Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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1280
SUBJECT INDEX
The Subject Index has been compiled to assist the reader in locating all references to a particular topic in the
Encyclopedia. Index entries are filed in letter-by-letter sequence, and arranged in set-out style with up to three levels of
heading. Major coverage of a subject is indicated by bold italic page numbers. Page numbers followed by T (or F )
refer to Tables (or Figures). See references point the user to preferred terms; see also references indicate terms of
related interest. Every effort has been made to make the index as comprehensive as possible and to standardize the
terms used.
A15 compounds, synthesis 1234
ab initio calculations, crystal field interactions 389
abrasives, applications, in video tapes 673
abrasive wear
and plastic deformation 639
types of 639
Abrikosov, Alexei A. (1928– ) 1148
Abrikosov lattice 1154
modulus of elasticity 123
Abrikosov vortices 1238
absorption
spin-dependent 741
measurement 745
spin-polarized photon 746
x-ray 740
actinide hydrides
binary 901
crystallization 901
actinide intermetallic compounds, properties, magnetic
130
actinides
bonding 134, 134F
magnetic moments 383–396
neutron magnetic form factor 110
properties, magnetic 132
pure elements 129
resonant scattering amplitude 744
strongly correlated electron systems 136
actinide series
anisotropy 133
two-ion hybridization-mediated 134
exchange interactions 133
orbital moments 133
properties, magnetic 128–136
structure
atomic 129
magnetic 135
superconductivity 130
activation volume, concept of 586, 722
active magnetic regenerative refrigerators (AMRRs) 764
construction 765
actuators
applications 4
in microsystems 1
ferroelectric oxide thin films in 2
magnetic materials 858
magnetostrictive 1, 772
materials 1–4
piezoelectric thin films in 2
shape memory thin films in 3
thin-film 1
see also microactuators
adiabatic demagnetization (AD) 101–103
applications 102
early studies 102
future research 102
mechanisms 101F
paramagnetic salts 102
principles 101
advanced metal particle (AMP) media 600–605
advantages 602
back coat 600
binder matrices 600
coercivity maintenance 604
development 600
dimensional stability 603
dual coating process 602
durability 602
properties 602T
electrical 602
long-wavelength recording 602
substrates 603
dual-surface 604
properties 603T, 604
surface roughness 604
underlayer technologies 602
Advanced Photon Source (APS) (US) 1003
Advanced Thin Layer High Output Metal Media (ATOMM)
600
technology 601
AEG (Germany) 572
AFM see atomic force microscopy (AFM)
ahysteretic duplication 675
ahysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) 591, 675
air bearings
in magnetic recording heads 574
negative-pressure 574
self-acting 574
alkali borate glass(es), ESR spectra 34, 35F
alkali metals, intercalation 238
alloys
heterogeneous, giant magnetoresistance 834
magnetism 4–11
see also amorphous alloys; cast alloys; Heusler alloys;
nanocrystalline alloys; permalloys; rare earth alloys;
shape memory alloys (SMAs); transition metal alloys
alnico alloys see aluminum–nickel–cobalt alloys
alnico magnets see aluminum–nickel–cobalt magnets
alternating gradient force magnetometers (AGFMs) 587
aluminum, superconductivity conditions 1236
1281
aluminum–iron alloys
magnetization 533F
plastic deformation 533, 534F
aluminum–nickel–cobalt alloys 11–16
applications
permanent magnets 11, 476, 853, 855
sintered magnets 878
chemical composition 13T
coercivity 13
demagnetization factors 13
designations 13
heat treatment 12
magnetic anisotropy 411
magnetization reversal, curling 13
miscibility gaps 12
properties, magnetic 12
remanence 13
saturation polarization 13
semicolumnar 13
spinodal decomposition 12
textured 13
thermomagnetic treatment 12
aluminum–nickel–cobalt magnets
properties 860
