Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Гэльско-английский словарь

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V, v

The following have appeared from time to

time in the literature, but, in most cases,

the word may either be spelt without the

use of v, or an alternative word is available.

vals nf waltz (uals)

vàcuum nm vacuum (fàslach)

vana nf (motor) van (bhana)

vandal nm vandal (milltear)

vandalachd nf vandalism (millteachd)

vàsa nf vase (bhàsa, stamha or soir)

vasalain nm vaseline (bhasalain)

Vatacain, am Vatacain nm the Vatican

(a’ Bhatacan)

veactair, -ean nm vector (bheactair)

vealarach a velar (bhealarach)

Veanas nm Venice (Bheanas)

veastraidh, -ean nm vestry (bheastraidh;

creacar is found in Dwelly, but appears

not to be used)

veat nm vet lèigh-ainmhidhean nm /

dotair-bheathach nm / lighiche-sprèidhe

Vènas nf Venus (Bhèineas)

Victoria Victoria (Bhioctoria)

vioras, -ais, -an nm virus (bhìoras)

vìosa nf visa (bhìosa)

vitimin nf vitamin (bhiotamain or

beòthag)

vodca nm vodka (bhodca)

volt nm volt (bholta)

voltachd nf voltage (bholtachd)

vòta nf vote (bhòt / bhòta)

□

bhòta rèitich

casting vote

□

thoir bhòta vote

□

thoir

bhòta air falbh bho disfranchise

vòtadh, dèan vòtadh v vote (dèan

bhòtadh)

vòtaidh, guth vòtaidh suffrage guth

bhòtaidh

vals 622

W, w

See note above

X, x

x-ghath nm x-ray (most people just say

‘x-ray’)

x-ghathachadh nm & vn of x-ghathaich

x-raying

x-ghathaich, -achadh v x-ray

Y, y

yac, -a, -an nm yak iac

Z, z

See note above

Appendix 1: The Gaelic Verb

The Spelling Rule to which reference is made several times in the following appendix,

is explained in the section Spelling and Pronunciation.

1.0 The verb bi

1.1 Independent (or afﬁrmative) form

1.1.1 Present tense

tha mi I am tha sinn we are

tha thu you are (sing) tha sibh you are (pl & polite)

tha e he is, it is tha iad they are

tha i she is, it is

1.1.2 Past tense

bha mi I was bha sinn we were

bha thu you were (sing) bha sibh you were ( pl & polite)

bha e he was, it was bha iad they were

bha i she was, it was

1.1.3 Future tense

bithidh mi I shall, will be

bithidh tu you shall, will be

bithidh e, i he, she, it shall be

etc.

1.1.4 Imperfect / conditional tense

bhithinn I would be

bhitheadh tu you will be

bhitheadh e, i. he, she would be

bhitheamaid we would be

etc.

1.2 Imperative mood

bitheam let me be bitheamaid let us be

bi be (sing) bithibh be ( pl & polite)

bitheadh e, i let him, her, it be bitheadh iad let them be

1.3 Verbal noun

(bith)* (being) a bhith to be

*Note that the verbal noun of bith is always lenited and is never used as a present participle.

1.4 Dependent form

1.4.1 Present tense

i) Interrogative ii) Negative

a bheil mi? am I? chan eil mi I am not

a bheil thu? are you? (sing) chan eil thu you are not

etc. etc.

iii) Negative interrogative

nach eil mi? am I not?

nach eil thu? are you not? (sing)

etc.

1.4.2 Past tense

i) Interrogative ii) Negative

an robh mi? was I? cha robh mi I was not

an robh thu? etc. were you? (sing) cha robh thu you were not (sing)

etc. etc.

iii) Negative interrogative

nach robh mi? was I not?

nach robh thu? were you not? (sing)

etc.

