Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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spin density wave (SDW) states
chromium 1051
longitudinal 1051
transversal 1051
spin-dependent band structure 987
spin-dependent tunneling magnetic random access memory
(SDT-MRAM) 1073
electromagnetic behavior 1076
future research 1077
signal levels 1074
structure 1073
spin disorder scattering 29, 1095
spin distribution, edge dislocations 530F
spindle motors
CD-ROM drives 862
disk drives 476, 862
spin electronics 610–622
applications 621
in carbon nanotubes 620
current-induced switching 620
devices 610
exchange length 615
field of study 610
impurities in 612
noise issues 616
power gain 616
three-terminal 616, 620
two-spin channel model 610
two-terminal 612
see also hybrid spin electronics (HSE)
spinel ferrites
applications 180, 842
Curie temperature 180
magnetic moments 180
magnetic permeability 180
saturation magnetizations 180
spinel(s)
lattices 179F
ion incorporation 179
magnetism 1259
pyrochlore structure 705
spin field-effect transistors 618, 1104
spin flips, ferromagnetic materials 1105
spin-flip scattering 834
spin-flip transitions 813
spin fluctuations (SFs) 1094–1100, 29, 345, 376, 713
correlation length 1094
free-energy issues 1096
incorporation 1097
in itinerant-electron band systems 1095–1096
longitudinal 1094
magnetovolume effects 1097
metamagnetic transitions 1097
occurrence 1095
R-3d intermetallics 6
scaling laws 1094
theories 418, 1097
transverse 1094
use of term 1094
volume effects 1099
see also spin waves
spin-gap effect, in cuprate high-temperature superconductors 293
spin glasses 202
aging 691
critical behavior 691
dynamics 690
Heisenberg theory 694
magnetic creep 691
magnetic interactions 712
magnetic torque 691
materials 690
numerical studies 694
ordering 690
spin glass (SG) behavior
discovery 690
factors affecting 703
spin injection
direct 617
from magnetic semiconductors 618
spin-ladder systems
properties, magnetic 63
realization 58
spin liquids, itinerant 706
spin liquid (SL) states 61
organic antiferromagnets 705
in pyrochlores 705
short-range correlations 705
spin–orbit coupling (SOC) 6, 105, 384, 740
mechanisms 384
spin-Peierls system, transitions 62
spin polarimeters, characteristics 1053, 1054T
spin polarization energy 105, 106F
spin-polarized currents 1103
modulated 1104
spin-polarized injection current emitter (SPICE) transistors
617
spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction (SPLEED),
applications 940
spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM)
1229
spin reorientation, and magnetostriction 768
spin–spin correlation functions 414
spin–spin coupling 392, 1088
spin systems, frustration 704
spin transition compounds 1100–1103
applications 1102
bistability 1102
future research 1102
spin transitions (STs)
cooperativity 1101
detection 1101
hysteresis 1101
light effects 1102
mechanisms 1100
occurrence 1101
pressure effects 1102
solid-state behavior 1101
solution-state behavior 1101
see also high-spin (HS) states; low-spin (LS) states
spintronic devices, diluted magnetic semiconductors in 115,
1105
spintronics
field of study 1103
in semiconductor nanostructures 1103–1107
spin tunneling
coherent 614
mechanisms 614
spin tunnel junctions 614
resistance 614
thermal dissipation 614
1330
Subject Indexspin density wave (SDW) states
spin-valve magnetic random access memory (SV-MRAM)
1071
magnetization configuration 1072
spin valves 622–626, 578, 613
applications, read heads 622
current density 626
domain structures 487
exchange coupling 834
giant magnetoresistance 247
hysteresis loops 247F
magnetostatic coupling 623
manufacture 625
microstructure 623
orange-peel coupling 624
pinning layer 623
sense layer reversal 625
structure 623
thermal stability 625
spin waves 417, 1094
theories 418
see also magnons; spin fluctuations (SFs)
SPLEED (spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction) 940
SPLEEM (spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy)
1229
SPring-8 (Japan) 1003
sputtering
applications, thin film growth 783, 1234
high-temperature superconductors 1182
see also magnetron sputtering
SQUID amplifiers see superconducting-quantum-interference
device (SQUID) amplifiers
SQUID magnetometers see superconducting-quantum-
interference device (SQUID) magnetometers
SQUIDs see superconducting-quantum-interference devices
(SQUIDs)