switching distances 1037T
aluminum nitride thin films, piezoelectricity 2, 3T
American Superconductor 1207
americium, magnetism 129
amorphous alloys 19
anisotropic magnetoresistance 819
cobalt-based 19
coercivity 967
eddy current losses 18
hysteresis losses 18
iron-based 19
magnetic permeability 18
magnetostriction 19
saturation magnetization 19, 19F
see also metallic glasses
amorphous bismuth
crystallization 46
superconductivity 43
transition temperature 43
amorphous films
flux line lattices 46
flux pinning 46
magnetic anisotropy 452
amorphous gallium
crystallization 46
superconductivity 43
transition temperature 43
amorphous intermetallic alloys
Boltzmann conductivity 28, 29F
crystalline phases 24, 25F
electrical resistivity 24–30
disorder 24
Faber–Ziman theory 25
Mooij correlation 25, 25F
order 24
quantum corrections 27
electron localization 27
low-temperature resistivity 27, 27F
manufacture 24
properties, magnetic 29
rapidly quenched 24
spin fluctuations 29
structure factors 26, 26F
superconductivity 29
amorphous materials 16–24
applications, giant magnetostrictive thin films 1254
dynamics 36
double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance studies 38
nuclear magnetic resonance studies 37
electron spin resonance 30–36,32
magnetic field annealing 17
nuclear magnetic resonance, studies 36–39
nuclear spin relaxation 39–43
point defects 33
rapid solidification 18
structure 36–37
double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance studies 37
nuclear magnetic resonance studies 37
synthesis 18
via rapid solidification 18
amorphous metallic microwires
glass-covered, manufacture 512
manufacture 511
properties 512
amorphous metals
applications
in electrical machines 473
magnetic materials 470
characterization 16
ferromagnetic correlation length 16
manufacture 473, 511
processing 511
properties 511
structural correlation length 16
see also metallic glasses
amorphous molybdenum–rhenium alloys, transition
temperature 44
amorphous molybdenum–rhodium alloys, transition
temperature 44
amorphous niobium–iridium alloys, transition temperature 44
amorphous niobium–rhodium alloys, transition temperature
44
amorphous nontransition-metal superconductors 43
applications 46
transition temperature 43, 43T
amorphous polymers, nuclear magnetic resonance 37
amorphous ribbons
applications 511
characterization 502
manufacture 468
materials 850
amorphous silicon dioxide
peroxy radical, ground-state wavefunctions 33
point defects, radiation-induced 33
amorphous superconductors 43–46
applications 46
classification 43
critical fields 45
electron–phonon interaction strength 44
flux pinning 45
synthesis 43
transition temperature 43
amorphous tantalum–iridium alloys, transition temperature 44
amorphous tantalum–rhodium alloys, transition temperature
44
amorphous thin films, iron-based 776
1282
Subject Indexaluminum–iron alloys
amorphous transition-metal superconductors 43
applications 46
resistivity 1236
transition temperature 43T, 44, 44F
Amperian current model 509
AMP media see advanced metal particle (AMP) media
AMR see anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR)
AMR heads see anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) heads
AMRRs see active magnetic regenerative refrigerators
(AMRRs)
analog recording 591
Anderson, P. W. 1150
Anderson lattice, periodic 375
Anderson model 373
Anderson theorem 83
Andreev reflection 268
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) 287
self-energy studies 290
strontium calcium copper oxides 288, 288F, 289F
strontium copper oxide chloride 285
angular overlap model (AOM), of crystal field parameters 153
anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) 818–822
applications 819
definition 245
discovery 818, 831
materials 819
mechanisms 818, 831
models 818
quantitative 820
phenomenon 830–837
properties 818
theories 820
anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) heads 629
sensitivity 630
anisotropy 920
and coercivity 448
crystal 528
field-induced 17
in films 426
use of term 920
see also magnetic anisotropy (MA); random anisotropy
anisotropy constants 67, 68F, 412
reduced 68
anisotropy energy 271, 838
measurement 594
anisotropy field 412, 496
measurement 594
anomalous magnetic aftereffect 718
phenomenon 722
antiferromagnetic chains 61
Heisenberg 61, 63–64
classical 60
quantum 64
antiferromagnetic compounds
magnetic order 290
magnetoresistance 829
antiferromagnetic coupling, mechanisms 1058
antiferromagnetic lattices 58, 58F
triangular, frustration 59–60
antiferromagnetic square lattices 61
antiferromagnetism 526, 532, 729
half-metallic 269
instability 108
intermetallics 255
magnetic diffraction peaks 743
nearest-neighbor 703
ordering 986, 1097
antiferromagnets
artificial 613
giant magnetoresistance, at metamagnetic transitions
255–258
Kondo effect 1080
layered, giant magnetoresistance 256
magnetic correlations 710
magnetic moments 729
magnetic susceptibility 729, 729F
magnetocaloric effect 762
magnetoresistance 828
magnon dispersion-relation 711
nonlayered, giant magnetoresistance 256
organic, spin liquid ground state 705
spin-flop transitions 750
spin fluctuations 981
anti-Invar, properties 336
antiphase boundary (APB) tubes 533
in body-centered cubic lattices 533
concept of 533
in face-centered cubic lattices 533
formation 533
APB tubes see antiphase boundary (APB) tubes
Archard wear coefficient 635
Argonne National Laboratory (US) 1003
ARPES see angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
(ARPES)
Arrhenius–Ne
´
el theory 397, 407
Arrott–Kouvel form 1096
Arrott plots 1096, 1096F
artificial antiferromagnets (AAFs) 613
artificial pinning center (APC) 1202
a-Si:H (hydrogenated amorphous silicon) 35
asperities, deformation 636
asperomagnetism 776
asymmetrical giant magneto-impedance (AGMI) 779–780
asynchronous motors, superconductors in 1164
atomic force microscopy (AFM)
applications
data storage 542
yttrium–barium–copper oxide superconductor studies 299
modes, contact 542
atomic rearrangements, and magnetic properties 532
atomic structure
high-temperature superconductors 281–290
and magnetism 1052–1059, 725
spin-polarized 1052
ATOMM see Advanced Thin Layer High Output Metal Media
(ATOMM)
attritor mills 871
audio recording, erasure 591
Bains path 112
ball mills
applications 678
high-energy 15
band calculations, thin-film magnetism 1223–1229
bandgaps, half-metals 267
bandpass filters 1158
band structure
cuprate high-temperature superconductors 281–290
energy gaps (solid state) 267
see also electron band structure; electronic band structure
1283
Subject Index band structure
Barbier, J. C. 721
Barbier plots 721F
Bardeen, John (1908–91) 1149, 1152
Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) Gor’kov theory 83
Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory 84, 1135
coherence length in 82
extensions 1152
fullerides 242
interaction parameter 82
superconductors (materials) 1146–1153
barium–cobalt arsenates, magnetism studies 60
barium ferrite, temperature dependence 14F,15
barium–nickel phosphates, magnetism studies 60
Barkhausen effect (magnetic) see magnetic Barkhausen effect
(MBE)
Barkhausen jumps 448, 512–513, 979
detection 1038
base-transceiver stations (BTSs) 1163
bcc (body-centered cubic) metals, plastic deformation 530
bcc lattices see body-centered cubic (bcc) lattices
BCS (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer) Gor’kov theory 83
BCS theory see Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory
BD (Brownian dynamics) 644
bead array counter (BARC) 121, 121F, 122
bearings
superconducting 1171
see also air bearings; magnetic bearings
Bednorz, J. Georg (1950– ) 1152
Beer’s law 804
berkelium, magnetism 130
Berry phase, in magnets 1088
Bessel beats 996
Bessel functions 997