1.4.3 Future tense

i) Interrogative ii) Negative

am bi mi? shall, will I be? cha bhi mi I shall, will not be

am bi thu? shall, will you be? (sing) cha bhi thu you shall, will not be

etc. etc. (sing)

iii) Negative interrogative

nach bi mi? shall, will I not be?

nach bi thu? (sing) shall, will you not be?

etc.

1.4.4 Imperfect / conditional tense

i) Interrogative ii) Negative

am bithinn? would I be? cha bhithinn I would not be

am bitheadh tu? would you be? (sing) cha bhitheadh tu you would not be

am bitheadh e, i would he, she, it be? cha bhitheadh e, i he, she, it would

etc. etc. not be

iii) Negative interrogative

nach bithinn? would I not be?

nach bitheadh tu? would you not be? (sing)

nach bitheadh e, i? would he, she, it not be?

etc.

Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb 624

1.4.5 Relative future form

i) Afﬁrmative

ma bhitheas mi, tu etc. If I, you etc., shall, will be

ged a bhitheas mi, tu etc. although I, you etc., shall, will be

a bhitheas who, which, that shall, will be

ii) Negative

Note that the Relative future has only an afﬁrmative form. Negative constructions use the

dependent form with nach or (in the case of ma) mur.

nach bi who, which, that shall, will not be

mur bi mi, thu etc. if I, you etc. shall, will not be

ged nach bi mi, thu etc. although I, you, etc. shall, will not be

1.4.6 Subordinate clauses

All Subordinate clauses in Gaelic, including conditional and relative clauses (other than

the relative future) use one of the preceding forms when bi is used. The interrogative par-

ticle is, of course, omitted.

The following table shows, along the top, the relative pronouns and conjunctions used,

either alone or in combination, to introduce subordinate clauses.

The forms of the verb bi are shown on the left side of the table. The forms used with

each pronoun or conjunction are shown by a tick (

✓).

The table above applies to all other verbs, but note that nan and gun become nam and

gum before b, f, m and p, while the simple form gu is not used.

Further information may be found in Appendix 5 – Conjunctions, and under each

relative pronoun or conjunction in the main dictionary.

625 Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb

a (rel.) ma ged a mur mura ged nach nan nam gu gum

tha ✓✓✓

bha ✓✓✓

bhithinn ✓✓✓

bhitheadh ✓✓✓

bhitheas ✓✓✓

eil ✓✓

bheil ✓✓

bi ✓✓ ✓

robh ✓✓ ✓ ✓*

bithinn / ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

bitheadh ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

* often gun robh

2.0 Assertive verb

2.1 Independent form

2.1.1 Present tense

is mi it is I is sinn it is we

is tu it is you (sing) is sibh it is you ( pl & polite)

is e it is he, it is iad it is they

is i it is she, it

2.1.2 Past tense and imperfect / conditional tense

bu mhi it was I bu sinn it was we

bu tu it was you (sing) bu sibh it was you

b’ e it was he, it b’ iad it was they

b’ i it was she, it

2.2 Dependent form

2.2.1 Present tense

i) Interrogative

am mi? is it I? an sinn? is it we?

an tu? is it you? (sing) an sibh? is it you?

an e? is it he, it? an iad? is it they?

an i? is it she, it?

ii) Negative

cha mhi it is not I cha sinn it is not we

cha tu it is not you (sing) cha sibh it is not you ( pl & polite)

chan e it is not he, it chan iad it is not they

chan i it is not she, it

iii) Negative interrogative

nach mi? is it not I? nach sinn? is it not we?

nach tu? is it not you? (sing) nach sibh? is it not you? ( pl & polite)

nach e? is it not he, it? nach iad? is it not they?

nach i? is it not she, it?

2.2.2 Past tense and imperfect / conditional tense

i) Interrogative

am bu mhi? was it I? am bu sinn? was it we?

am bu tu? was it you? (

sing) am bu sibh? was it you? (pl & polite)

am b’ e? was it he, it? am b’ iad? was it they?

am b’ i? was it she, it?

ii) Negative

cha bu mhi it was not I cha bu sinn it was not we

cha bu tu it was not you (sing) cha bu sibh it was not you ( pl & polite)

cha b’ e it was not he, it cha b’ iad it was not they

cha b’ i it was not she, it

iii) Negative interrogative

nach bu mhi? was it not I? nach bu sinn? was it not we?

nach bu tu? was it not you? (sing) nach bu sibh? was it not you?