mSR see muon spin rotation/relaxation (mSR)
SRPAC see synchrotron radiation-based perturbed angular
correlation (SRPAC)
SSMs see scanning SQUID microscopes (SSMs)
Stabltone-Bandmachine 572
steels
low-carbon 467
tempering, Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy studies 945
see also magnetic steels; silicon irons
Steinmetz law 465
STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) 527
step-edge junctions 354, 354F
stepper motors, bonded permanent magnets 862
stilbenoid complexes, ligand-driven light-induced spin change
1060
Stille, Kurt (1873–1957) 572
STJ detectors see superconducting tunnel junction (STJ)
detectors
STM see scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
Stokesian dynamic simulations 644
Stoner condition, for ferromagnetism 912
Stoner criterion 1096
Stoner–Edwards–Wohlfarth (SEW) model 1096
Stoner enhancement 1096
Stoner exchange factor 340, 343
Stoner factor 698
Stoner model 1056, 1096, 1098
of ferromagnetism 1225
of itinerant electron magnetism 342
Stoner parameter 105, 107, 1096
Stoner temperature 1098, 1098F, 1099
Stoner theory 105
Stoner–Wohlfarth itinerant electron model 900
Stoner–Wohlfarth model 447, 583, 887, 907, 923
nanoparticles 971, 973
Stoner–Wohlfarth single domain theory 1248
Stone–Wales transformations, and fullerene formation 237
strains
dislocations (materials) 528
large, magnetic transition 535
stresses
dislocations (materials) 528
residual 446
stress fields, dislocations (materials) 529
strip casting, processes 879
strongly correlated electron systems (SCES) 136–148, 733,
734F
reviews 146
and superconductivity 144
strong magnetic materials 268
definition 268
half-metallicity 268
strontium calcium copper oxides
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy 288, 288F
energy–momentum distributions 289F
bilayer splitting 288
strontium–chromium–gallium oxides, frustration 705
strontium copper oxide chloride
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy 285
quasiparticles, energy dispersion 286F
strontium–copper oxides
magnetic excitation spectra 64F
spin-ladder systems 58, 58F,63
strontium ruthenate
Fermi surfaces 685, 687F
FFT spectra 686F
strontium titanate
applications, substrates 87–88, 91, 296
epitaxy 353
surface images 297F, 298F
structural dynamics, and nuclear resonance scattering
995
STs see spin transitions (STs)
sudden heart death, risk assessment 1111
sulfur trioxide radicals
applications, electron spin resonance dosimetry 165
formation 165
superconducting cables
applications, high-field 1190–1195
future research 1193
manufacture 1201
materials 1198–1208, 1190
multistage 1190F
processing 1198–1208
strand 1190
topologies 1190
see also cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC); Rutherford
cables
superconducting current comparators (SCCs)
applications, in resistance ratio bridges 918, 918F
development 917
in metrology 917–919
principles 917
Type I 917, 917F
Type II 917–918
1331
Subject Index superconducting current comparators (SCCs)
superconducting devices 1233–1248
applications 1233
current–voltage characteristics 1245F, 1246
manufacture 1233, 1239
processing
high-temperature superconductors 1242
low-temperature superconductors 1242
properties 1245
quantum flux parametron circuits 1247
structure 1239
see also cryotrons; Josephson junctions; single flux quantum
(SFQ) circuits
superconducting digital devices
development 1211
see also rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic
superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCLs) 1130–1133
applications, in power systems 1131
hot spots 1131
research 1132
resistive 1131
shielded core 1132
superconducting field-effect transistors
limitations 1241
structure 1241, 1241F
superconducting magnetic bearings
applications 462
levitation force 459–460, 460F, 461F
magnetic levitation 459–463
materials 459
pressure limits 460
schematic diagram 462F
structure 460F
see also high-temperature superconductor (HTS) bearings
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) 1133–1135
applications 1134
in power industry 1134
transmission stabilization 1134
cable-in-conduit conductors 1190
developments 1134
future trends 1135
principles 1133
trials 1134
superconducting magnets 1137, 1190
applications 492
performance metrics 1193
persistent operating mode 1198
see also superconducting permanent magnets
superconducting microcalorimeters
development 1174
schematic diagram 1175F
