for χ
(n)
..................... 1052
72.1.4 The Hyperpolarizability ......................................... 1053
Detailed Cont.
1458 Detailed Contents
72.2 Wave Equation in Nonlinear Optics ..................................... 1054
72.2.1 Coupled-Amplitude Equations ................................. 1054
72.2.2 Phase Matching ................................................. 1054
72.2.3 Manley–Rowe Relations ........................................ 1055
72.2.4 Pulse Propagation ............................................... 1055
72.3 Second-Order Processes ................................................. 1056
72.3.1 Sum Frequency Generation ..................................... 1056
72.3.2 Second Harmonic Generation .................................. 1056
72.3.3 Difference Frequency Generation .............................. 1056
72.3.4 Parametric Amplification and Oscillation ..................... 1056
72.3.5 Focused Beams .................................................. 1056
72.4 Third-Order Processes .................................................... 1057
72.4.1 Third-Harmonic Generation .................................... 1057
72.4.2 Self-Phase and Cross-Phase Modulation ..................... 1057
72.4.3 Four-Wave Mixing .............................................. 1058
72.4.4 Self-Focusing and Self-Trapping .............................. 1058
72.4.5 Saturable Absorption ........................................... 1058
72.4.6 Two-Photon Absorption ........................................ 1058
72.4.7 Nonlinear Ellipse Rotation ...................................... 1059
72.5 Stimulated Light Scattering .............................................. 1059
72.5.1 Stimulated Raman Scattering .................................. 1059
72.5.2 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering ................................ 1060
72.6 Other Nonlinear Optical Processes ...................................... 1061
72.6.1 High-Order Harmonic Generation ............................. 1061
72.6.2 Electro-Optic Effect .............................................. 1061
72.6.3 Photorefractive Effect ........................................... 1061
72.6.4 Ultrafast and Intense-Field Nonlinear Optics ................. 1062
References ........................................................................ 1062
73
Coherent Transients
Joseph H. Eberly, Carlos R. Stroud Jr. ........................................... 1065
73.1 Optical Bloch Equations .................................................. 1065
73.2 Numerical Estimates of Parameters ..................................... 1066
73.3 Homogeneous Relaxation ............................................... 1066
73.3.1 Rabi Oscillations ................................................. 1067
73.3.2 Bloch Vector and Bloch Sphere ................................. 1067
73.3.3 Pi Pulses and Pulse Area ........................................ 1067
73.3.4 Adiabatic Following ............................................. 1068
73.4 Inhomogeneous Relaxation ............................................. 1068
73.4.1 Free Induction Decay ........................................... 1068
73.4.2 Photon Echoes ................................................... 1069
73.5 Resonant Pulse Propagation ............................................. 1069
73.5.1 Maxwell–Bloch Equations ...................................... 1069
73.5.2 Index of Refraction and Beers Law ............................ 1070
73.5.3 The Area Theorem and Self-Induced Transparency .......... 1070
73.6 Multi-Level Generalizations ............................................. 1071
73.6.1 Rydberg Packets and Intrinsic Relaxation ..................... 1071
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1459
73.6.2 Multiphoton Resonance and Two-Photon
Bloch Equations ................................................. 1072
73.6.3 Pump–Probe Resonance and Dark States ..................... 1073
73.6.4 Three-Level Transparency ...................................... 1074
73.7 Disentanglement and “Sudden Death” of Coherent Transients ...... 1074
References ........................................................................ 1076
74
Multiphoton and Strong-Field Processes
Kenneth C. Kulander, Maciej Lewenstein ....................................... 1077
74.1 Weak Field Multiphoton Processes ...................................... 1078
74.1.1 Perturbation Theory ............................................. 1078
74.1.2 Resonant Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization ................. 1078
74.1.3 Multi-Electron Effects ........................................... 1079
74.1.4 Autoionization ................................................... 1079
74.1.5 Coherence and Statistics ........................................ 1079
74.1.6 Effects of Field Fluctuations .................................... 1079
74.1.7 Excitation with Multiple Laser Fields .......................... 1080
74.2 Strong-Field Multiphoton Processes .................................... 1080
74.2.1 Nonperturbative Multiphoton Ionization ..................... 1081
74.2.2 Tunneling Ionization ............................................ 1081
74.2.3 Multiple Ionization .............................................. 1081
74.2.4 Above Threshold Ionization .................................... 1081