Bethe ansatz solution 373
Bethe–Peierls–Weiss approximation 927
Bethe–Slater curve 270
B–H curves see hysteresis loops
Bi-2212, manufacture 1206
Bi-2223
applications 1207
manufacture 1207
biepitaxy 1245
binary arrays, applications, programmable voltage standards
366
binary hydrides
actinides 901
of d-metals 900
rare earth metals 901
binary R-3d intermetallics 4
Curie temperatures 7, 8T
magnetization, anisotropy 8
metamagnetic transitions 7
properties 7
binary transition metal hydrides, electronic band structure
891
biological molecules, detection 119
biomagnetism
measurement 1119
source localization 1111
superconducting-quantum-interference devices 1109
systems 1110
biomedical engineering, superconducting-quantum-interference
devices 1109–1112
biomedical sensors see biosensors
biomolecular labeling 119
biosensors
applications 119
magnetic labeling 119
Biot–Savart law 508
bismuth, superconductivity conditions 1236
bismuth strontium calcium copper oxides (BSCCOs)
applications, superconductors (materials) 1190
band structure 289
superconducting gap 288F
Blank’s R-parameter 262, 263T
Blattnerphone 572
Bloch electrons 47
Bloch functions 47
Bloch–Gru
¨
neisen law 55, 323, 324T
Bloch–Gru
¨
neisen relation 825
Bloch’s law 1094
Bloch states 48
Bloch’s theorem 375
Bloch theory 24
Bloch wall energy 531
body-centered cubic (bcc) lattices
antiphase boundary tubes in 533
plastic deformation 532
body-centered cubic (bcc) metals, plastic deformation 530
Bogoliubov, N. N. 1150
Bohr magneton 445, 527
Boltzmann conductivity 28, 29F
unmodified 28
Boltzmann equation 48, 822, 835
collision operator 53, 822
linear 50
collision term 49, 822
linear 50
distribution function 47
linearized 49
operator formalism 50
magnetic operator 50, 822
relaxation time 374
approximation 51
and scattering 47–57
solution 823
sum rules 53
thermal equilibrium 49
total relaxation time 53
transport coefficients 373
electrical conductivity 373
electrical resistivity 373–374
linear 50
phenomenological 51
scalar 52
Seebeck coefficient 373
thermal conductivity 373, 377
variational principle 52
Boltzmann factor 49, 1105
Boltzmann’s theory, and magnetoresistance 822
Boltzmann transport equation 835
Boltzmann transport theory 27
bonded permanent magnets 858–863
advantages 858–859
applications 861
manufacture 858
bonding processes 858
materials 860
remanence 859
and sintered magnets compared 858
1284
Subject IndexBarbier, J. C.
Born–Oppenheimer approximation 103, 1223
electron motion 890
borocarbides
applications, superconductors (materials) 1208–1211
see also rare earth–transition metal borocarbides (RTBC)
Bose–Einstein statistics 1094
boundary element method 932
bound magnetic polarons (BMPs), formation 117
Bragg peaks, magnetic 742, 744
Bragg scattering 741
nonresonant x-ray magnetic 741
brain function, mapping 1110
Brayton cycle 764
Brillouin function 55, 391, 727, 727F, 827
Brillouin zones 1053, 1056
boundaries 256
bronze process 1203
Brownian dynamics (BD), simulations 644
Brownian motion, ferrofluids 197
Brownian rotational diffusion, ferrofluids 198
Brown’s equations 923
Brown’s paradoxon 67, 448
BSCCOs see bismuth strontium calcium copper oxides
(BSCCOs)
bubble memories, materials 260
Buckel, W. 43
buckminsterfullerene
applications 239
bulk production 235
characterization 235
discovery 233
mass spectra 234F
physical constants 236T
structure 233, 233F, 235F, 240, 240F
atomic 241
crystal 240
see also fullerenes; fullerides
Burgers vector
definition 527
determination 528, 530
C
60
see buckminsterfullerene
cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) 1134–1135, 1190F, 1192,
1192F
advantages 1190, 1192
applications 1190
construction 1192, 1200
disadvantages 1192
topology 1190
welds 1192
cables
applications, low-field 1195–1198
high-temperature superconductors 1195
AC vs. DC 1195
design 1196
transmission 1207
upgrading 1195
see also Rutherford cables; superconducting cables
