Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Гэльско-английский словарь

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Contents of appendices xl

5.0 The regular verb – passive voice 631

5.1 Present tense 5.2 Past tense 5.2.1 Independent form

5.2.2 Dependent form i) Interrogative ii) Negative

iii) Negative interrogative 5.3 Future tense 5.3.1 Independent form

5.3.2 Dependent form i) Interrogative ii) Negative

iii) Negative interrogative 5.4 Imperfect/Conditional tense

5.4.1 Independent form 5.4.2 Dependent form i) Interrogative

ii) Negative iii) Negative interrogative 5.5 Relative future

form – no special relative future form 5.6 Imperative mood

6.0 Past participle passive 633

7.0 The verbal noun 634

7.1 Forms 7.1.1 The majority of verbs add adh to the root

i) adh or eadh ii) adding -adh to broadened vowel iii) dropping the ﬁnal

vowel of the root before l, n or r 7.1.2 (a)ich becoming (e)achd

7.1.3 Other verbal noun endings 7.2 Usage 7.2.1 resembling the English

present participle 7.2.2 resembling the English inﬁnitive mood

7.2.3 used to form compound tenses 7.2.4 used with the verb rach ‘go’

to form a passive voice

8.0 The irregular verbs abair, faigh, beir, rach, cluinn, ruig, dèan,

thig, faic, thoir 636

9.0 Defective auxiliary verbs feum, faod 636

10.0 Other defective verbs ar leam, arsa, siuthad, thalla, theab,

theirig, thugad, tiugainn, trobhad 637

Appendix 2: The Gaelic Noun 638

1.0 Introduction 638

2.0 Noun types 638

2.1 Case 2.1.1 nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases

2.1.2 vocative case 2.2 Type 1 masculine 2.2.1 vowel changes in

Type 1 nouns with Table (Fig. 1) 2.2.2 variation in plural forms of

Type 1 nouns i) ending in -adh, with plural in -aidhean ii) ending in

-eadh with plural in -idhean iii) trades or occupations (and others)

ending in -ear with plural in -an iv) nouns ending in -an/-ann

adding -an to the plural v) nouns with plural ending in -aichean

2.2.3 Type 1 nouns with the genitive plural the same as the nominative

plural 2.3 Type 2(a) feminine 2.3.1 vowel changes in Type 1

nouns with Table 2.3.2 variations in the genitive plural 2.4 Type 2(b)

feminines only 2.5 Type 2(c) masculines only 2.6 Type 2(d)

masculines with ﬁnal slender vowel, and feminines ending with -e

2.6.1 Masculines with a slender ﬁnal vowel 2.6.2 Feminines with ﬁnal e

2.7 Type 2(e) masculine and feminine nouns ending in -chd 2.8 Type 3

masculine and feminine nouns ending in a broad vowel (a, o or u)

2.9 Type 4(a) mostly feminine 2.10 Type 4(b) masculines and

feminines 2.11 Type 5(a) feminine nouns only 2.12 Type 5(b) “Kinship”

nouns 2.13 Type 5(c) nouns which add nn 2.14 Type 5(d) nouns

which add ad 2.15 Irregular nouns cù, sgian, bò, beinn, deoch, caora

3.0 Compound nouns 646

3.1 in which the ﬁrst element modiﬁes the second 3.1.1 the preﬁxed

noun e.g. ath-nuadhachadh 3.1.2 in which an adjective precedes a

noun e.g. àrd-mhanach 3.1.3 composed of two nouns, in which the

ﬁrst noun describes the second e.g. leabhar-chùnntas 3.1.4 with a noun

in the genitive preceding a noun in the nominative case e.g. coin-bhile

3.2 in which the second element modiﬁes the ﬁrst 3.2.1 in which the

second element is an adjective e.g. coileach-dubh 3.2.2 in which both

elements are nouns e.g. taigh-solais, cearc-fhraoich and taigh-chearc

3.3 Other types of compound noun

4.0 The deﬁnite article 650

4.1 Masculine a) Vowels: a, e i, o, u b) Gutturals: c, g c) Dentals and

liquids: d, t, l, n, r d) Labials: b, p, m e) f f) s followed by a vowel or

by a liquid sa, se, si, so, su, sl, sn, sr g) s followed by sg, sm, sp, st

4.2 Feminine a) Vowels: a, e i, o, u b) Gutturals: c, g c) Dentals and

liquids: d, t, l, n, r d) Labials: b, p, m e) f f) s followed by a vowel or

by a liquid sa, se, si, so, su, sl, sn, sr g) s followed by sg, sm, sp, st

4.3 Other uses of the deﬁnite article a) when accompanied by the dem

prons seo, sin or ud b) when used with aig and its prep prons to show

possession c) when accompanied by the interr prons dè? cò? cia? ciod e?