74.2.5 High Harmonic Generation ..................................... 1082
74.2.6 Stabilization of Atoms in Intense Laser Fields ................ 1083
74.2.7 Molecules in Intense Laser Fields .............................. 1084
74.2.8 Microwave Ionization of Rydberg Atoms ...................... 1084
74.3 Strong-Field Calculational Techniques ................................. 1086
74.3.1 Floquet Theory .................................................. 1086
74.3.2 Direct Integration of the TDSE .................................. 1086
74.3.3 Volkov States .................................................... 1086
74.3.4 Strong Field Approximations ................................... 1087
74.3.5 Phase Space Averaging Method ................................ 1087
References ........................................................................ 1088
75
Cooling and Trapping
Juha Javanainen ................................................................. 1091
75.1 Notation ................................................................... 1091
75.2 Control of Atomic Motion by Light ...................................... 1092
75.2.1 General Theory .................................................. 1092
75.2.2 Two-State Atoms ................................................ 1094
75.2.3 Multistate Atoms ................................................ 1097
75.3 Magnetic Trap for Atoms ................................................. 1099
75.4 Trapping and Cooling of Charged Particles ............................. 1099
75.4.1 Paul Trap ......................................................... 1099
75.4.2 Penning Trap .................................................... 1101
75.4.3 Collective Effects in Ion Clouds ................................. 1102
Detailed Cont.
1460 Detailed Contents
75.5 Applications of Cooling and Trapping ................................... 1103
75.5.1 Neutral Atoms ................................................... 1103
75.5.2 Trapped Particles ................................................ 1104
References ........................................................................ 1105
76
Quantum Degenerate Gases
Juha Javanainen ................................................................. 1107
76.1 Elements of Quantum Field Theory ..................................... 1107
76.1.1 Bosons ........................................................... 1108
76.1.2 Fermions ......................................................... 1109
76.1.3 Bosons versus Fermions ........................................ 1109
76.2 Basic Properties of Degenerate Gases ................................... 1110
76.2.1 Bosons ........................................................... 1110
76.2.2 Meaning of Macroscopic Wave Function ...................... 1114
76.2.3 Fermions ......................................................... 1115
76.3 Experimental ............................................................. 1115
76.3.1 Preparing a BEC .................................................. 1115
76.3.2 Preparing a Degenerate Fermi Gas ............................ 1117
76.3.3 Monitoring Degenerate Gases .................................. 1117
76.4 BEC Superfluid ............................................................ 1117
76.4.1 Vortices ........................................................... 1117
76.4.2 Superfluidity ..................................................... 1118
76.5 Current Active Topics ..................................................... 1119
76.5.1 Atom–Molecule Systems ........................................ 1119
76.5.2 Optical Lattice with a BEC ....................................... 1121
References ........................................................................ 1123
77
De Broglie Optics
Carsten Henkel, Martin Wilkens ................................................. 1125
77.1 Overview .................................................................. 1125
77.2 Hamiltonian of de Broglie Optics ....................................... 1126
77.2.1 Gravitation and Rotation ....................................... 1127
77.2.2 Charged Particles ................................................ 1127
77.2.3 Neutrons ......................................................... 1127
77.2.4 Spins ............................................................. 1127
77.2.5 Atoms ............................................................ 1127
77.3 Principles of de Broglie Optics ........................................... 1129
77.3.1 Light Optics Analogy ............................................ 1129
77.3.2 WKB Approximation ............................................. 1130
77.3.3 Phase and Group Velocity ...................................... 1130
77.3.4 Paraxial Approximation ........................................ 1130
77.3.5 Raman–Nath Approximation ................................... 1131
77.4 Refraction and Reflection ................................................ 1131
77.4.1 Atomic Mirrors ................................................... 1131
77.4.2 Atomic Cavities .................................................. 1132
77.4.3 Atomic Lenses ................................................... 1132
77.4.4 Atomic Waveguides ............................................. 1132
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1461
