Dobak William A. Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862-1867 (ENG)
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Bibliographical Note
531
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Sommers, Richard J. “The Dutch Gap Affair: Military Atrocities and the Rights of
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Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867
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Pamphlets and Ephemera
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AAG Assistant Adjutant General
AAS American Antiquarian Society
AD African Descent
Adj. Gen. Adjutant General
AGO Adjutant General’s Ofce
Arty Artillery
Bde Brigade
Bn Battalion
BRFAL Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abandoned Lands
Brig. Brigadier
Brig. Gen. Brigadier General
Btry Battery
Capt. Captain
Cdr Commander
Cmd Command
CMH U.S. Army Center of Military History
CMSR Compiled Military Service Record
CO Commanding ofcer
Col. Colonel
Cong. Congress
Cpl. Corporal
CWPAF Civil War Pension Application Files
Dept Department
Dist District
Div Division
DU Duke University
ed(s). editor(s), edition
esp. especially
Abbreviations
Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867
534
f/w led with
Gen. General
GO General Orders
H. Ex. Doc. House Executive Document
H. Rpt House Report
HA Heavy Artillery
HQ Headquarters
Inf Infantry
Jnl Journal
LC Library of Congress
LR Letters Received
LS Letters Sent
Lt. Col. Lieutenant Colonel
Lt. Gen. Lieutenant General
Ltr Letter
Maj. Major
Maj. Gen. Major General
MDW Military District of Washington
MHI U.S. Army Military History Institute
MHS Minnesota Historical Society
Mil Military
n.d. no date
NA National Archives
no. number
OC Oberlin College
Ofcr ofcer
OHS Ohio Historical Society
pt. part
Pub publication
Pvt. Private
Rcd Record
Rear Adm. Rear Admiral
RG Record Group
Rpt Report
Abbreviations
535
S. Doc. Senate Document
S. Ex. Doc. Senate Executive Document
ser. series
sess. session
Sgt. Sergeant
Sgt. Maj. Sergeant Major
SO Special Orders
Svc Service
UA University of Arkansas
USCA United States Colored Artillery
USCC United States Colored Cavalry
USCI United States Colored Infantry
vol. volume
YU Yale University
Adams, Col. Charles F., 422
Adams, Surgeon Russell D., 450
Aiken, 1st Sgt. John, 250
Alexander, Col. James N., 194, 196
Alexandria, Louisiana, 100, 104, 123–25,
203, 434, 471, 494
Ames, Col. John W., 329
Anderson, Pvt. Samuel, 188
Andrew, John A., 44–45, 57, 103, 261, 305,
308
Andrews, Brig. Gen. Christopher C., 148,
152, 249
Andrews, Brig. Gen. George L., 110–11,
118–19, 129
Annapolis, Maryland, 3, 333, 338, 407
Appleton, Maj. John W. M., 22, 45, 49,
51–52, 54, 62–65, 68
Appomattox River (Virginia), 344–45,
349, 353, 417
Arkansas River, 157, 159, 196, 198, 229–31,
236–38, 244, 247–50, 252, 254, 256
Armstrong, Capt. Andrew J., 165–66
Armstrong, Col. Samuel C., 418
Arno, Sgt. Maj. John, 350–51
Asboth, Brig. Gen. Alexander, 139–40
Atchafalaya River (Louisiana), 89, 121,
127, 131–35
Athens, Alabama, 271, 275, 277–78, 281,
283, 504
Atlanta, Georgia, 76, 80, 122, 139, 203,
209, 215, 219–20, 224, 265–66, 271,
274–75, 279–80, 372, 386, 460, 466,