d) when the noun represents a class, type or species e) commonly with

abstract nouns f) in titles of rank when accompanied by a name

g) before baile, eaglais and sgoil when used with anns, and with taigh

when used with aig h) before ath meaning ‘next’ i) unlike the English

usage, the deﬁnite article is always repeated in lists 4.4 deﬁnite article

not used a) with the governing word when one noun governs another

in the genitive b) with the indeﬁnite pronoun càch ⫽ the others/the rest

c) when a ﬁrst name is used with the name of a trade

Appendix 3: The Gaelic Adjective 656

1.0 Introduction 656

1.1 Types of adjective 1.1.1 Adjectives which have a broad root vowel

1.1.2 Vowel change when i

is introduced 1.1.3 Adjectives which have a

slender root vowel 1.1.4 Adjectives with a augment in the feminine

singular 1.1.5 No inﬂection in the singular

2.0 Adjectives declined with an indeﬁnite noun 657

2.1 Masculine 2.2 Feminine Note: a) adjective after feminine

noun in the gen case now usually agrees as for a masculine noun in

the gen case b) dative masculine singular lenited after the deﬁnite article

c) lenition in the plural adjective d) lenition nothing to do with gender

e) no increase after a plural polysyllabic noun f) nouns with a plural

ending in an g) adjective as part of the predicate h) ﬁnal n in a noun

traditionally preventing lenition i) adjectives agree with the nearest noun

j) the dative case is being modiﬁed k) adjectives preceding their nouns

ath, fìor, deagh, sàr, droch, seann l) mòr used before a noun for emphasis

3.0 Comparison of adjectives 659

3.1 Regular adjectives 3.2 Irregular adjectives 3.3 Comparison

expressed in three ways 3.3.1 by the use of as (a⫹ is) 3.3.2 by placing

xli Contents of appendices

the comparative adjective immediately after is or bu 3.3.3 by using

the verb bi and nas or by na bu 3.4 incomplete comparisons

3.5 The superlative

4.0 Possessive adjectives 660

4.1 mo, do and a meaning his lenite and also elide before a vowel or

fh⫹ vowel; a her does not lenite – separated from a vowel by h-; ar

and bhur/ur separated from a vowel by n- 4.2 Emphatic

possessive adjectives using sa, san, se or ne

5.0 Prepositional possessive adjectives 661

with Fig. 3. Table of prepositional possessive adjectives

Appendix 4: Adverbs 663

1.0 Any suitable adjective may be made into an adverb 663

1.1 When the adjective begins with a vowel, an h- is inserted between

it and gu 1.2 In some circumstances, the gu is regularly or usually

dropped: a) with some adjectives b) when the adverb itself qualiﬁes an

adjective c) when the adverb itself is qualiﬁed d) after the assertive verb

e) in some common expressions

2.0 A few adjectives precede a verb/adjective as an intensifying adverb 664

deagh, dian, sìor, grad, làn, cianail 664

3.0 Many adverbs are preceded by a and are lenited where possible 664

3.1 Some of these often used without the a 3.2 Those beginning with

a vowel are preceded by a dh’