77.5 Diffraction ................................................................. 1133
77.5.1 Fraunhofer Diffraction .......................................... 1133
77.5.2 Fresnel Diffraction .............................................. 1133
77.5.3 Near-Resonant Kapitza–Dirac Effect .......................... 1133
77.5.4 Atom Beam Splitters ............................................ 1134
77.6 Interference ............................................................... 1135
77.6.1 Interference Phase Shift ........................................ 1135
77.6.2 Internal State Interferometry .................................. 1136
77.6.3 Manipulation of Cavity Fields by Atom Interferometry ....... 1137
77.7 Coherence of Scalar Matter Waves ...................................... 1137
77.7.1 Atomic Sources .................................................. 1137
77.7.2 Atom Decoherence .............................................. 1138
References ........................................................................ 1139
78
Quantized Field Effects
Matthias Freyberger, Karl Vogel, Wolfgang P. Schleich, Robert F. O’Connell 1141
78.1 Field Quantization ........................................................ 1142
78.2 Field States ................................................................ 1142
78.2.1 Number States ................................................... 1143
78.2.2 Coherent States .................................................. 1143
78.2.3 Squeezed States ................................................. 1144
78.2.4 Phase States ..................................................... 1145
78.3 Quantum Coherence Theory ............................................. 1146
78.3.1 Correlation Functions ........................................... 1146
78.3.2 Photon Correlations ............................................. 1146
78.3.3 Photon Bunching and Antibunching .......................... 1147
78.4 Photodetection Theory ................................................... 1147
78.4.1 Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection ........................ 1147
78.5 Quasi-Probability Distributions ......................................... 1148
78.5.1 s-Ordered Operators ............................................ 1148
78.5.2 The P Function .................................................. 1149
78.5.3 The Wigner Function ............................................ 1149
78.5.4 The Q Function .................................................. 1151
78.5.5 Relations Between Quasi-Probabilities ....................... 1151
78.6 Reservoir Theory .......................................................... 1151
78.6.1 Thermal Reservoir ............................................... 1152
78.6.2 Squeezed Reservoir ............................................. 1152
78.7 Master Equation .......................................................... 1152
78.7.1 Damped Harmonic Oscillator ................................... 1153
78.7.2 Damped Two-Level Atom ....................................... 1153
78.8 Solution of the Master Equation ........................................ 1154
78.8.1 Damped Harmonic Oscillator ................................... 1154
78.8.2 Damped Two-Level Atom ....................................... 1155
78.9 Quantum Regression Hypothesis ........................................ 1156
78.9.1 Two-Time Correlation Functions and Master Equation ...... 1156
78.9.2 Two-Time Correlation Functions and Expectation Values .... 1156
Detailed Cont.
1462 Detailed Contents
78.10 Quantum Noise Operators ............................................... 1157
78.10.1 Quantum Langevin Equations ................................ 1157
78.10.2 Stochastic Differential Equations ............................. 1158
78.11 Quantum Monte Carlo Formalism ....................................... 1159
78.12 Spontaneous Emission in Free Space ................................... 1159
78.13 Resonance Fluorescence ................................................. 1160
78.13.1 Equations of Motion ........................................... 1160
78.13.2 Intensity of Emitted Light ..................................... 1160
78.13.3 Spectrum of the Fluorescence Light .......................... 1161
78.13.4 Photon Correlations ........................................... 1161
78.14 Recent Developments .................................................... 1162
78.14.1 Literature ....................................................... 1162
78.14.2 Field States ..................................................... 1162
78.14.3 Reservoir Theory ............................................... 1162
References ........................................................................ 1163
79
Entangled Atoms and Fields: Cavity QED
Dieter Meschede, Axel Schenzle ................................................. 1167
79.1 Atoms and Fields ......................................................... 1167
79.1.1 Atoms ............................................................ 1167
79.1.2 Electromagnetic Fields .......................................... 1168
79.2 Weak Coupling in Cavity QED ............................................ 1169
79.2.1 Radiating Atoms in Waveguides ............................... 1169
79.2.2 Trapped Radiating Atoms and Their Mirror Images ........... 1170
79.2.3 Radiating Atoms in Resonators ................................ 1170