thermistors 1174
superconducting mixers 1174–1177
applications, infrared detection 1176
superconducting multilayers 1187–1189, 1233–1248
applications 1233
energy gaps 1244F, 1245
low-temperature
applications 1189
deposition 1187
processing 1187
see also high-temperature superconducting multilayers;
superconducting thin-film multilayers
superconducting permanent magnets
advantages 1164
applications 1165
in electrical machines 1164–1166
motors 1165
future research 1165
levitation forces 1171
limitations 1170
manufacture 1166
principles 1166–1174
properties 1166–1174
superconducting-quantum-interference device (SQUID)
amplifiers 1107–1109
feedback 1109
high-frequency 1120
microstrip 1120
microstrip resonators 1108
noise temperature 1108
quantum limit 1109
superconducting-quantum-interference device (SQUID)
magnetometers 971, 1244
applications 501, 1111–1112, 1114, 1117
magnetite thin-film studies 87
developments 1247
manufacture 1245
schematic diagrams 501F
superconducting-quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs)
1117–1123, 358, 1189
applications
in biomagnetism 1109, 1122
biomedical 1109–1112, 856
gradiometers 1111, 1114, 1117
magnetic microscopy 1112–1114
sensors 1114
current–voltage characteristics 1117
development 1117
feedback systems 1119
field modulation 1243F, 1244
flux-locked loops 1118
future research 1246
high-temperature 1110
applications 1122
Josephson junctions 353
low-temperature 1120
noise temperature 1121
magnetic flux detection 1117
manufacture 311, 1117
microbridges 1112
micro-SQUIDs 1112
multichannel 1110
noise energy 1118
in nondestructive testing 1114–1117
eddy current detection 1114
ferromagnetic particle detection 1116
magnetic flux leakage detection 1114
Nyquist noise 1118
performance 1119
shields 918
structure 1243F, 1244
unshielded systems 1111
see also direct-current superconducting-quantum-interference
devices (dcSQUIDs); radio-frequency superconducting-
quantum-interference devices (rfSQUIDs)
superconducting radiation detectors 1174–1177
superconducting radiation and particle detectors
1067–1070
applications 1067
hybrid 1070
1332
Subject Indexsuperconducting devices
principles 1067
see also superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detectors
superconducting sensors 1174–1177
developments 1177
superconducting solenoids, applications 492
superconducting strands see superconducting wires
Superconducting Supercollider 1200–1201
superconducting thin-film multilayers 1187–1189
classification 229T
conventional 227–232
dimensional crossover 230
dimensionality 229
Josephson coupling 227
magnetic anisotropy 227
manufacture 227
properties 228
magnetic 229
schematic diagram 227F
superconducting coupling 227
Takahashi–Tachiki effect 231
types of 227
superconducting thin films 1233–1248
advantages 1235
applications 1233
coevaporation 1234, 1234F
coherence length 1236
critical current density 1235
high-temperature superconductors 1235
low-temperature superconductors 1235
properties
deposition effects 1245
electronic 1245
physical 1235
resistivity 1235
resistivity ratios 1235
substrates 1234
surface impedance 1235
synthesis 1234
transition temperature 1235
see also high-temperature superconducting thin films
superconducting transformers 1130–1133
applications, in power systems 1130
research 1130
superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detectors
applications 1176
energy levels 1069
five-layer 1069
limitations 1069
structure 1068, 1175
superconducting vortices, formation 1154
superconducting wires
applications, high-field 1190–1195
cabling 1200
cladding 1200
critical current density 1200, 1202
drawing 1202
filaments 1199
uniformity 1200
flux pinning 1200
future research 1193
length-dependent parameters 1200
manufacture 1201
materials 1198–1208, 1190
matrices 1199
performance 1190
processing 1198–1208
proximity effects 86
requirements 1199
shaping 1200
twisting 1200
types of 1190F
superconductivity
actinide series 130
discovery 43, 1146–1147, 1198
fullerides 242
in heavy-fermion systems 275
London theory 81, 1146
and magnetism 962, 984
and quantum theory 1147
and strongly correlated electron systems
144
theories 1135
applications 1153
London 81, 1146
pairing 1149, 1152
two-dimensional 1141
superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–
superconductor (SINIS) junctions
binary arrays 365F, 366
damping 363
parameters 363, 364T
superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) junctions
1176
damping 363
parameters 363, 364T
voltage standard 363, 365
superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixers
358, 1177
superconductor–normal metal interfaces 84
boundary conditions 85
Meissner effect 85
superconductor–normal metal–superconductor (SNS)
junctions
binary arrays 366
damping 363
parameters 363, 364T
superconductors, Cooper pairs 43
superconductors (materials) 1135–1146
1223 compounds 1144
2223 compounds 1144
anisotropic 229
applications
cables 1190, 1195
fault current limiters 1197
high-current 1199
microwave filters 1156–1164
Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory 1146–1153
borocarbides 1208–1211
chemical elements 1141T
critical current, changes 1153
critical current density 1137, 1139F, 1198
critical magnetic field, changes 1153
critical temperature 1149, 1209F
changes 1153
current–voltage characteristics 1140F
diamagnetic susceptibility 727
discovery 1136, 1198
early 1198
electrodynamics, flux properties 123–125
energy dissipation 1153
1333
Subject Index superconductors (materials)
superconductors (materials) (continued)
flux lines 123
lattices 45, 123–124, 312
lower critical field 123
upper critical field 123, 1136
flux pinning 45, 124
Gor’kov–Eliashberg formulation 1150
hard 1136
intermetallic 1198
magnetic flux 123–125
magnetic levitation 456
Meissner effect 1146
melting line 123
phenomenological theories 1146–1153
overview 1147
pinning centers 1154
properties 1146
changes 1153
radiation effects 1153–1156
scanning SQUID microscope studies 1112
soft 1136
thermal depinning 124
thermodynamics 123
type I 1136
magnetization 1136, 1137F
type II 1136, 1166
flux lines 1166
magnetization 1136, 1138F, 1166
unconventional 275
see also amorphous superconductors; cuprate
superconductors; fulleride superconductors; heavy-
fermion superconductors (HFSs); high-temperature
superconductors (HTSs); low-temperature
superconductors (LTSs); weakly coupled
superconductors; yttrium–barium–copper oxide
(YBCO) superconductors
supercurrents
critical current density 1166
in weakly coupled superconductors 126
superheated superconducting granule (SSG) detectors
1070
superlattices 1236
antiphase boundary tubes in 533
characterization 1237
deposition 305
discovery 1187
high-temperature superconductors 1238
magnetostriction 778
niobium–copper 1238
niobium–titanium 1238, 1239F
plastic deformation 532, 532F
properties, physical 1238
research 1237
resistivity 1237
synthesis 1236–1237
see also niobium–aluminum superlattices; niobium–
germanium superlattices
superoxides, electron spin resonance 32
superparamagnetic materials
applications
biomedical 856
contrast-enhancement agents 948
magnetic refrigeration 676
hysteresis loops 449
superparamagnetic relaxation, ferrofluids 197–198
superparamagnetism 526, 614
magnetic disks 653
magnetic particles 584
phenomenon 967
theory of 971–972
transitions 527
use of term 397
superposition model (SM), crystal field parameters 153, 388
super-resolution
magnetic 1216
magnetically induced 806, 1216
in magneto-optic recording systems 1215–1220
optical 1219
in optical recording systems 1215–1220
superzone boundary effect 828
surface coatings see coatings
surface force microscopy see atomic force microscopy (AFM)
surface magnetism, photoemission electron microscopy
1229–1233
surfaces
magnetic 745
properties 1229
see also Fermi surfaces
susceptibility (magnetic) see magnetic susceptibility
susceptibility tensors, generalized 414
S-VHS system 672
SV-MRAM see spin-valve magnetic random access memory
(SV-MRAM)
switches
magnetic 1036
see also reed switches
switching, fast, in magnetic recording media 402–410
switching field distribution (SFD) 594, 910
determination 909
particulate media 651
synchronous motors, superconductors in 1164
synchrotron radiation
future research 747
in magnetism 740–748
monochromization 999
and nuclear resonance scattering 995
sources 740, 747, 995, 1053
x-ray 740
synchrotron radiation-based perturbed angular correlation
(SRPAC) 995
applications 1002
instrumentation 996F
synchrotrons
x-rays 741
Q-resolution 743
Syste
`
me international d’unite
´
s (SI)
advantages 715
conversions 717T
magnetic units 715
definitions 717
Takahashi–Tachiki effect 231
tape drives, construction 548, 549F
tapes (magnetic) see magnetic tapes
tapes (superconducting) 1197
TDPAC see perturbed angular correlation (PAC)