4.0 Many adverbs are preﬁxed by a- 664

5.0 Very many adverbs consist of air and a noun with lenition in

many cases 665

5.1 In some cases two nouns are linked together by air 5.2 Many,

however, have no lenition 5.3 In a few instances a possessive adjective

is required before the noun 5.4 Some phrases require a deﬁnite article

6.0 Ann, abreviated to an/am, frequently associated with adverbs 666

6.1 Some of the constructions are a little more elaborate

7.0 Adverbs incorporating what is generally thought of as the

deﬁnite article

667

7.1 Some adverbs of similar construction

8.0 Simple adverbs 667

9.0 The 3rd person sing forms of prepositional pronouns used adverbially 667

Contents of appendices xlii

10.0 Adverbs concerning the concept of ‘in motion’ or ‘at rest’ 668

shìos/ sìos/ a-nìos; shuas/ suas/ a-nuas; thall/ a-null/ a-nall; a-staigh/

a-steach; a-muigh/ a-mach; a-bhos Fig. 4 & Fig. 5 showing Adverbs of

motion or rest

11.0 Adverbs of direction 671

deas, ear, iar, tuath

12.0 Adverbial phrases composed of preposition ⫹ noun 671

a) mu b) mar c) fo /fa- d) gu e) os f) (bh)o g) various prepositions

h) a few particularly associated with sin

13.0 Adjectives nouns and pronouns used in compound adverbs 672

13.1 The adjective fad(a) used with adverbs to form other adverbs

13.2 Similarly with the noun leth 13.3 adverbs are associated with

làmh hand 13.4 nouns are used as modiﬁers, often translating as

adverbs 13.5 nouns used on their own as adverbs 13.6 indeﬁnite

pronouns as adverbs 673

14.0 Adverbs of frequency 673

15.0 Verbal constructions as adverbs 673

ma dh’fhaoite (gu(n)), cha mhò /ni mò, as ùr, ’s e sin /is e

sin /sin ri ràdh

Appendix 5: Conjunctions 674

1.0 Subordinate clauses 674

1.1 Co-ordinate clauses 674

agus, ach, oir

1.1.1 Co-ordinate clauses use the simple future tense

1.2 Relative clauses 674

1.2.1 Relative clauses introduced by relative pronouns, most

interrogatives and compound conjunctions with relative pronoun

a nuair a, on a ged a mar a ma cho fad ’s /fhad ’s a

1.2.2 Relative clauses use a special form of the future

called the relative future

1.3 Dependent clauses 675

1.3.1 Using the dependent form of the verb far, nan, mun, gus, mur

1.3.2 Many dependent clauses introduced by gun /gum a thaobh gu,

a chionn gu, mar gu, air chor gu, airson gu, air eagal gu, a chum ’s gu

1.4 Relative clauses and dependent clauses made negative by nach 676

xliii Contents of appendices

Appendix 6: Pronouns 677

1.0 Personal pronouns 677

1.1 The personal pronouns are used after the verb 1.2 The emphatic

particles -se, sa, -san and -e; tu and tusa used with the Assertive Verb

and forms ending in -a / -as / -adh

2.0 Possessive pronouns – see possessive adjectives Appendix 3 Section 4.0 678

3.0 Demonstrative pronouns 678

3.1 often used with the assertive verb understood 3.2 The deﬁnite article,

the demonstrative pronoun and a noun are used to represent the

demonstrative adjective

4.0 Relative pronouns 678

a, na, nach

5.0 Interrogative pronouns 678

5.1 All based on cò, cia and ciod: a) cò? b) cia c) ciod?

6.0 Indeﬁnite pronouns 679

6.1 Fear, tè, aon used as indeﬁnite pronouns by themselves or in

combination with other indeﬁnite pronouns a) càch b) càch-a-chèile

c) cuid, cuid dhiubh, cuid aca c) eigin, a shortened form of the noun

eiginn ‘necessity’ is often afﬁxed to certain nouns to make them

indeﬁnite: cuideigin, tè-eigin, feareigin, rudeigin 6.2 The indeﬁnite

pronouns have no negative equivalents 6.3 sam bith and air bith used

with nouns or indeﬁnite pronouns 6.4 uile, a h-uile and na h-uile

used with the meaning ‘all’ 6.5 feadhainn used indeﬁnitely,

meaning ‘some’

7.0 Prepositional pronouns 682

7.1 Fig. 6. Table of prepositional pronouns

8.0 Prepositional possessive adjectives – see Appendix 3 Section 5.0 682

Appendix 7: Prepositions 683

Fig. 7 Table of simple prepositions

1.0 Prepositions may be divided into two main groups 683

1.1 Simple prepositions 1.1.1 Prepositions which take a noun in the

dative case a) Air ‘on’ and aig ‘at’ do not generally* cause lenition

b) prepositions which have different forms before indeﬁnite nouns and

deﬁnite nouns. ann /anns, à /às, ri /ris, le /leis gu (dative case) /gus

(accusative case) c) remaining prepositions taking dative case, omitting

gun and mar, lenite where possible and combine with the deﬁnite

Contents of appendices xliv

article: de, do, fo, mu, roimh (now ro), troimh (now tro), bho 1.2 mar,

like gu /gus, takes an indeﬁnite noun in the dative case, but a deﬁnite noun

in the accusative case. 1.3 gun used with the dative case or accusative case

1.4 seach and eadar take the accusative case 1.4.1 eadar has two separate

meanings a) between – no lenition b) eadar … agus … both … and … with

lenition. 1.5 prepositions followed by the genitive case: rè (causes

lenition), thar, trìd, chun (used only with a deﬁnite noun)