79.2.4 Radiative Shifts and Forces ..................................... 1171
79.2.5 Experiments on Weak Coupling ................................ 1172
79.2.6 Cavity QED and Dielectrics ...................................... 1173
79.3 Strong Coupling in Cavity QED ........................................... 1173
79.4 Strong Coupling in Experiments ......................................... 1174
79.4.1 Rydberg Atoms and Microwave Cavities ....................... 1174
79.4.2 Strong Coupling in Open Optical Cavities ...................... 1174
79.5 Microscopic Masers and Lasers .......................................... 1175
79.5.1 The Jaynes–Cummings Model .................................. 1175
79.5.2 Fock States, Coherent States and Thermal States ............. 1175
79.5.3 Vacuum Splitting ................................................ 1177
79.6 Micromasers .............................................................. 1178
79.6.1 Maser Threshold ................................................. 1178
79.6.2 Nonclassical Features of the Field ............................. 1179
79.6.3 Trapping States .................................................. 1179
79.6.4 Atom Counting Statistics ........................................ 1180
79.7 Quantum Theory of Measurement ...................................... 1180
79.8 Applications of Cavity QED ............................................... 1181
79.8.1 Detecting and Trapping Atoms through Strong Coupling .... 1181
79.8.2 Generation of Entanglement ................................... 1181
79.8.3 Single Photon Sources .......................................... 1182
References ........................................................................ 1182
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1463
80 Quantum Optical Tests of the Foundations of Physics
Aephraim M. Steinberg, Paul G. Kwiat, Raymond Y. Chiao ................... 1185
80.1 The Photon Hypothesis .................................................. 1186
80.2 Quantum Properties of Light ............................................ 1186
80.2.1 Vacuum Fluctuations: Cavity QED .............................. 1186
80.2.2 The Down-Conversion Two-Photon Light Source ............. 1187
80.2.3 Squeezed States of Light ........................................ 1187
80.3 Nonclassical Interference ................................................ 1188
80.3.1 Single-Photon and Matter–Wave Interference ............... 1188
80.3.2 “Nonlocal” Interference Effects and Energy–Time
Uncertainty ...................................................... 1189
80.3.3 Two-Photon Interference ....................................... 1190
80.4 Complementarity and Coherence ....................................... 1191
80.4.1 Wave–Particle Duality .......................................... 1191
80.4.2 Quantum Eraser ................................................. 1191
80.4.3 Vacuum-Induced Coherence ................................... 1192
80.4.4 Suppression of Spontaneous Down-Conversion .............. 1192
80.5 Measurements in Quantum Mechanics ................................. 1193
80.5.1 Quantum (Anti-)Zeno Effect .................................... 1193
80.5.2 Quantum Nondemolition ....................................... 1193
80.5.3 Quantum Interrogation ......................................... 1194
80.5.4 Weak and “Protected” Measurements ........................ 1195
80.6 The EPR Paradox and Bell’s Inequalities ............................... 1195
80.6.1 Generalities ...................................................... 1195
80.6.2 Polarization-Based Tests ....................................... 1196
80.6.3 Nonpolarization Tests ........................................... 1196
80.6.4 Bell Inequality Loopholes ...................................... 1198
80.6.5 Nonlocality Without Inequalities .............................. 1199
80.7 Quantum Information .................................................... 1200
80.7.1 Information Content of a Quantum: (No) Cloning ............ 1200
80.7.2 Super-Dense Coding ............................................ 1200
80.7.3 Teleportation .................................................... 1200
80.7.4 Quantum Cryptography ......................................... 1201
80.7.5 Issues in Causality ............................................... 1202
80.8 The Single-Photon Tunneling Time ..................................... 1202
80.8.1 An Application of EPR Correlations to Time Measurements .. 1202
80.8.2 Superluminal Tunneling Times ................................. 1203
80.8.3 Tunneling Delay in a Multilayer Dielectric Mirror ............. 1203
80.8.4 Interpretation of the Tunneling Time ......................... 1204
80.8.5 Other Fast and Slow Light Schemes ............................ 1205
80.9 Gravity and Quantum Optics ............................................. 1206
References ........................................................................ 1207
81
Quantum Information
Peter L. Knight, Stefan Scheel ................................................... 1215
81.1 Quantifying Information ................................................. 1216
81.1.1 Separability Criterion ........................................... 1216
81.1.2 Entanglement Measures ........................................ 1217
Detailed Cont.