TEM see transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
temperature
Debye 24, 44, 708, 1001, 1151
ordering 704
1334
Subject Indexsupercurrents
vs. magnetic susceptibility 972
see also Curie temperature; Curie–Weiss temperature; Kondo
temperatures; Ne
´
el temperature
temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) 24, 29
tempering, steels, Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy studies 945
TEP see thermoelectric power (TEP)
terbium
magnetocaloric effect 762
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 270, 271F
terbium–cobalt multilayers, magnetic anisotropy 454
terbium compounds, frustration 706
terbium–gadolinium alloys, applications, in magnetic
refrigerators 765
terbium–iron alloys, applications, giant magnetostrictive thin
films 1254
terbium–iron multilayers, magnetic anisotropy 454
terbium–ruthenium–germanium compounds
magnetic moments 706
mixed phases 706
Terfenol D 841
applications 778
characteristics 842T
magnetostriction 776, 778
Terzinol 778
TESs (transition-edge sensors) 1067, 1174
tetramethylmanganese ammonium chloride
(TMMC)
antiferromagnetism studies 64
magnetism studies 60
tetrazoles, spin transitions 1101
Tevatron (US), Rutherford cables 1192
thermal conductivity 51
thermal expansion 708
thermally assisted flux flow (TAFF) 124
thermal neutrons, in ferrofluid studies 203
thermal remagnetization, mechanisms 722
thermal resistivity, and scattering 56F,57
thermistors, applications, in superconducting
microcalorimeters 1174
thermodynamic fluctuations 81–87
critical 84
order parameters 83
quasi-mean-field regime 83
thermodynamics, irreversible 51
thermoelectric power (TEP) 48, 51
cerium compounds 1078–1083
cuprates 310, 310F
Kondo systems 378
in magnetic fields 420–424
temperature variations 57, 57F
see also magnetothermopower
thermoluminescence (TL)
phosphors 164
spectra 165
thermomagnetic recording (TMR)
limitations 806
on magneto-optical disks 803
thermal energy 805
thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), applications, wetting
binders 606
thermopower see thermoelectric power (TEP)
thin-film actuators, materials 1
thin-film deposition see vapor deposition
thin-film etching, applications, in magnetic recording head
manufacture 560
thin-film magnetic media
corrosion 661
lubricants 662
magnetic layers 661
manufacture 659–663
processes 662
media noise 661
overlayers 661
perpendicular 662
substrates 659
underlayers 660
metallic 662
thin-film magnetism, band calculations 1223–1229
thin films
amorphous 776
anisotropic microstructures 453
arrays, self-assembled 541
charge ordering 87
domain walls 1252
exchange-biased 1232
exchange-coupled, nuclear resonance scattering studies 1001
ferroelectric oxide 2
ferromagnetic 1248
giant magnetostriction 774
granular metallic 926
growth 43
via sputtering 783
iron layers 1001, 1002F, 1003F
magnetic 745
magnetic anisotropy 451
magnetic domain formation 1248–1253
magnetic patterned, magnetization reversal 755, 756F
magnetization reversal 1251
magnetization ripple 1249
manganite 87–92
piezoelectric 2
shape memory 3
thermal diffusion 804
uniformly magnetized, magnetization reversal 755, 755F
vs. bulk materials 1235
see also giant magnetostrictive thin films; superconducting
thin-film multilayers; superconducting thin films;
ultrathin ferromagnetic films (UFFs); ultrathin films
Thomson, Sir William, 1st Baron Kelvin of Largs (1824–1907)
167
anisotropic magnetoresistance 818, 831
Thomson scattering 741–742
three body abrasion 641
three-layer films 779
thulium
anisotropy 157
crystal structure 156
electrical resistivity 156
magnetic moments 156
magnetic phase diagrams 157, 158F
magnetic structure 157
magnetoresistance 157, 159F
total energy 109, 109F
thulium monochalcogenides
density of states 319F
intermediate valence 318
thulium nickel borocarbides, upper critical field 1210, 1210F
thulium selenide, intermediate valence 319
thulium selenide telluride, intermediate valence 319
thulium sulfide, intermediate valence 319
1335
Subject Index thulium sulfide, intermediate valence
thulium telluride, intermediate valence 319
tilt sensors, ferrofluid 186F
time-differential perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy
(TDPAC) see perturbed angular correlation (PAC)
time-of-flight (ToF) spectrometers, neutron 415, 416F
tires, wireless stress tensors 518, 518F
titanium alloys, applications, superconducting cables 1193
titanium oxide dots 542