490, 500
Augur, Maj. Gen. Christopher C., 100
Augusta, Georgia, 80, 468–70, 488–90
Bacon, Maj. Edward W., 369, 372, 389,
396, 418, 420
Bagdad, Mexico, 427, 438, 449–51
Bailey, Capt. Romanzo C., 67
Baldwin, Florida, 63, 68, 83–84, 87
Baltimore, Maryland, 13, 301, 314–15,
323, 327, 388
Baltzell, 1st Sgt. Silas L., 176
Banks, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P., 11, 21,
99–104, 106–10, 113, 115–17,
121–25, 127–28, 133, 167, 230,
238, 240, 243, 260, 308, 335, 428
Bantum, Pvt. John W., 317
Barnard, Col. Robert W., 485
Barnes, Pvt. William H., 378
Barrett, Col. Theodore H., 431–34
Bartlett, Brig. Gen. William F., 364
Barton, Col. William B., 67
Bates, Col. Delavan, 341, 343, 352, 355,
363, 401–02
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 91, 95–96, 100,
104, 117, 128, 133, 135, 222, 480,
488
Bayou La Fourche (Louisiana), 95, 97,
133, 136
Beard, Lt. Col. Oliver T., 34
Beaty, Sgt. Powhatan, 378
Beaufort, South Carolina, 10, 16, 20, 26, 28,
32, 35, 37, 39–41, 69, 71–74, 80, 463
Beauregard, General Pierre G. T., 49, 64–65
Index
Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867
538
Beecher, Brig. Gen. James C., 19, 55, 70,
78–79, 82–83, 85
Beman, Pvt. Charles T., 351–52
Benedict, Lt. Col. Augustus W., 96–97,
113–15
Bennett, Lt. Col. Augustus G., 82
Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, 344–45, 348,
403
Big Black River (Mississippi), 199, 201,
220, 223
Birney, Maj. Gen. David B., 369
Birney, Brig. Gen. William, 71, 73–74, 76,
83, 370, 373, 377, 390, 395–96,
398, 414–15, 417–18
Bishop, Maj. George, 111
Black people
expectations of freedom, 3, 10, 26, 160,
162, 175–76, 191, 407–09, 461–62,
481–83
fears of reenslavement, 29, 31–32,
424, 483
local knowledge and military intelli-
gence, 29–30, 39–40, 69, 86–87,
138, 160, 162, 168, 199–201, 245,
301, 343, 345–46, 385
whites’ attitudes toward, 4–6, 55–56,
460, 463, 469
Black soldiers
arms, 119, 144, 178, 194–95, 337–38,
411–12
diet, 20, 115, 130–31, 140, 146–47,
195, 434–35, 441–43, 446, 470
discipline, 20–22, 98, 113–15, 195–
96, 319–20, 322–23, 331–32, 409–
10, 419–20, 422, 442, 450, 469–70
early attempts to enlist, 6–7, 44, 94–
96, 164–65
fatigue duty, 31–32, 55, 108–09, 131–
32, 140, 143–44, 171, 194, 199–
200, 240, 251, 271–72, 355, 393–94
importance of training, 9–10, 65–66,
71–72, 143, 183, 325, 354–55, 357–
59, 367–68, 389–90, 398–99, 409,
446–47
impressment of, 13, 31–32, 110–11,
115, 134, 175–76, 230–31, 262
ofcers for, 13–22, 32, 96–97, 100–
103, 113, 116, 164–65, 169, 171–73,
176–77, 192–93, 204, 229, 238, 240,
305–06, 309, 312, 388–89, 420, 423,
447, 449–50
pay of, 8, 56–57, 324, 333, 446, 504
prisoners of war, 53–54, 68–69, 185–
88, 203–04, 213–14, 235–36, 277–
78, 281–82, 287–89, 326, 341, 365–
66, 392–93
sickness, 108–09, 115, 129–31, 192,
195, 233, 246, 269–70, 412–13, 434–
35, 442–43
Blunt, Maj. Gen. James G., 236–38
Boggs, 1st Sgt. Isham, 434
Booth, 1st Lt. Dexter F., 17
Booth, Maj. Lionel F., 206
Boswell, Sgt. Maj. Thomas, 439
Bouton, Col. Edward, 211–19
Bowditch, Capt. Charles P., 55
Bowen, Capt. Thomas M., 254–55
Bowler, Capt. James M., 250
Bowles, Lt. Col. John, 237–38
Bradford, Maj. William F., 205–06