1464 Detailed Contents
81.2 Simple Quantum Protocols ............................................... 1218
81.2.1 Quantum Key Distribution ...................................... 1219
81.2.2 Quantum Teleportation ......................................... 1219
81.2.3 Dense Coding .................................................... 1220
81.3 Unitary Transformations ................................................. 1221
81.3.1 Single-Qubit Operations ........................................ 1221
81.3.2 Two-Qubit Operations .......................................... 1221
81.3.3 Multi-Qubit Gates and Networks .............................. 1222
81.4 Quantum Algorithms ..................................................... 1222
81.4.1 Deutsch–Jozsa Algorithm ....................................... 1222
81.4.2 Grover’s Search Algorithm ...................................... 1223
81.5 Error Correction ........................................................... 1223
81.6 The DiVincenzo Checklist ................................................. 1224
81.6.1 Qubit Characterization, Scalability ............................. 1224
81.6.2 Initialization ..................................................... 1224
81.6.3 Long Decoherence Times ....................................... 1224
81.6.4 Universal Set of Quantum Gates ............................... 1225
81.6.5 Qubit-Specific Measurement ................................... 1225
81.7 Physical Implementations ............................................... 1225
81.7.1 Linear Optics ..................................................... 1225
81.7.2 Trapped Ions ..................................................... 1226
81.7.3 Cavity QED ........................................................ 1226
81.7.4 Optical Lattices, Mott Insulator ................................. 1227
81.8 Outlook .................................................................... 1227
References ........................................................................ 1228
Part G Applications
82 Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics to Astrophysics
Alexander Dalgarno, Stephen Lepp ............................................. 1235
82.1 Photoionized Gas ......................................................... 1235
82.2 Collisionally Ionized Gas ................................................. 1237
82.3 Diffuse Molecular Clouds ................................................. 1238
82.4 Dark Molecular Clouds ................................................... 1239
82.5 Circumstellar Shells and Stellar Atmospheres .......................... 1241
82.6 Supernova Ejecta ......................................................... 1242
82.7 Shocked Gas .............................................................. 1243
82.8 The Early Universe ........................................................ 1244
82.9 Recent Developments .................................................... 1244
82.10 Other Reading ............................................................ 1245
References ........................................................................ 1245
83
Comets
Paul D. Feldman .................................................................. 1247
83.1 Observations .............................................................. 1247
83.2 Excitation Mechanisms ................................................... 1250
Detailed Cont.
Detailed Contents 1465
83.2.1 Basic Phenomenology .......................................... 1250
83.2.2 Fluorescence Equilibrium ....................................... 1250
83.2.3 Swings and Greenstein Effects ................................. 1251
83.2.4 Bowen Fluorescence ............................................ 1252
83.2.5 Electron Impact Excitation ...................................... 1253
83.2.6 Prompt Emission ................................................ 1253
83.2.7 OH Level Inversion .............................................. 1254
83.3 Cometary Models ......................................................... 1254
83.3.1 Photolytic Processes ............................................. 1254
83.3.2 Density Models .................................................. 1255
83.3.3 Radiative Transfer Effects ....................................... 1256
83.4 Summary .................................................................. 1256
References ........................................................................ 1257
84
Aeronomy
Jane L. Fox ........................................................................ 1259
84.1 Basic Structure of Atmospheres ......................................... 1259
84.1.1 Introduction ..................................................... 1259
84.1.2 Atmospheric Regions ............................................ 1260
84.2 Density Distributions of Neutral Species ................................ 1264
84.2.1 The Continuity Equation ........................................ 1264
84.2.2 Diffusion Coefficients ........................................... 1265
84.3 Interaction of Solar Radiation with the Atmosphere .................. 1265
84.3.1 Introduction ..................................................... 1265