TMMC see tetramethylmanganese ammonium chloride
(TMMC)
ToF (time-of-flight) spectrometers 415, 416F
tokamak devices, superconducting cables 1190
topography monitoring 436
toroids, ac susceptibility 500
torque magnetometry, processes 588
TPUs (thermoplastic polyurethanes) 606
track misregistration (TMR) 598
transformation-heat-based up-quenching (TRUQ) technique
1206
transformer cores
lamination 1123
silicon irons in 1123, 1126
soft ferrites in 179–180
weight trends 181F
transformer steels see silicon irons
transistors
hot-spin 610
Johnson spin 616
Monsma 616
spin-polarized injection current emitter 617
see also field-effect transistors (FETs); single electron
transistors (SETs)
transition-edge sensors (TESs), in microcalorimeters 1067,
1174
transition metal alloys
hyperfine interactions 111
magnetocaloric effect 677
transition metal compounds
ligand-driven light-induced spin change 1060
light-induced excited spin state trapping 1060
nuclear decay-induced excited spin state trapping
1060
photoreactivity 1059
photo-switchable 1059–1062
future research 1062
properties, optical 1059
transition metal hydrides 901
electronic band structure 891
transition metal ions, in magnetic materials 279
transition metal oxides
crystal fields 1258
crystal structure 1259
electrical conductivity 1262
electron interactions 1257
exchange interactions 1258
Faraday effect 1262
Jahn–Teller effect 1258
magnetic structure 1259
magnetism 1257–1263
magnetization 1261
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 1261
magnetoresistance 815–818, 1262
properties 1261
optical 1262
spin-orbit coupling 1258
transition metals
3d/4f/5f, electronic configuration 148–156
applications
ferromagnetic materials 699
itinerant electron magnets 111, 348
crystal structure 148
electronic configuration, computerized simulations 148
electrostatic repulsion 149
high magnetic fields 748
hybridization 110
magnetic moments 731
orbital moments 479
properties
magnetic 1062–1066
superconducting 1234
spin-orbit coupling 150
superconductivity conditions 1236
see also amorphous transition-metal superconductors
transition temperature
amorphous superconductors 43
and electron–atom ratio 44
and proximity effects 85
transmission cables 1207
transmission coefficients, spin-dependent 835
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 482–491
advantages 482
analytical 527
applications 482, 527
magnetic structure imaging 483
magnetization reversal studies 754
superlattice studies 1237
high-resolution 527
imaging 590
low-angle diffraction 484
magnetization reversal 486
scanning 527
see also Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
(LTEM)
transport phenomena
heavy fermions 373–382
Kondo systems 373–382
trapped-field motors, superconductors in 1164
tribology, flexible magnetic recording media
634–643
Tsuji formula 328
tumors, therapy 856
tungsten, iron islands on, nuclear resonance scattering
studies 1001, 1002F
tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) 834
tunnel junctions 1151
applications 1246
current–voltage characteristics 1245, 1245F, 1246
discovery 1187
figures of merit 1246
future research 1246
materials 1242
patterned 1118
quasiparticle tunneling 1242
sandwich 1242
step 1243F, 1245
structure 1240
subgap leakage currents 1240, 1246
see also Josephson junctions; spin tunnel junctions
two-current model 1104, 1104F
two-photon absorption (TPA) 546
1336
Subject Indexthulium telluride, intermediate valence
tympanic membrane
magnetic vibration 1025
perforation 1024–1025
prosthetic devices 1024
UFFs see ultrathin ferromagnetic films (UFFs)
ultrahigh magnetic fields, studies 912
ultrathin ferromagnetic films (UFFs) 937–843
future research 942
magnetic anisotropy 940
magnetic moments 939
magnetic order, enhanced thermal decrease 938
magnetic surface anisotropy 940
perpendicular magnetization 940
properties 938
ultrathin films
magnetization 1053
magnetostriction 1129
surfaces 429
uncertainty principle see Heisenberg theory
underground cables, upgrading 1195
University of Illinois (US) 1198
University of Leiden (Netherlands) 1198
uranium
in heavy-fermion systems 273
magnetism 130
uranium arsenide, resonant enhancement 745
uranium–cobalt–aluminum alloys, Hall effect 334
uranium compounds
Bragg peaks 746
characteristic groups 131, 131T
frustration 706
heavy-fermion behavior 137, 142
Hill limit 130
Kondo effect 685
magnetic structure 109, 109F
