Colin Mark. The Gaelic-English Dictionary/Гэльско-английский словарь
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/d
j
/ At the beginning of a word, slender d is like j in ‘jug’:
an-diugh /ə
d
j
u/ today
an-dé /ə
d
j
e/ yesterday
dearg /d
j
arak/ red
/t
j
/ – otherwise it is pronounced like ch in ‘chew’.
càirdean /kar
st
j
ən/ friends, kin
pàrlamaid /par
ˆ
əmεt
j
/ parliament
cuideigin /kut
j
ik
j
in/ somebody
/d/ Note that some recent loan-words from English, beginning with
d, are pronounced as in English, e.g: dola /dɔla/ doll. Cf t.
dh /γ/ Broad dh is the same as broad gh i.e. a ‘voiced’ ch.
a dh’aithghearr /əγaiçar
/ soon
mas urrainn dhut /mas ur
iγut/ if you can
taghadh /t-əγ/ choosing
/-/ Broad dh is weak or silent in the middle of a word.
naidheachd /n
ε-əxk/ news
adhbhar /ɯvər/ a reason
an fheadhainn /ə jo-i/ the ones, those
/j/ Slender dh is the same as slender gh, i.e. like y as in ‘yes’.
buidhe /bɯjə/ yellow
mu dheidhinn /mu je-iŋ/ about
có dhiubh /ko ju/ whether?
/-/ Slender dh disappears after an unstressed vowel.
cruaidh /kruəj/ hard
suidh
/sɯj/ sit down
bòidheach /bɔjəx/ beautiful
f /f/ Broad f is as f in English ‘fast’:
fosgladh /fɔsk
ˆ
əγ/ opening
fàg /fak/ leave
fuireach /fur
j
əx/ living
/f
j
/ – while slender f (which occasionally occurs at the beginning of
words) is like f in ‘few’.
feadhainn /f
j
o-i/ some
feòil /f
j
ɔl/ meat
fiughar /f
j
u-ər/ expectation
fh /-/ Broad fh is generally not pronounced:
dh’ fhairich e /γar
j
iç ε/ he felt
(a) fhacal [ə] axkə
ˆ
/ his word
glé fhada /gle atə/ very long
/h/ – except in the following, where fh is pronounced as h.
fhathast /ha-əst/ yet, still
fhuair /huər
j
/ got
Spelling and pronunciation xxx
/-/ Likewise, slender fh is generally not pronounced:
an fheadhainn /ə j
j
o-i/ the ones
an fheòil /ə jɔl/ the meat
is fheàrr leam /ʃar
ləm I prefer
/h/ – except in the following, where fh is pronounced as h.
fhéin /hen/ self
g /g/ Broad g at the beginning of a word is like g in ‘gone’:
goirt /gɔr-st
j
/ sore
glan /g
ˆ
an/ clean
gorm /gɔrɔ
m/ blue
/k/ – otherwise it is pronounced like k in ‘took’.
agam /akəm/ at me
basgaid /baskεt
j
/ a basket
beag /bek/ small
/g/ Before a slender vowel g may be like broad g above, i.e. like
g in ‘gone’.
geata /gehtə/ a gate
gearan /geran/ a complaint
ginealach /ginə
ˆ
əx/ a generation
/g
j
/ Slender g is like g in ‘argue’ at the beginning of a word.
geal /g
j
a
ˆ
/ white
gearradh /g
j
ar
əγ/ a cut
giuthas /g
j
u-əs/ fir, pine
/k
j
/ Elsewhere it is pronounced like c in ‘secure’. But note that the
y sound is not evident when not followed by a vowel.
sgeilp /sk
j
ε
ˆ
p/ a shelf
thig /hik
j
/come
aig /ək
j
/at
gh /γ/ Broad gh is a ‘voiced’ ch.
lagh /
ˆ
γ
˜
/law
o chionn ghoirid /ɔ çu
~
n
˜
γr
j
ət
j
/ recently
ghabh mi /γav mi/ I took
/j/ Slender gh is like the y of ‘yes’.
gheall mi /jau
ˆ
mi/ I promised
a’ ghealach /ja
ˆ
əx/ the moon
a’ ghinealach /ə j
j
inə
ˆ
əx/ the generation
/-/ In the middle, or at the end of a word, both broad and slender gh
may be silent.