84.3.2 The Interaction of Solar Photons with Atmospheric Gases ... 1266
84.3.3 Interaction of Energetic Electrons with Atmospheric Gases . 1268
84.4 Ionospheres ............................................................... 1271
84.4.1 Ionospheric Regions ............................................ 1271
84.4.2 Sources of Ionization ........................................... 1271
84.4.3 Nightside Ionospheres .......................................... 1277
84.4.4 Ionospheric Density Profiles .................................... 1277
84.4.5 Ion Diffusion ..................................................... 1279
84.5 Neutral, Ion and Electron Temperatures ................................ 1281
84.6 Luminosity ................................................................ 1284
84.7 Planetary Escape ......................................................... 1287
References ........................................................................ 1290
85
Applications of Atomic and Molecular Physics
to Global Change
Kate P. Kirby, Kelly Chance ...................................................... 1293
85.1 Overview .................................................................. 1293
85.1.1 Global Change Issues ........................................... 1293
85.1.2 Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere .......................... 1293
85.2 Atmospheric Models and Data Needs ................................... 1294
85.2.1 Modeling the Thermosphere and Ionosphere ................ 1294
85.2.2 Heating and Cooling Processes ................................. 1295
85.2.3 Atomic and Molecular Data Needs ............................. 1295
Detailed Cont.
1466 Detailed Contents
85.3 Tropospheric Warming/Upper Atmosphere Cooling .................... 1295
85.3.1 Incoming and Outgoing Energy Fluxes ........................ 1295
85.3.2 Tropospheric “Global” Warming ............................... 1296
85.3.3 Upper Atmosphere Cooling ..................................... 1297
85.4 Stratospheric Ozone ...................................................... 1298
85.4.1 Production and Destruction .................................... 1298
85.4.2 The Antarctic Ozone Hole ....................................... 1299
85.4.3 Arctic Ozone Loss ................................................ 1300
85.4.4 Global Ozone Depletion ......................................... 1300
85.5 Atmospheric Measurements ............................................. 1300
References ........................................................................ 1301
86
Atoms in Dense Plasmas
Jon C. Weisheit, Michael S. Murillo .............................................. 1303
86.1 The Dense Plasma Environment ......................................... 1305
86.1.1 Plasma Parameters .............................................. 1305
86.1.2 Quasi-Static Fields in Plasmas ................................. 1305
86.1.3 Coulomb Logarithms and Collision Frequencies .............. 1307
86.2 Atomic Models and Ionization Balance ................................. 1308
86.2.1 Dilute Plasma Models ........................................... 1308
86.2.2 Dense Plasma “Chemical” Models ............................. 1309
86.2.3 Dense Plasma “Physical” Models .............................. 1310
86.3 Elementary Processes .................................................... 1311
86.3.1 Radiative Transitions and Opacity ............................. 1311
86.3.2 Collisional Transitions ........................................... 1312
86.4 Simulations ............................................................... 1313
86.4.1 Monte Carlo ...................................................... 1313
86.4.2 Molecular Dynamics ............................................. 1313
86.4.3 The Deuterium EOS Problem .................................... 1315
References ........................................................................ 1316
87
Conduction of Electricity in Gases
Alan Garscadden ................................................................. 1319
87.1 Electron Scattering and Transport Phenomena ........................ 1320
87.1.1 Electron Scattering Experiments ............................... 1320
87.1.2 Electron Transport Phenomena ................................ 1321
87.1.3 The Boltzmann Equation ....................................... 1321
87.1.4 Electron-Atom Elastic Collisions ................................ 1322
87.1.5 The Electron Drift Current ....................................... 1322
87.1.6 Cross Sections Derived from Swarm Data ...................... 1326
87.2 Glow Discharge Phenomena ............................................. 1327
87.2.1 Cold Cathode Discharges ........................................ 1327
87.2.2 Hot Cathode Discharges ......................................... 1327
87.3 Atomic and Molecular Processes ........................................ 1328
87.3.1 Ionization ........................................................ 1328
87.3.2 Electron Attachment ............................................ 1329
87.3.3 Recombination .................................................. 1330
Detailed Cont.