( pl & pol.)

nach b’ e? was it not he, it? nach b’ iad? was it not they?

nach b’ i? was it not she, it?

Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb 626

3.0 Impersonal form

3.1 Independent form: present, past and future tenses

Present Past Future

thatar it is being bhatar it was being bitear it will be

thathar ’’ bhathar ’’ bithear (most commom) ’’

thathas ’’ bhathas ’’ bitheas (uncommon) ’’

3.2 Dependent form: present, past and future tenses

i) Interrogative

Present Past Future

am beilear? is it being? an robhar? was it being? am bithear? will it be?

(uncommon) (most common)

am beileas? ’’ an robhas? ’’ am biteas? ’’

(most common)

etc.

ii) Negative

Present Past Future

chan eilear it is not being cha robhas it was not being cha bhithear it won’t be

(most common) (most

common)

etc.

iii) Negative interrogative

Present Past Future

nach eilear? is it not nach robhas? was it not nach bithear? Won’t it be?

being? being?

etc.

The verb bi and the assertive verb is (also known as the Copula) are both given in full

in the dictionary under the appropriate entries. All forms are also given in their correct

alphabetical position with a reference back to the root of the verb.

4.0 The regular verb – active voice

4.1 The Gaelic verb is remarkably regular

Apart from the verb ‘to be’, ten irregular verbs and a small number of defective verbs, all

Gaelic verbs form their moods and tenses in an easily recognisable pattern.

4.2 Regular verbs may be divided into three groups, showing initial differences

rather than terminal differences. They are:

a) verbs which begin with a consonant which may be lenited, including f when followed

by a consonant.

b) verbs which begin with a vowel or f followed by a vowel (lenited f i.e. fh being

generally silent, and always so in regular verbs, so that the verb appears to begin with

a vowel in pronunciation).

c) verbs which begin with non-leniting consonants i.e. sg, sm, sp and st (see

Appendix 8 Lenition), to which we may add verbs beginning with l, n or r which

change in sound, but do not show lenition in writing.

627 Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb

An example of each of these types will be shown under each mood or tense. In addition,

as verb terminations vary slightly in accordance with the Spelling Rule, examples of verbs

with a slender ﬁnal vowel and verbs with a broad ﬁnal vowel will be shown under verbs

beginning with a leniting consonant.

4.3 Present tense

Other than the verb ‘to be’, Gaelic verbs do not have a simple present tense. A compound

present tense is formed by using the tenses of the verb ‘to be’with the verbal noun of the

required verb (see the section on Verbal nouns following).

4.4 Past tense

4.4.1 Independent form

This is the same as the root form, lenited where possible. The form is identical in all

persons.

buail strike breab kick

bhuail mi I struck bhreab mi I kicked

bhuail thu you struck (sing) bhreab thu you kicked (sing)

etc. etc.

Verbs beginning with a vowel (or f before a vowel) are preceded by dh’:

dh’òl iad they drank dh’fhuirich sinn we waited

Verbs beginning with l, n or r show no change in writing, while sg, sm, sp and st do not

change at all.

lean mi I followed ruith e he ran

nochd i she appeared sguab mi I swept

sgàin e it burst smàil iad they extinguished

speal sinn we scythed stàmp iad they trampled

4.4.2 Dependent form

i) Interrogative

In all instances, the interrogative is the same as independent form, but preceded by an do.

an do bhreab thu? did you kick? (sing) an do dh’fhalbh iad? did they depart?

an do dh’òl thu? did you drink? (sing) an do fhreagair sibh? did you answer?

( pl)

an do nochd i? did she appear? an do sguab thu? did you sweep?