calcium copper oxide
band structure 283, 284F, 285F
orbital-weighted 285F, 286F
crystal structure 283F
calendering
in bonded permanent magnet manufacture 858
in video tape manufacture 674
californium, magnetism 130
calorimeters
thermistor-based 1174
see also microcalorimeters
camcorders
analogue 674
applications 674
digital 674
camcorder tapes 672–676
formats 674
Hi-8 882
carbon black(s), applications, in video tapes 673
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), spin electronics 620
carbon(s)
evaporation studies 233
mass spectra 233
see also diamond(s); fullerenes; graphite(s)
Carnot cycle, in magnetic refrigeration 764
CAs see contrast-enhancement agents (CAs)
cast alloys
applications, permanent magnets 1221
deformation 1221
casting, strip 879
CBED (convergent beam electron diffraction) 527
CD-ROM drives
ferrofluids in 187, 187F
spindle motors 862
CD-RWs, multilayers in 949
CEF see crystalline electric field (CEF)
cell separation, magnetic 857
CEMS (conversion electron Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy) 939
center aperture detection (CAD) 1218
centimeter–gram–second (cgs) system
magnetic units 715
definitions 717
central field approximations, applications 383
Central Solenoid (CS) Model Coil Project 1190, 1203, 1206
centrifuges, superconducting magnetic bearings 462
ceramic ferrite magnets 175
coercivity 176
manufacture 175
microstructure 176
properties 175
remanence 176
substitutions 176
cerium
in heavy-fermion systems 273
Kondo volume collapse 320
magnetic moments 140
phase diagrams 136, 140, 140F
valency, intermediate 140–141
cerium compounds
antiferromagnetism 1079
conduction band states, hybridization 1081
crystalline electric field 332, 1079
electronic specific heat coefficient 1080
frustration 706
heavy-fermion behavior 142, 330
intermediate valence 320
Kondo effect 685, 1079–1080
magnetic resistivity 141F
non-Fermi liquid behavior 143
properties
anomalous 1078
conduction electron 1079
1285
Subject Index cerium compounds
cerium compounds (continued)
superconductivity 685
thermoelectric power 1078–1083
chemical pressure effects 1081
valence fluctuation 1079
cerium–copper alloys
Hall coefficient 331
pressure response 380
cerium iron hydrides 904
cerium–nickel compounds, thermoelectric power 1079
cerium ruthenium silicide
Fermi surfaces 687, 688F
FFT spectra 687F
Hall coefficient 332
heavy conduction electrons 686
Kondo effect 686
CERN see Organisation Europe
´
ene pour la Recherche Nucle
´
aire
cesium–chromium–nickel fluorides, magnetic correlations 705
CFPs see crystal field parameters (CFPs)
chalcogenide glasses
doping, transition metal ions 35
point defects 35
chalcogenides
growth 267
properties, magnetic 1062–1066
chalcogenites, magnetocaloric effect 677
chalcogens, properties, magnetic 1062
channel codes see recording codes
characteristic matrix method 950
and multilayers 953
charge ordering (CO)
phenomenon 87
thin films 87
chemical elements
neutron scattering 1019T
superconductivity 1141T
chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), in solids 1089
chemical shifts, discovery 1088
chemical stability, materials 791–795
chemical vapor deposition (CVD), applications,
superconducting thin films 1235
Chevrel phases 82
chiral ordering 705
chromium, antiferromagnetism 107, 1051, 1058
chromium antimonide, magnetic moments 267
chromium arsenide
magnetic moments 267
properties, magnetic 1064
chromium dioxide
applications, magnetic coatings 672
magnetism 268, 1257, 1261
chromium jarosites, frustration 705
CICC see cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC)
CIP geometry see current-in-plane (CIP) geometry
circular birefringence 949
circular polarization, light 1265
classical phase transitions (CPTs) 980
Clausius–Clapeyron equation 709
CMR see colossal magnetoresistance (CMR)
CNTs (carbon nanotubes) 620
CO see charge ordering (CO)