2.0 Prepositional pronouns (see Appendix 6 Pronouns) 685

3.0 Prepositional possessive adjectives (see Appendix 3 Adjectives) 686

4.0 Compound prepositions 686

a chum, a dh’ ionnsaigh, a rèir, a thaobh, air cùlaibh, air

feadh, air muin, air sgàth, air son, air tòir, am ﬁanais, am measg,

an aghaidh, an àite, an ceann, an coinneamh, an dèidh, an làthair,

às aonais, às eugmhais, às leth, còmhla ri(s), cuide ri(s), mu

choinneamh, mu chomhair, mu dheidhinn, mu thimcheall, mun cuairt,

os cionn, gu ruige

4.1 use of possessive adjective with compound prepositions (see

Appendix 3 Adjectives)

Appendix 8: Lenition 687

1.0 Lenition a change in the sound of a consonant shown by

the insertion of h 687

1.1 the letters of the Gaelic alphabet, excluding h, may be divided into

four groups a) a, e, i, o and u and the consonant pairs sg, sm, sp and st

which never lenite b) b, c, f, g, m, p and s which lenite with some

exceptions c) d and t are not lenited after cha or bu and traditionally do not

lenite each other d) l, n, and r do not show lenition in writing, but do alter

in sound

Appendix 9: The Points of the Compass 688

1.0 In Fig. 8 compass rose showing the main cardinal points 688

1.1 the cardinal points constructed upon the word àird 1.2 an àird

tuath and an àird deas become an àirde tuath and an àirde deas

1.3 an àirde an ear an àirde an iar 1.4 four main points frequently

shortened to tuath, deas, an ear an iar 1.5 the expressions an taobh

tuath

, an taobh deas, an taobh an ear and an taobh an iar, commonly

used 1.6 an ceann-a-tuath and an ceann-a-deas also common

1.7 different meanings of an in these expressions 1.8 adverbs of rest

and motion also show considerable variation. mu thuath, mu dheas,

chun na h-àirde an ear, san (àirde an) ear, chun na h-àirde an iar,

san (àirde an) iar 1.9 gu may be used instead of chun 1.10 all

prepositions implying movement may be found à /às, (bh)o, ri, a

dh’ionnsaigh, do 1.11 ann an / anns (often abbreviated to an and san)

is also common 1.12 air used only with taobh 1.13 no preposition in

certain circumstances 1.14 positions ‘north of’, ‘south of’ etc.

xlv Contents of appendices

2.0 Adjectives and nouns derived from adverbs of direction 690

a) tuathach, deasach, searach, siarach b) siar and sear

3.0 Place names containing the element ‘North’, ‘South’,

‘East’ or ‘West’

Ameireaga-a-Deas, Afraca-an-Ear, Afraca-an-Iar, Uibhist-a-Tuath etc. 690

3.1 mu thuath mu dheas commonly used instead of -a-tuath -a-deas

4.0 The other cardinal points 690

4.1 four main intervening cardinal points

an ear-thuath, an ear-dheas, an iar-dheas, an iar-thuath -also used

in the fuller form – an àirde an ear-thuath etc.

4.2 The next eight intervening minor cardinal points

4.3 The remaining sixteen intervening minor cardinal points

5.0 Etymological notes 691

Appendix 10: Time 692

1.0 Words for time 692

1.1 àm period of time never deﬁned in terms of length, but otherwise

made speciﬁc: 1) by the use of aig ‘at’ followed by: a) the deﬁnite article

or a deﬁnite pronoun. b) an indeﬁnite noun accompanied by an indeﬁnite

pronoun 2) by the use of àm followed by a noun in the genitive case

(with or without aig) 3) by the use of àm followed by de ‘of’ and a noun,

when the time is considered as part of a larger unit of time 4) by the use

of a limiting or specifying adjective such as sònraichte, àraidh and

freagarrach, iomchaidh 5) by the use of the deﬁnite article followed by

construction involving verbal noun phrase, aig or ann; àm may also be

associated with a verb meaning ‘come, approach’ etc. 6) by the use of

descriptive adjectives (not specifying length / duration) 7) by the use

of phrases meaning ‘such a time’ or ‘a time like this’ 8) by the use of

adjectives meaning ‘the same’ or ‘the very same’ 9) by describing the time

period with a relative clause, àm being deﬁnite or indeﬁnite as required.