(sing)

an do sgàin e? did it burst? an do smàil iad? did they

extinguish?

an do speal sibh? did you scythe? ( pl) an do stàmp iad? did they

trample?

ii) Negative

In all instances, the negative is the same as independent form, but preceded by

cha do.

cha do bhuail mi I didn’t strike cha do dh’fhuirich e he didn’t stay

cha do dh’òl sinn we didn’t drink cha do fhreagair i she didn’t answer

cha do nochd i she didn’t appear cha do sguab thu you didn’t sweep

cha do sgàin e it didn’t burst cha do smàil iad they didn’t

extinguish

cha do speal sibh you didn’t scythe cha do stàmp iad they didn’t trample

Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb 628

iii) Negative interrogative

In all instances, the negative interrogative is the same as independent form, but preceded

by nach do.

nach do bhreab e? didn’t he kick? nach do dh’fhalbh i? didn’t she depart?

nach do dh’òl thu? didn’t you drink? nach do fhreagair sibh? didn’t you answer?

nach do bhuail e? didn’t he strike? nach do dh’fhuirich e? didn’t he stay?

nach do dh’òl thu? didn’t you drink? nach do fhreagair i? didn’t she answer?

nach do nochd i? didn’t she show? nach do sguab sibh? didn’t you sweep?

nach do sgàin e? didn’t it burst? nach do smàil iad? didn’t they

extinguish?

nach do speal e? didn’t he scythe? nach do stàmp iad? didn’t they

trample?

4.5 Future tense

4.5.1 Independent form

In all instances, the independent form is the root of the verb with the sufﬁx -aidh or -idh

according to the Spelling Rule.

buailidh mi I shall, will strike falbhaidh sinn we shall depart

breabaidh tu you shall, will strike fuirichidh mi I shall, will stay.

òlaidh sinn we shall, will drink. freagairidh* e he shall, will answer

nochdaidh i she shall, will appear sguabaidh tu you shall, will sweep

sgàinidh e it shall, will burst smàilidh iad they shall, will

extinguish

spealaidh sibh you shall, will scythe stàmpaidh iad they shall, will

trample

*Some verbs, because of length, sound combinations, or other reasons, usually suffer

syncope in the future tense and in the Imperfect / Conditional tense e.g.

freagair answer freagraidh e he will answer

foghainn sufﬁce foghnaidh iad they will sufﬁce

coisinn earn, win coisnidh iad they will win

4.5.2 Dependent form

i) Interrogative

This is simply the root of the verb preceded by the interrogative particle an (am before

verbs beginning with b, f, m or p).

cuir put an cuir mi? shall, will I put?

buail strike am buail e? will he strike?

bris break am bris iad? will they break?

an òl iad? shall, will they drink? am fuirich sinn? shall, will we wait?

an lean mi? shall, will I follow? an ruith e? shall, will he run?

an nochd i? shall, will she appear? an sguab mi? shall, will I sweep?

an sgàin e? shall, will it burst? an smàil iad? shall, will they

extinguish?

an speal sinn? shall, will we scythe? an stàmp iad? shall, will they

trample?

ii) Negative

cha bhuail mi I shan’t, won’t strike cha sguab mi I shan’t, won’t

sweep

cha chuir mi I shan’t, won’t put cha smàil iad they shan’t, won’t

extinguish

629 Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb

cha fhreagair e he shan’t, won’t answer cha speal sinn we shan’t, won’t

scythe

cha lean mi I shan’t, won’t follow cha stàmp iad they shan’t, won’t

trample

cha nochd i she shan’t, won’t appear cha tadhail e he will not visit

cha ruith e he shan’t, won’t run chan fhuirich sinn we shan’t, won’t

wait

cha sgàin e it shan’t, won’t burst chan òl iad they shan’t, won’t

drink

iii) Negative interrogative

nach òl iad? shan’t, won’t they drink? nach fhuirich sinn? shan’t, won’t we

wait?

nach lean mi? shan’t, won’t I follow? nach ruith e? shan’t, won’t he

run?

nach nochd i? shan’t, won’t she appear? nach sguab thu? shan’t, won’t you

sweep?

nach sgàin e? shan’t, won’t it burst? nach smàil iad? shan’t, won’t they

extinguish?

nach speal sinn ? shan’t, won’t we scythe? nach stàmp iad? shan’t, won’t they

trample?