Bragg, General Braxton, 266–67, 402, 405,
407
Branson, Lt. Col. David, 430–33, 444, 446
Brashear City, Louisiana, 93, 97, 133, 135–36
Brazos Santiago Island, Texas, 122, 154,
428–35, 437–38, 441, 450
Breckinridge, Maj. Gen. John C., 100
Brice’s Crossroads, Mississippi (battle),
211–13, 380, 459
Brisbin, Col. James S., 386–88
Bronson, Sgt. James H., 378
Brookhaven, Mississippi, 470, 476–78
Brooks, Maj. Thomas B., 55–56
Brooks, Col. William S., 247
Brown, Pvt. Berry, 465–66
Brown, Pvt. Dick, 277, 503–04
Brown, Drury J., 477
Brown, Brig. Gen. Egbert B., 434
Brown, 1st Sgt. Henry, 433–34
Brown, Capt. Henry H., 16, 72, 373, 376–
77, 396, 405–06, 408
Brown, Pvt. Jackson, 231
Index
539
Brown, 1st Lt. Matthew C., 182–84
Brown, William W., 304
Brownsville, Texas, 122, 425–29, 431–32,
434–39, 442, 451, 453
Bruner, 1st Lt. Jacob, 172–73, 175
Brutus (escaped slave), 29–30, 72
Bryant, Capt. John E., 59–61
Buck, Pvt. Martin, 288
Buckland, Brig. Gen. Ralph P., 18
Buell, Brig. Gen. Don C., 159
Buford, Brig. Gen. Abraham, 216
Buford, Brig. Gen. Napoleon B., 246–49
Burbridge, Brig. Gen. Stephen G., 383–88
Burnside, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E., 16, 300–
302, 306–07, 318, 332, 338–40,
355–58, 360–62, 364, 366–67
Buswell, 2d Lt. George W., 205, 214–19
Butler, Andrew, 99
Butler, Maj. Gen. Benjamin F., 3–4, 10, 26,
70, 92–99, 164, 300–301, 317–18,
320, 325–31, 333, 337, 343–46,
348–49, 352, 355, 372, 378–80,
388–96, 399, 401–05
Cabin Creek, Indian Territory, 236–37,
252–53
Cadle, Capt. William L., 483
Cailloux, Capt. André, 106
Cairo, Illinois, 159, 164, 167–68, 173, 189,
198, 208, 262
Califf, 2d Lt. Joseph M., 316, 388–89,
397–98, 415
Camden, Arkansas, 240–43, 247–48, 256
Cameron, Simon, 6–7
Camp, Capt. Frederick E., 397
Camp Nelson, Kentucky, 13, 384, 386
Camp Parapet, Louisiana, 95–96, 135
Camp William Penn, Pennsylvania, 16–17,
62–63, 311–12, 329, 390
Campbell, 2d Lt. Henry, 292
Campbell, Col. Wallace, 275–78
Canby, Maj. Gen. Edward R. S., 127, 136,
139–42, 154, 224, 253–54, 429
Carney, Sgt. William H., 379
Carter, Capt. Solon A., 352, 354, 359, 367,
394, 405–07
Casey, Maj. Gen. Silas, 16, 314
Chadwick, Maj. John C., 109
Chalmers, Brig. Gen. James R., 208–09,
217, 266–67, 284
Chamberlain, Col. Edwin W., 184–85
Chapman, 2d Lt. Walter A., 152–54
Charleston, South Carolina, 1, 25–26, 43,
47, 49, 55, 57, 59, 61, 65, 70–71, 73,
75–77, 80, 82, 85, 89, 101, 187,
301–02, 308, 393, 466, 481
Charleston and Savannah Railroad, 47,
59–61, 72–73, 76, 79–80, 83
Chase, Salmon P., 26, 28, 32, 37, 62, 96,
98, 103, 339
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 122, 158–59, 198,
209, 220, 259, 263, 265–67, 271–72,
274–75, 279, 282, 286, 293–94, 318,
335, 357, 381, 385–86, 498–99
Chesapeake Bay, 300, 302, 316, 323, 388
Chester, Thomas M., 370–71, 415
Chetlain, Brig. Gen. Augustus L., 210
Chipman, Col. Henry L., 79
City Point, Virginia, 344–45, 347–48, 367,
369, 380, 388, 392–93, 422
Clarksville, Tennessee, 265, 270, 286, 289,
295, 469
Clopton, William H., 346
Coates, Col. James H., 199–202
Cochrane, Lt. Col. John H., 495
Cockrell, Jeremiah V., 165
Cole, Sgt. Charles W., 436, 439
Columbus, Kentucky, 159, 173, 191, 198,