taghta /ttə/fine
deagh /d
j
ɔ/ good
nigh /i/ wash
l /
ˆ
/ Broad l is like a hollow ll as in ‘full’ with the tongue touching
the upper teeth.
loch /
ˆ
ɔx/ loch, lake
latha /
ˆ
a-ə/a day
cùl /ku
ˆ
/ a back
xxxi Spelling and pronunciation
/ʎ/ Slender l is like ll in ‘million’ at the beginning* of a word
(*except when lenited – see below).
litir /ʎiht
j
ər
j
/ letter
liath /ʎiə/ blue, grey
gu leòr /gəʎɔr/ plenty
/l/ Elsewhere slender l is pronounced like ll in ‘hilly’.
bliadhna /bliən
˜
ə/ a year
céilidh /keli/ ceilidh
a litir /ə liht
j
ər
j
/ his letter*
*This is lenited l.
ll /
ˆ
/ Broad ll in the middle or end of a word is the same as broad l
above.
Galldachd /gau
ˆ
taxk/ Lowlands
ball /bau
ˆ
/ ball
sealladh /ʃau
ˆ
əγ/ a view
/ʎ/ Slender ll is like ll in ‘million’.
till /t
j
iʎ/ return
caill /kaiʎ/ lose
foillsich /fiʎʃiç/ publish
m /m/ Broad m is pronounced as in English.
móran /moran/ much
muir /mur
j
/ sea
math /ma/ good
/m/ Before a slender vowel, m may also be pronounced like m in
English:
mear /mεr/ merry
caismeachd /kaʃmaxk/ alarm
ainmeil /εnεmεl/ famous
/m
j
/ – but,when slender, it is pronounced like m in ‘muse’.
meal /m
j
a
ˆ
/ enjoy
meàirleach /m
j
a
¯
r
ˆ
əx/ thief, robber
meann /m
j
aun
˜
/ kid (goat)
mh /v/ Broad mh is like broad bh (i.e. like v in ‘very’).
làmh /
ˆ
a
v/ a hand
sàmhach /sa
vəx/ quiet
a’ phìob-mhór /ə fib vor/ the bagpipes
/v
j
/ Slender mh may be like slender bh (i.e. like v in view).
caileag mheallta /kalak v
j
au
ˆ
tə/ a deceitful girl
air a’ mheann /εr
j
ə v
j
aun
˜
/ on the kid
a’ mhealag /ə v
j
a
ˆ
ak/ the milt
/-/, /j/ Broad or slender mh may disappear or leave the sound of y in
‘yes’.
roimhe /rɔ
jə/ before
an comhnaidh /aŋ koni/ always
coimhead /kɔ
jət/, /k
əjət/ looking
Spelling and pronunciation xxxii
n /n
˜
/ Broad n at the beginning of a word is produced rather like
the hollow l described above i.e. with the tongue pressed
against the upper teeth:
nochd /n
˜
ɔxk/ appear, show
naidheachd /n
˜
ε-əxk/ news
nurs /n
˜
r
s/ a nurse
/n/ – otherwise it is like the n of English, e.g. ‘narrow’.
bean /bεn/ a wife
sporan /spɔran/ purse
glanadh /g
ˆ
anəγ/ cleaning
// Slender n, when used initially, is like the n in ‘new’:
nigh /i/ wash
Niall /iə
ˆ
/ Neil
air neo /ər
ɔ/or
n – otherwise slender n may be like n in ‘need’.
fhéin /hen/ self
cuideigin /kut
j
ik
j
in/ somebody
seachdain /ʃεxkεn/, /ʃaxkεn/ a week
This is also the lenited n:
nigh sinn /ni ʃi/ we washed
// – or, in other instances, it may be like // above.
slàinte /s
ˆ
at
j
ə/ health
duine /duə/ a man
ciùin /k
j
u/ calm
ng /ŋ/, /ŋg/, /ŋk/ Broad ng may be like ng in ‘song’orng in ‘longer’, often
tending towards nk of ‘pink’.