coatings
applications, magnetic tapes 673
magnetic 672
in recording head–medium interfaces 554
cobalt
itinerant electron studies 111
magnetic anisotropy energy 112
magnetic moments 700
magnetocaloric effect 763
cobalt alloys, saturation magnetization 19, 20F
cobaltates 778
cobalt compounds, hydrides 904
cobalt–copper multilayers, giant magnetoresistance 832
cobalt diselenide
itinerant electron metamagnetism 914
metamagnetism 1063
cobalt disulfide
itinerant electron metamagnetism 914
metamagnetism 1063
cobaltites, negative magnetoresistance 1047
cobalt manganese antimonide, half-metallicity 267
cobalt–nickel multilayers
applications 782
magnetization 448
XRD spectra 785F
cobalt–nickel–oxygen thin-film tapes 882, 887
cobalt–oxygen films 882
cobalt–palladium multilayers
applications 782
magnetic anisotropy 454, 781
cobalt platinate, applications 809
cobalt–platinum alloys
annealing 478
antiphase boundaries 479
applications, permanent magnets 478–482
coercivity 479
magnetic anisotropy 455
structure 478
cobalt–platinum films, domain structures 487, 489
cobalt–platinum multilayers
applications 782, 791
Kerr rotation 781
magnetic anisotropy 454, 781
perpendicularly oriented 540
cobalt pyrites, itinerant electron metamagnetism 912
coercivity
and anisotropy 448
Brown’s paradoxon 67
ceramic ferrite magnets 176
computational micromagnetism 77
decoupled grains, isotropic distribution 70
and domain wall pinning 67, 74
early studies 67
exchange-coupled grains, isotropic distribution 71
global model 72, 74F
grain ensembles 70
and hysteresis loops 67
Kerr microscopy 371
measurement 593
mechanisms 67–81, 432
and nucleation 67, 71
and nucleation fields 68
temperature dependence
nucleation model 71
nucleus-expansion model 72
coherence length 81–87
in Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory 82
clean limit 82, 82T
dirty limit 82, 82T
1286
Subject Indexcerium–copper alloys
in Ginzburg–Landau theory 81
superconducting thin films 1236
coherent-potential approximation (CPA), calculations 345
coherent spin reversal 197
cold isostatic pressing, applications, sintered rare earth magnet
manufacture 879
collective pinning relation 124
Collver–Hammond curves 44, 44F
colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) 815
praseodymium–calcium manganite thin films 87–92
columnar defects (CDs)
density, matching fields 1155
high-temperature superconductors 1155
communications channels, in optical recording systems
1005–1008
compact disks (CDs)
CD-RWs 949
recording codes 1006
see also digital versatile disks (DVDs)
123-compounds see yttrium–barium–copper oxide (YBCO)
superconductors
compressibility 708
paramagnetic 698
compression bonding, in bonded permanent magnet
manufacture 858
Compton radius 111
Compton scattering 741
inelastic 743
magnetic 743
mechanisms 741
Compton wavelength 742
computer disk drives see disk drives
computerized simulations, theory–experiment 148
computers
data storage tapes 882
quantum 1088
condenser batteries, in pulsed magnetic field generation 492
conduction electrons
back-scattering 26
definition 708
mean free paths 25, 57
and specific heat 708
conductivity tensors, determination 812
confusors 1024F, 1025
Conseil Europe
´
en pour la Recherche Nucle
´
aire (CERN) see
Organisation Europe
´
ene pour la Recherche Nucle
´
aire
contrast-enhancement agents (CAs)
future research 948
intravascular 948
magnetic 856
magnetic resonance imaging 946–948
materials
paramagnetic 947
stable free radicals 948
superparamagnetic 948
tolerance 948
types of 947
convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), applications
527
conversion electron Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS),
applications 939
coolants
liquid nitrogen 1207
see also lubricants
Cooper, Leon N. (1930– ) 1149
Cooper pairs 82, 84, 1156, 1210
condensation 1135
leakage 86
in superconductors 43