204, 223, 227, 381
Columbus, Mississippi, 207, 210
Congress, Confederate, 46, 299
Congress, United States, 6–8, 15, 22, 29–
32, 44, 57, 73, 82, 333, 455, 484–86,
494, 501, 504
Conscation Act (1861), 8, 31
Conscation Act (1862), 8, 31–32, 163
Militia Act (1862), 8, 164
Conine, James W., 328
Conn, 2d Lt. George L., 187
Conway, Thomas W., 134
Cook, Maj. Jeremiah B., 221, 223–24
Cooper, Brig. Gen. Douglas H., 237, 252
Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862–1867
540
Cooper, Pvt. Isaac, 397
Corinth, Mississippi, 19, 94, 158, 160, 164,
173, 194, 266, 281, 293
Cornwell, 1st Lt. David, 175, 180–84
Cortina, Juan N., 122, 425–26, 450
Courtney, Lt. Col. Michael L., 270
Crandal, Col. Frederick M., 480
Crawford, R. Clay, 448–49
Crawford, Col. Samuel J., 243
Crew, 2d Lt. Andrew J., 165–66
Cross, Sgt. Joseph O., 377
Crowder, 2d Lt. John H., 106
Crydenwise, Capt. Henry M., 124, 131,
145, 152–54
Cumberland River, 158, 259, 265, 272,
289, 381
Curtis, Brig. Gen. N. Martin, 404
Curtis, Brig. Gen. Samuel R., 161–62,
164–65, 174, 229
Cuskaden, Capt. Samuel, 82
Dahlgren, R. Adm. John A., 72, 75
Dalton, Georgia, 274, 279–82, 295
Dana, Charles A., 177
Dana, Maj. Gen. Napoleon J. T., 219, 221–
22, 224–26
Daniels, Col. Nathan W., 101–02
Davidson, Col. John H., 446
Davis, 1st Sgt. Antoine, 127
Davis, Pvt. Dade, 450
Davis, Jefferson, 227, 246, 327–28, 392,
438
Davis, Joseph, 246
Davis, Col. William H., 73–75
De Costa, Lt. Col. George W., 230
Decatur, Alabama, 266, 277, 282–83, 292–
93, 295, 479
Deep Bottom, Virginia, 369–70, 373, 389–90
DeForest, Capt. John W., 97, 108
DeGrasse, Assistant Surgeon John V., 307
Denison, George S., 96, 98–99, 103
Dennis, Brig. Gen. Elias S., 180–81, 185
Densmore, Lt. Col. Daniel, 143, 145, 147–54
Dent, Lewis, 189
Dodge, Brig. Gen. Grenville M., 266
Donaldson, Col. James L., 271–72
Dorsey, Sgt. Decatur, 379
Douglass, Frederick, 45, 460
Douglass, Sgt. Maj. Lewis, 52
Dowell, Pvt. Lewis, 477–78
Draper, Col. Alonzo G., 318–20, 373, 376,
395, 398, 419–20
Drew, Col. Charles W., 96–97, 113–15,
147–52
Dumas, Maj. Francis E., 101–02
Duncan, Col. Samuel A., 315, 323, 328–
33, 344–45, 349, 373, 392–93
Dunn, William M., 6
Dutch Gap Canal, Virginia, 390–93
Duvall’s Bluff, Arkansas, 230, 245, 249–50
Dwight, Brig. Gen. William, 109, 114–16
Early, Lt. Gen. Jubal A., 438
Eaton, Chaplain John, 163, 191
Elgin, Chaplain William, 274–75, 289–90
Ely, 2d Lt. Andrew F., 66
Emancipation
and control of labor, 26–29, 95–96, 133,
162–64, 167–70, 180, 191, 261, 266,
301–02, 455, 458, 461–64, 488–90
hesitant beginnings of, 1–6, 28, 93–96,
133, 161, 164, 191, 381–83, 497–
98, 504
white Southerners’ reactions to, 41–
42, 250, 264, 463, 483–84
Emancipation Proclamation, 4, 133, 167,
172–73, 303–04, 498
Emilio, Capt. Luis F., 52, 71, 80, 86–70
Escobedo, Mariano, 449–52
Evans, 1st Lt. Samuel, 161–62, 219
Fagan, Maj. Gen. James F., 256
Farragut, Flag Ofcer David G., 93–94
Farrar, Col. Bernard G., 204–05
Fenderson, Pvt. Balam, 214
Ferguson, Champ, 387
Ferguson, Acting Master William, 207–08
Ferrero, Brig. Gen. Edward, 338, 341,
354–58, 361–67, 371, 394–95, 399,
401
Fierbaugh, 1st Lt. Joseph J., 449–50
Finegan, Brig. Gen. Joseph, 42–43, 65