long /
ˆ
ɔuŋ/ ship*
pong /pɔuŋ/ point*
brangas /braŋkas/ pillory
*also /
ˆ
ɔuŋk/ or /
ˆ
ɔuŋg/ and/pɔuŋk/ or /pɔuŋg/
/ŋ
j
/, /ŋk/ Slender ng is like ng in ‘sing’, tending towards nk in ‘pink’.
cuingichte /kuiŋ
j
giçt
j
ə/ restricted
an Fhraing /ən
˜
r
aiŋk
j
/ France
puingean /pəŋ
j
k
j
ən/ points
/~ -/ Both broad and slender ng may be silent in the middle of
a word, leaving nasalisation.
iongantach /ju
əntəx/ surprising
ingnean /i
nən/ (finger)nails
nn /n
˜
/ Broad nn is produced in the same way as the hollow n
/n
˜
/described above.
ionnsaich /ju
n
˜
siç/ learn
ceannach /k
j
an
˜
əx/ buying
amannan /amən
˜
ən/ times
// Slender nn is like // above.
seinn /ʃei/ sing, singing
uinneag /uəg/ window
beinn /bei/ mountain
xxxiii Spelling and pronunciation
p /p/ Broad p is like p in ‘pat’.
ròpa /rɔhpə/ a rope
pòg /pɔk/ a kiss
port /pɔr
st/ a port; a tune
/p/ Before a slender vowel, p may be like p in ‘pet’.
peacadh /pεxkəγ/ sin
pìob /pib/ pipe
pinc /piŋ
j
k
j
/ pink
/p
j
/ But, when slender, is like p in ‘pew’.
peann /p
j
aun
˜
/ a pen
piuthar /p
j
u-ər/ sister
ph /f/ When broad, and often before a slender vowel, ph is like the
ph of ‘phone’.
a’ phòg /ə fɔk/ the kiss
a pheacadh /ə fεxkəγ/ his sin
oifis a’ phuist /ɔfiʃəfuʃt
j
/ post office
/f
j
/ Slender ph is like the f of ‘few’.
a pheann /ə f
j
au
~
n
/ his pen
do phiuthar /də f
j
u-ər/ your sister
r /r
/ Broad r, used initially*, is a strongly rolled r which gives the
following vowel a hollow sound.
rathad /r
a-əd/ road
ruadh r
uəγ/ dark red
ràdh /r
a/ saying
*But broad rolled r /r
/ may be used medially before a broad
s sound, or before l.
seòrsa /ʃr
ɔr
sə/ sort, kind
cùrsa /kur
sə/ a course
bàrdachd /bar
sdəxk/ poetry*
meàirleach /m
j
a
¯
r
ˆ
əx/ thief, robber
pàrlamaid /par
ˆ
əmεt
j
/ parliament
Beurla /bjr
ˆ
ə/ English
*See rd / rt in introduction to Spelling and Pronunciation.
r Elsewhere broad r is pronounced like r in ‘red’.
craobh /krɯv/ a tree
seòmar /ʃɔmər/ a room
grunn /grun
˜
/ a lot
/r
/ Before a slender vowel, r may be like broad rolled r /r
/
above.
reic /r
eçk/ sell
rìgh /r
i/ a king
rionnag /r
un
˜
ak/ a star
Spelling and pronunciation xxxiv
/r
j
/ When slender r may be similar to the English r in tree.
This may vary from dialect to dialect.
muir /mur
j
/ sea
riamh /r
j
iəv/ ever
a-màireach /ə mar
j
əx/ tomorrow
rr /r
/ This is the same as broad r /r
/ above.
freagarrach /fregər
əx/ suitable
iarr /iər
/ ask
comharradh /kɔ
hər
əγ/ sign
s s Broad s is pronounced as in English.
sona /sɔnə/ happy
cùrsa /kur
sə/ a course
suidh /sɯj/ sit
/ʃ/ Slender s is the same as sh in English ‘sheep’.
sin /ʃin/ that
toiseach /tɔʃəx/ a beginning
creidsinn /kr
j
ed
j
ʃi/ believing
sh /h/ When broad, and usually before a slender vowel, sh is like
h in English ‘hat’.
shreap e /hrehp ε/ he climbed
shuas /huəs/ up
sheinn i /hei i/ she sang
/ç/ But slender sh is like slender ch /ç/ i.e. like h in ‘hew’.