1.2 uair in its usage as a word denoting ‘time(s)’ when the time mentioned

is considered as part of a series or of a repetition – shown in a number of

ways: 1) by the use of ordinal adjectives 2) by the use of numerical

adjectives 3) by any other means which express or imply a series, repetition

or contrast 1.3 ùine used for a space of time or for time as a usable

commodity, deﬁned only in terms of quantity or duration, and never

of quality. 1) as a space of time 2) as a commodity which one may have,

give, take, need, spend, waste, etc. (or where such usefulness is implied)

3) as something which passes 4) ‘in time’ with the meaning ‘in course of

time’ 1.4 tìde used, for the most part, in the same circumstances as the

word ùine 1) as a space of time 2) as a commodity to be spent, wasted,

passed etc. 3) as something which passes 4) tìde like àm,may be used

to imply ‘high’ time 5) some other usages 6) to stipulate the meaning

‘hours’ or ‘o’clock’ when using uair 1.5 tìm less frequently used than the

previous four – main use as a word meaning time as a dimension, or

personiﬁcation of time. 1) as usable time or a period of time 2) as abstract

or personiﬁed time. 3) occasionally used in a historical sense

Contents of appendices xlvi

2.0 Other words for ‘time’ 697

1) aimsir 2) linn 3) turas 4) tràth 5) greise and greiseag 6) Tac

7) tacan 8) tamall 9) seal 10) Siubhal 11) mithich 12) ‘times’ in

a multiplicative sense 13) o chionn and a chianamh 14) dìol 15) word

for ‘time’ omitted 16) the main word having little or nothing to do with time

3.0 Time of the clock 700

Dè an uair a tha e? What time is it? 3.1 Table 1. hours of the clock

3.2 Table 2. minutes to the hour 3.3 Table 3. minutes past the hour

3.4 How to use the tables 3.5 Some further examples

4.0 The calendar 701

4.1 The days of the week 4.2 The months of the year 4.3 The seasons

of the year 4.4 Special days 4.5 Festivals 4.6 Other expressions

denoting calendar time

Appendix 11: Numerals 705

1.0 The Gaelic counting system old and new 705

2.0 The traditional Gaelic counting system 705

2.1 Cardinal numbers accompanied by a noun a) Nos 1 to 10 b)

Nos 11 to 20 c) Nos 21 to 29 d) Nos 30 to 39 e) 40 to 49 f) 50 to 59

g) Nos 60 to 99 h) Nos 100 to 199 i) ‘hundreds’ j) 1,000 to 1,000,000

2.2 Cardinal numbers without a noun – numeral preceded by a (a h-

before vowels) up to thirty-nine 2.3 Ordinal numbers, with a noun

a) 1st to 10th b) 11th to 1000th 2.4 Numerical nouns one person to

ten persons 2.5 Dates 2.6 Some further phrases

3.0 The new Gaelic counting system 710

3.1 New system based on tens a) identical to the old system as far as 20

b) the forms from 21 to 29 c) from 30 to 90 3.2. Nos 30 to 39 without

a noun 3.3 Nos 30 to 39 with a noun 3.4 Some random examples,

without a noun 3.5 With a typical noun 3.6 The higher numbers

3.7 The higher numbers with a typical noun 3.8 Random examples

with or without a noun 3.9 Dates

4.0 Decades 712

Appendix 12: Proper Nouns 713

1.0 Forenames and by-names 713

1.1 Proper nouns in Gaelic decline differently from other nouns

1.2 Masculine 1.3 Feminine 1.4 List of forenames 1.4.1 Masculine

1.4.2 Feminine

2.0 Surnames 717

2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Surnames beginning with ‘Mac’

2.1.2 Possession 2.1.3 Differences to be noted 2.1.4 Surnames

without the Mac element 2.1.5 Mac surnames may also have the

adjectival form 2.1.6 Nominal forms ending in -ach

2.2 List of surnames

xlvii Contents of appendices

3.0 List of place names – national and international 722

4.0 List of place names – Scotland 725

5.0 Commonly used names from Biblical, mythological,

astronomical and historical sources 735

6.0 Patronymics of Clan Chiefs 736

Contents of appendices xlviii

A, a

A! interj Ah!