transport 309, 314, 362
copper–germanium oxides
impurity effects 65
magnetic susceptibility 62, 62F
copper–iron alloys
Kondo effect 138
strongly correlated electron systems 136
copper–manganese alloys
Kondo effect 138
strongly correlated electron systems 136–137
copper oxides
layers 1178
structure 284F
copper perovskites
antiferromagnetism 309
discovery 309
structure 309
superconducting coherence length 309
copper–tin alloys 1203
coprecipitation, method, in ferrofluid manufacture 211
Coqblin–Schrieffer model 330, 373, 376, 377F
corannulenes, structure 236
coronary artery disease (CAD), magnetic field maps 1111
correlation length 1094
corrosion
prevention, rare earth permanent magnets 1029
rare earth permanent magnets 1026–1029
cortical fields, somatosensory-induced 1110
Coulombic blockade 619
Coulomb interactions 384
Coulomb potential, and nuclear attraction 383
Coulomb repulsion, electrons 383–384
CPA (coherent-potential approximation) 345
CPC (dichlorobis(pyridine)copper(II)) 61, 62F
CP (cross polarization) 1089
CPMAS see cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS)
CPP geometry see current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP)
geometry
creep, solution-precipitation 1223
critical current density 311, 1166, 1198, 1200, 1202
superconducting thin films 1235
high-temperature 1236
superconductors (materials) 1137, 1139F
critical temperature
determination 1151
superconductors (materials) 1149
cross-linking agents, applications, in video tapes 673
cross polarization (CP), solids 1089
cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS)
applications 1092
development 1091
Lexan 1090
limitations 1093
requirements 1093
resolution 1093
cryogenic stabilization 1199
cryotechnology, applications 1161
cryotrons
flux-flow 1241
invention 1240
structure 1240, 1240F
1287
Subject Index cryotrons
crystal anisotropy 528
crystal field interactions 6, 377, 385, 416–417, 738
ab initio calculations 389
linear augmented plane wave method 389
OLCAO method 389
exchange correlation 389
Hamiltonian 95, 386
intermetallics
inelastic neutron scattering studies 95–100
reviews 95
magnetic susceptibility studies 97
magnetization studies 97
models
descent of symmetry 93
simple overlap 93
symmetry 386
crystal field parameters (CFPs) 96T, 106, 386–387
angular overlap model 153
determination 95, 387
effective charge model 154
energy levels 387
estimated 92, 94
and magnetic susceptibility 93
point charge model 388–389
semi-empirical models 153, 388
simple overlap model 154
superposition model 153, 388
crystal field splitting 383
and magnetic interactions 279
predictions 388
crystal field strength parameter 386
crystal field theory 383
and magnetic susceptibility, rare earth mixed oxides 92–95
rare earth elements 150
crystal growth, yttrium iron garnet 260–265
crystalline electric field (CEF) 1210
cerium compounds 332, 1079
interactions 713, 749
crystals, electron spin resonance 31
CSA (chemical shift anisotropy) 1089
cuprate high-temperature superconductors
band structure 281–290
theoretical models 286
composition 282
dynamic spin susceptibility 292
families 282
magnetic shifts 291
precursors 290
properties, magnetic 290–295
relaxation rates 291
single-spin fluid model 292
spin-gap effect 293
structure, atomic 281–290
superconducting state 293
cuprates
bilayer splitting 288
doped 287
doping level–temperature phase diagrams 282, 283F
electron correlations 286
layered 282
overdoped, band structure 288
superconductivity 685, 1140
underdoped, band structure 289
undoped, band structure 282
see also copper perovskites
cuprate superconductors
density of states 310
electron–electron interactions 310
electron scattering 310
Josephson junctions 311
pair wave function 312
parent compounds 309T
superconductivity 309
thermoelectric power 310, 310F
vortex motion, current-induced 312
Curie constant 727
Curie law 727