non-Fermi liquid behavior 143
strongly correlated electron systems 136
superconductivity 145, 685
uranium–gadolinium intermetallics, magnetic moments 701
uranium–germanium intermetallics, magnetic moments 701
uranium–nickel–gallium alloys
antiferromagnetism 256
giant magnetoresistance 256, 256F, 333
Hall coefficient 333
Hall effect 332
uranium–palladium alloys, Hall effect 333
uranium platinum-3, phase diagrams 276, 276F
uranium–platinum alloys
5f itinerant band model 688
Fermi surfaces 688, 689F
Ne
´
el temperature 688
superconductivity 688
vacuum plasma spraying 881
Valatin, J. G. 1150
van der Waals forces 637
van der Waals interactions 638
van Hove magnetic scattering function 414
van Hove self-intermediate function 998
Van Vleck formalism 92–93
Van Vleck paramagnets 391
for nuclear refrigeration 102
Van Vleck susceptibility 97, 770
Van Vleck term 391
vapor deposition
applications 43, 660
in magnetic recording head manufacture 560
varactor diodes, applications 1109, 1161
vascular occlusion 856
VCMs (voice coil motors) 476
Verwey transition 268
Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC), superconducting cables
1190
very weak itinerant ferromagnets (VWIFs) 1096
Curie temperature 1098
spin fluctuations 1097
VHS tapes see Video Home System (VHS) tapes
vibrating sample magnetometers (VSMs) 501, 971
applications 527
development 587
schematic diagram 588F
setup 501F
Video Home System (VHS) tapes 672–676
compact 674
format 672
global markets 672
magnetic coating 672
magnetic particles 673
popularity 672
standards 672
video tapes 672–676
ahysteretic duplication 675
applications 674
archival problems 675
dc-demagnetization 585
formats 672
magnetostriction effects 675
manufacture 673
processes 673
markets 672
pre-recorded 675
properties 674
remanent magnetization 585
signal loss 675
switching field distribution 585
wear 640
see also camcorder tapes; Video Home System
(VHS) tapes
Villari effect 771
viscous melts, double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance
studies 38
VLHC (Very Large Hadron Collider) 1190
voice coil motors (VCMs), in disk drives 476
Voigt parameter, magneto-optical 949
voltage multipliers, digital-to-analog converters in
367
voltage standards
Josephson 362–368
programmable 365
binary arrays 366
volumetric holographic recording 546
vortex matter, concept of 313
vortex pinning 84
VSMs see vibrating sample magnetometers (VSMs)
VWIFs see very weak itinerant ferromagnets (VWIFs)
Wallace equation 635
Wannier states 287
wave-packets, motion 48
1337
Subject Index wave-packets, motion
weakly coupled superconductors
current components 126
displacement currents 126
electrodynamics 125–128
fluctuation currents 126
Josephson junctions 125
normal currents 126
proximity effects 86, 1241
resistively shunted junction model 127
structure 1240
supercurrents 126
see also Josephson junctions; Josephson weak link
structures
wear coefficient 635
wetting agents, applications 606, 673
wetting polymers, in particulate dispersions 605
wheel-testing systems, automatic 1114F
white goods, magnetic materials 477
whitegoods, magnetic materials 477
whole-wafer process, niobium–aluminum oxide–niobium
junction manufacture 359
Widmansta
¨
tten structures 1201–1202
Wiedemann effects
direct 772
inverse 772
Wiedemann–Franz law 52
Wiegand sensors 1038
wigglers, use of term 1013
Wigner–Eckart theorem 386
Williams, Jack M. 1152
wire drawing, superconducting wires 1202
wireless communications systems, ferrite ceramics in
171
wireless stress tensors, magnetic microwires in 518, 518F
Wireless Telegraph Company (UK) 572
wire recording 582
wires
applications, low-field 1195–1198
manufacture, melt spinning 512, 512F
see also amorphous metallic microwires; magnetic
microwires; magnetostrictive microwires; nanowires;
superconducting wires
Wohlfarth’s relation 699
Womersley number 222, 223F
write heads
dual-layer 576F
fields 595
longitudinal 575
materials 576
measurements 595
perpendicular 577, 577F
superparamagnetic limit 577
see also inductive write heads
XANES (x-ray absorption near-edge structure) spectroscopy
902
XAS (x-ray absorption spectroscopy) 282, 287
XMCD see x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
(XMCD)
XMLD see x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD)
x-ray absorption, magnetism studies 740
x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy,
applications 902