sheall iad /çau
ˆ
iat/ they looked
mo shiùcar /mə çuhkər/ my sugar
a Sheònaid! /ə çɔnat
j
/ Janet!
sr /str/, /sr/ In most dialects initial sr is pronounced as str in street, but
it may also be sr.
sràid /straht
j
/ a street
sreap /strehp/ climb
sròn /strɔn/ a nose
t /t/ Broad t is like t in ‘tar’. As with broad d, the tongue touches
the upper teeth.
coltas /kɔ
ˆ
təs/ appearance*
tog /tɔ k/ lift, raise
turas /turəs/ journey, trip
*often /kɔ
ˆ
əs/
/t
j
/ Slender t is like ch in ‘chew’.
àite /aht
j
ə/ a place
teaghlach /t
j
ˆ
əx/ a family
tighinn /t
j
i-i/, /t
j
i-ən/ coming
xxxv Spelling and pronunciation
t Recent borrowings from English may retain the English t before
a slender vowel.
tidsear /tit
j
ʃεr
j
/ teacher
tiocaid /tg
j
əd
j
/ ticket
telebhisean /tεləviʃən/ television
th /h/ When broad, or before a slender vowel, th may be like broad sh
i.e. like h in English ‘hat’.
tha mi /ha mi/ I am
beatha /bεhə/ life
thoir dhomh /hɔr
j
γɔ
/ give (to) me
thig /hik
j
/come
/ç/ Slender th is often like slender ch /ç/ i.e. like the h of ‘hew’:
thionndaidh mi /çun
˜
ti mi/ I turned
thilg e /çilik
j
ε/ he threw
a theaghlach /ç
ˆ
əx/ his family
/-/ – but th may be silent in the middle or at the end of a word.
dùthaich /du-iç/ country
liath /ʎiə/ (pale) blue, grey
fhathast /ha-əst/ yet, still
But note also:
thu /u/ you
t- t Before a broad vowel t-is like t in ‘tar’, i.e. just as if the word
began with broad t.
an t-aran /ən
˜
taran/ the bread
an t-airgead /ən
˜
tεrεgət/ the money
an t-acras /ən
˜
taxkrəs/ the hunger
/t
j
/ Before a slender vowel t-is like ch in ‘chew’, i.e. just as if the
word began with slender t.
an t-eun /ən
˜
t
j
ian/, /ən
˜
t
j
en/ the bird
an t-eagal /ən
˜
t
j
ekə
ˆ
/ the fear
an t-ìm /ən
˜
t
j
im
~
/ the butter
t–s / t/ When t-s precedes a broad vowel, the s is mute and the t is
pronounced like t in ‘tar’.
an t-sùil /ən
˜
tul/ the eye
fad an t-samhraidh /fatən
˜
tau
ri/ all summer
/t
j
/ When it precedes a slender vowel, the s is also mute and the t is
like ch in ‘chew’.
an t-seachdain seo /ən
˜
t
j
εxkεn ʃɔ/ this week*
fad an t-siubhail /fatət
j
u-əl/ all the time
*also /t
j
axkεn/
/- / Before l, n and r, however, the s is mute.
air an t-slighe /εr
j
ən
˜
tli-ə/ on the way
san t-sloc /sən t
ˆ
ɔxk/ in the pit
Spelling and pronunciation xxxvi
The combination t-sn, however, is pronounced as /tr
j
/ with
nasalisation of the vowel.
san t-sneachda /sən tr
j
a
xkə/ in the snow
In addition to the vowel sounds shown in the table above, certain combinations of conso-
nants may indicate that a preceding short (and stressed) vowel is dipthongised.
all, ann, amh
/au/ Has the sound of ow in ‘how’.
seall /ʃau
ˆ
/ show
Galldachd /gau
ˆ
taxk/ Lowlands
ball /bau
ˆ
/ ball
ann /aun
˜
/ in it
meann /m
j
aun
/ kid (goat)
peann /p
j
aun
˜
/ a pen
ceann /k
j
aun
˜
/ head, end
samhradh /sau
rəγ/ summer
geamhradh /g
j
au
rəγ/ winter
oll, onn, om
/ou/ Has a sound like that of o in ‘no’.