□

A! Sin e! Ah! There it is!

a part used before nouns in the vocative

case i.e. when someone, an animal or

something – the last usually only in

poetry – is being addressed, either directly

or in correspondence

□

a Mhairead!

Margaret!

□

a charaid (chòir) dear friend /

dear sir (in letters)

□

a-mach a seo a choin!

out of here, dog!

□

a Sheumais, am faca tu

a’ chìr agam? James, have you seen my

comb?

□

for further information on the

Voc. Case, see App. 2 Sect. 2.1.2

a poss adj 1. her, its fem

□

becomes a h-

before vowels

□

a màthair her mother

□

h-athair her father 2. his, its masc

□

lenites

the following consonant if possible and is

omitted before vowels

□

a mhàthair his

mother

□

sheall e air (a) athair he looked

at his father

□

often combined with simple

preps ending in a vowel e.g. da to his / to

its (see do)

a prep of (abbr form of de – also found in

the form a dh’)

a part used with vns, with the force of the

English ‘to’ with an inﬁn

□

thàinig e a

shealltainn orm he came to see me

a’ def art the

□

used: 1. with nom & dat

cases of fem nouns beginning with b, m, p,

c and g

□

a’bhròg the shoe

□

air a’bhròig

on the shoe

□

a’ mhàthair the mother

□

a’

bruidhinn ris a’ mhàthair talking to the

mother

□

a’phìob the pipe

□

anns a’phìob

in the pipe

□

a’ chathair the chair

□

anns

a’ chathair in the chair

□

a’ ghealach the

moon

□

air a’ ghealaich on the moon 2.

with the gen & dat cases of sing masc

nouns beginning with the same letters

□

am baile the town

□

talla a’ bhaile the

town hall (lit. [the] hall of the town)

□

maighstir the master

□

taigh a’mhaighstir

the master’s house

□

a’ bruidhinn ris a’

mhaighstir talking to the master

□

prìosan the prison

□

doras a’phrìosain the

door of the prison

□

anns a’ phrìosan in

the prison

□

an cat the cat

□

earball a’

chait the tail of the cat / the cat’s tail

□

leis a’chat with / by the cat

□

an gàradh the

garden

□

geata a’ ghàraidh the gate of the

garden / the garden gate

□

anns a’ghàradh

in the garden 3. to show elision of the n (in

informal speech) before any of the conso-

nants not mentioned above

□

bidh iad a’

cumail a’ leth eile they will be retaining

the other half.

a’ abbr form of ag used before vns begin-

ning with a consonant

□

tha e a’coiseachd

he is walking

□

though it should be noted

that ag is frequently used with ràdh say-

ing

□

dè tha e ag ràdh? what is he saying?

a abbr form of interr part an / am used with

bheil

□

a bheil thu sgìth? are you tired?

□

also used between a prep and the verb,

with the force of the English rel prons

‘which / that’

□

seo an taigh anns a bheil

sinn a’fuireach an-dràsta this is the house

in which we are living just now

□

further

examples of this usage may be found

under the relevant prep.

a prep

□

1. reduced form of prep do (q.v.)

□

chaidh e a Chanada he went to Canada

□

an rathad a Steòrnabhagh the road to

Stornoway 2. reduced form of prep de

(q.v.)

□

chan eil dad a thìde agam I don’t

have any time at all.

a rel pron who, which, that

□

followed

by the indep form of the verb, except in

the fut tense, when a special rel fut

form is used

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see App. 1 for Verb

Outlines

□

sin a’bhean a bha an seo a-

raoir that’s the woman who was here

last night

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sin an duine a rinn e that’s

the man who did it

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tilg a-mach na

leabhraichean a tha salach throw out

the books which are dirty

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tilgidh

sinn a-mach na leabhraichean a bhith-

eas salach we’ll throw out the books

which are (lit. will be) dirty

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bhithea-

maid a’ toirt cuideachadh don fhead-

hainn a bhitheadh bochd we used to

give help to those who were needy

Note how ‘whose’ preceded by a prep

(e.g. ‘in whose’) is expressed

□

sin an

duine a bha sinn a’ fuireach san taigh

aige that’s the man in whose house we

were staying (lit. that’s the man who

we were staying in the house at him)

Note also that most interr prons are

followed by a and the construction

shown above e.g. cò? who? dè? what?

ciamar? how? carson? why? cuine?

when? (q.v.)

□

when an interr pron