x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), applications 282, 287
x-ray diffraction (XRD), applications 87
x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) 113, 902, 1231F
applications 1231
ferromagnetic domain imaging 1231
images 1231
x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) 1231F
applications 1231
images 1231
x-ray polarization, tunability 740
x-rays
circularly polarized 746
synchrotrons 741
x-ray scattering
amplitude 744
magnetic 742
magnetic nonresonant 741, 743F, 744
magnetic resonant 741, 745
chemical selectivity 746
magnetism studies 740
nonresonant regime 741
resonant regime 744
see also nuclear resonance scattering (NRS)
x-ray synchrotron radiation, magnetism studies 740
XRD (x-ray diffraction) 87
XY model 59–60, 739
magnetic excitation spectra 60
YBCO superconductors see yttrium–barium–copper oxide
(YBCO) superconductors
YIG see yttrium iron garnet (YIG)
Yntema, G. B. 1198
ytterbium
in heavy-fermion systems 273
magnetism, under high pressure 697
ytterbium compounds, intermediate valence 320
ytterbium–copper–gold alloys, transport coefficients 379
ytterbium–copper–indium alloys, intermediate valence 320,
320F
ytterbium–copper–palladium alloys, transport coefficients 380
ytterbium–copper–silver alloys
pressure response 380
transport coefficients 379
ytterbium nickel borocarbides, antiferromagnetic ordering
1209
ytterbium–rhodium–silicon alloys, magnetic-field effects 381
yttrium aluminide
Kohler plots 824
magnetoresistance 823
transverse 824
yttrium–barium–copper oxide (YBCO) superconductors 1142
AFM images 300F, 302F
amorphous tracks 1154
antiferromagnetism, studies 61
applications 1190
in fault current limiters 1197
magnetic levitation 456
superconducting magnetic bearings 459–463
superconducting multilayers 1188
atomic force microscopy studies 299
bulk 459
cobalt-doped 355
coherence length 83, 1236
critical current density 295, 303, 1236, 1243F, 1244
and flux density 304F
and grain boundaries 303F
temperature dependence 304F
1338
Subject Indexweakly coupled superconductors
defects, columnar 1154
energy dissipation 1153
epitaxy 353
fracture toughness 1170
grain growth 457
Josephson junctions 353
London penetration depth 1156
magnetic flux density 304, 304F
manufacture 290
melt-textured 1169
micrographs 458F
phase transformation 1143
properties 298
microwave 304
transport 303
relaxation effects 1169
RHEED studies 301, 302F
scanning tunneling microscopy studies 299
SEM images 457F
spin-gap effect 293
stability 1180
STM images 300F, 301F, 302F
structure 298, 1142
in superconducting-quantum-interference devices 1117
superlattices 1237
critical temperature 1238, 1239F
surface resistance 303, 303F, 304, 305F, 1156
tapes 1197
TEM images 298F, 299F
thin films 295
transmission electron microscopy studies 298
trapped fields 1169
yttrium–cerium alloys
Kondo effect 136, 138
strongly correlated electron systems 136
yttrium–cobalt alloys
anisotropy field 411
metamagnetic transitions 1097
yttrium–cobalt–aluminum alloys
magnetic moments 1099F
spin fluctuations 1099, 1099F
yttrium cobalt hydrides 904, 904F
yttrium compounds, heavy-fermion behavior 142
yttrium hydride, electronic band structure 892
yttrium iron garnet (YIG)
applications 260, 1162
crystal growth 260–265
crystals 261
films
growth 261
magnetic properties 263
liquid phase epitaxy 261
periodic layer structure 263
properties, magnetic 260–265
wafers 263F
yttrium iron hydrides, magnetic properties 896
yttrium–manganese alloys
antiferromagnetism 1097
thermal expansion 1099
yttrium manganese hydride, electronic band structure 896
yttrium nitride
magnetoresistance 824
phonon scattering 824
yttrium palladium borocarbides, superconductivity 1208
yttrium–scandium–manganese compounds, spin fluctuations
706
yttrium–transition metal compounds, electrical resistivity 321,
321F
ZBLAN20, nuclear spin relaxation 40, 40F
Z-Dol
applications, lubricants 554, 558
structure 555F
Zeeman effect 390, 445, 526, 1264
nuclear 945
Zeeman energy 755, 845, 1248
Zeeman Hamiltonian 961
Zeeman splitting 101, 117, 1105, 1263
Zhang–Rice singlets 287
zinc beryllium selenide 1106
zinc manganese selenide 1105
as dilute magnetic semiconductor 1105
zirconium cobalt hydrides, electronic band structure 892
zirconium–nickel alloys, electronic band structure 892
zirconium–nickel hydrides, electronic band structure 892
1339
Subject Index zirconium–nickel hydrides, electronic band structure