toll /tou
ˆ
/ a hole
poll /pou
ˆ
/a bog
tom /toum/ a hillock
tonn /toun
˜
/a wave
donn /doun
˜
/ brown
bonn /boun
˜
/ a base
companach /koumpanəx/ companion
aill, aibh, aimh
/ai/ Like the y of ‘my’.
caill /kaiʎ/ lose
taibhse /taiʃə/ a ghost
dhaibh /γaiv/ to, for them
aibhne /aiə/ of a river
aimhleas /ailəs/ mischief
aimhreit /air
j
it
j
/ discord
einn, eim
/ei/ Like the ay of ‘day’.
seinn /ʃei/ sing
beinn /bei/ mountain
greim /gr
j
eim/ bite
oill, aidh, aigh, oigh
/i/, /j/ Has no English equivalent. Somewhat like y in ‘my’, but tend-
ing towards oy of ‘toy’. Try saying ‘fuggy’ without the f or gg!
foillsich /fiʎʃiç/ publish
faighneachd /fiəxk/ /fəiəxk/ asking
xxxvii Spelling and pronunciation
taigh /tj/, /təj/ (a) house
oighre /ir
j
ə/ an heir
saidhbhir /sivər/ rich
uigh, uill, uinn, uim
/ui, ɯi/ Has no English equivalent, and may be either like the oo sound
in ‘pool’ followed by a very short ee sound (as in ‘coo-ee’, but
short), or like the sound of ao described above followed by a
very short ee sound.
ruigheachd /r
ɯjəxk/ reaching
duilleach /dɯiʎəx/, /duiʎəx/ foliage
dhuinn /γɯi/, /γui/ to, for us
suim /suim/ regard
See also ui /ɯ/
It should be noted that a preceding i or a following vowel leave such vowels unchanged:
lionn /ʎu
~
n
˜
/ beer
o chionn /ɔ çu
~
n
˜
/ recently
donn /doun
˜
/ brown sing
but donna /
don
˜
ə/ brown plural
ceannach /k
j
an
˜
əx/ buying
an taighe /ən
˜
tεhə/ of the house
Spelling and pronunciation xxxviii
4. Contents of Appendices
Appendix 1: The Gaelic Verb 623
1.0 The verb bi 623
1.1 Independent (or affirmative) form 1.1.1 Present tense
1.1.2 Past tense 1.1.3 Future tense 1.1.4 Imperfect / Conditional
Tense 1.2 Imperative mood 1.3 Verbal noun 1.4 Dependent form
1.4.1 Present tense i) Interrogative ii) Negative iii) Negative
interrogative 1.4.2 Past tense i) Interrogative ii) Negative iii) Negative
interrogative 1.4.3 Future tense i) Interrogative ii) Negative
iii) Negative interrogative 1.4.4 Imperfect / Conditional tense
i) Interrogative ii) Negative iii) Negative interrogative
1.4.5 Relative future form i) Affirmative ii) Negative
1.4.6 Subordinate clauses
2.0 Assertive verb 626
2.1 Independent form 2.1.1 Present tense 2.1.2 Past tense and
Imperfect / Conditional tense 2.2 Dependent form
2.2.1 Present tense i) Interrogative ii) Negative
iii) Negative interrogative 2.2.2 Past tense and Imperfect /
Conditional tense i) Interrogative ii) Negative iii) Negative
interrogative
3.0 Impersonal form 627
3.1 Independent form: Present, Past and Future tenses
3.2 Dependent form: Present, Past and Future tenses i) Interrogative
ii) Negative iii) Negative interrogative
4.0 The regular verb – active voice 627
4.1 The Gaelic verb is remarkably regular 4.2 Regular Verbs are usually
divided into three groups 4.3 Present tense 4.4 Past tense
4.4.1 Independent form 4.4.2 Dependent form i) Interrogative
ii) Negative iii) Negative interrogative 4.5 Future tense
4.5.1 Independent form 4.5.2 Dependent form i) Interrogative
ii) Negative iii) Negative interrogative
4.6 Imperfect / Conditional tense 4.6.1 Independent form
4.6.2 Dependent form i) Interrogative ii) Negative
iii) Negative interrogative 4.7 The relative future form i) Affirmative
ii) Negative 4.8 Imperative mood