4.6 Imperfect / conditional tense

4.6.1 Independent form

cuir put òl drink

chuirinn I would put dh’òlainn I would drink

chuireadh tu you would put dh’òladh tu you would drink

etc. etc.

glas lock fàg leave

ghlasainn I would lock dh’fhàgainn I would leave

ghlasadh tu you would lock dh’fhàgadh tu you would leave

etc. etc.

freagair answer lean follow

fhreagairinn* I would answer leanainn I would follow

fhreagaireadh tu* you would answer leanadh tu you would follow

etc. etc.

*Most normally fhreagrainn, fhreagradh tu etc. (see note in Future tense above.)

4.6.2 Dependent form

i) Interrogative ii) Negative

an cuirinn? would I put? cha chuirinn I wouldn’t put

an cuireadh tu? would you put?

cha chuireadh tu you wouldn’t put

am blaisinn? would I taste? cha bhlaisinn I wouldn’t taste

am blaiseadh tu? would you taste? cha bhlaiseadh tu you wouldn’t

taste

an òlainn? would I drink? chan òlainn I wouldn’t drink

an òladh tu? would you drink? chan òladh tu you wouldn’t

drink

am fàgainn? would I leave? chan fhàgainn I wouldn’t leave

am fàgadh tu? would you leave? chan fhàgadh tu you wouldn’t

leave

Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb 630

iii) Negative interrogative

nach cuirinn? wouldn’t I put? nach òlainn? wouldn’t I drink?

nach cuireadh tu? wouldn’t you put? nach òladh tu? wouldn’t you

drink?

nach blaisinn? wouldn’t I taste? nach fhàgainn? wouldn’t I leave?

nach blaiseadh tu? wouldn’t you taste? nach fhàgadh tu? wouldn’t you leave?

4.7 The relative future form

i) Afﬁrmative

a chuireas who, which, that will put

ma dh’òlas sibh if you will drink

ged a chanas tu though you (will) say

etc.

ii) Negative

Note that the relative future has only an Afﬁrmative form. Negative constructions use the

dependent form with nach or (in the case of ma) mur.

Nach cuir who, which, that shall, will not put

mur òl mi, thu etc.* if I, you etc. shall, will not drink

ged nach can mi, thu etc. although I, you, etc. shall, will not say

*or mura h-òl mi, thu etc.

4.8 Imperative mood

The forms of the imperative mood are shown here with a slender vowel verb and a broad

vowel verb.

Verb with a slender vowel

buaileam let me strike buaileamaid let us strike

buail strike buailibh strike

buaileadh e, i let him, her strike buaileadh iad let them strike

Verb with a broad vowel

togam let me lift togamaid let us lift

tog lift togaibh lift

togadh e, i let him, her lift togadh iad let them lift

The negative of the imperative mood is formed by preceding the appropriate form by na e.g.

na tog do not lift na buaileamaid let us not strike

5.0 The regular verb – passive voice

5.1 Present tense – see 4.1 the regular verb

5.2 Past tense

5.2.1 Independent form

buail strike breab kick

bhuaileadh mi I was struck bhreabadh mi I was kicked

bhuaileadh tu you were struck bhreabadh tu you were kicked

etc. etc.

òl drink fàg leave

dh’òladh e it masc was drunk

dh’fhàgadh mi I was left

dh’òladh i it fem was drunk dh’fhàgadh tu you were left

etc. etc.

freagair answer fosgail open

fhreagradh i it (was answered) dh’fhosgladh e it was opened

etc. etc.

631 Appendix 1: the Gaelic verb