Curie temperature 532, 698, 702T, 1094
ferromagnets 82T
reduction 1098F, 1099
very weak itinerant ferromagnets 1098
Curie terms 391
Curie–Weiss (CW) laws 341, 728, 900
Curie–Weiss temperature 138
and frustration 704–705
curium, magnetism 130
current-in-plane (CIP) geometry
and giant magnetoresistance 245, 612, 833
models 250
theoretical models 245
current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP)
geometry
and giant magnetoresistance 245, 247,
612, 833
models 251
theoretical models 245
CVD (chemical vapor deposition) 1235
cyanopolyynes, studies 233
cyclotron effective mass, determination 686
cyclotron frequency 311
DACs see diamond anvil cells (DACs)
DAG (dysprosium aluminum garnet) 763
damping, and Landau–Lifshitz equation 405
damping constants 756, 756F
data storage
future technologies 539–548
optical 543F
requirements 627
tapes 882
see also holographic data storage; magnetic data
storage
DC amplifiers, superconducting-quantum-interference
devices 1108
DC-demagnetization remanence (DCD) 675
DC motors see direct-current (DC) motors
dcSQUIDs see direct-current superconducting-quantum-
interference devices (dcSQUIDs)
de Broglie waves 526
Debye integrals 54
Debye model 54
Debye temperature 24, 44, 708, 1001, 1151
Debye–Waller factor 26, 96, 414
decoupling, homonuclear 1093
deformation
Joule 838
plasticity indices 636
see also plastic deformation
de Gennes factor 394
de Gennes scaling 1209
1288
Subject Indexcrystal anisotropy
de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect 282, 685, 686F
amplitude 686
spectra 686
studies, of Fermi surfaces 685–689
demagnetization 843
factors 444, 500, 716
measurement 587
density functional theory (DFT) 389, 1051
applications 736
ground-state charge density predictions 98
local density approximation 890
and magnetism 103–115
see also spin density functional theory (SDFT)
density of states (DOS) 44
cuprates 310
increase 712
itinerant electron magnets 348
magnons 418F
metal hydrides 892
periodic Anderson model 317, 318F
photoelectric emission 1053
R-3d intermetallics 5, 5F
and specific heat 708
Detroit Edison and Southwire (US) 1207
deuterated solvents, in nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy 991
DFT see density functional theory (DFT)
DGG (dysprosium gallium garnet) 763
dHvA effect see de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect
diamagnetic susceptibility 726, 730
superconductors (materials) 727
diamagnetism 527, 726, 730
feeble 527
fluctuations 84
induced 85
Landau 1147
magnetic moments 726
magnetic susceptibility 726
perfect 527
diamond anvil cells (DACs)
applications 1000
pressure 1000
diamond-like carbon (DLC) films, applications 642
diamond(s)
bonding 232
properties 232
dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
NFS spectra 1002, 1003F
SRPAC spectra 1002, 1003F
dichlorobis(pyridine)copper(II) (CPC) 61, 62F
dichroism
effects 746
see also magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)
dielectric resonators 172F
die pressing
axial-field 879
transverse-field 880
differential phase-contrast (DPC) microscopy 484
differential reflectance 950
diffraction
applications 527
x-ray 87
see also neutron diffraction
diffusion aftereffect see reversible magnetic aftereffect
digital recording 591
digital sum variation (DSV), in recording codes 1006
digital-to-analog converters 366
applications, in voltage multipliers 367
digital versatile disks (DVDs)
multilayers in 949
recording codes 1006
Digital Video Cassette (DVC) 882
dilute alloys, magnetism 690
diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) 115–119, 1105
applications, spintronic devices 115, 1105
giant spin splitting effects 117
growth, methods 115
heterostructures, modulation-doped 117
historical background 115
localized spins, exchange interactions 118
magnetic collective phenomena 118
magnetic moments 115
magnetization 1106
properties, electronic 117
spin-dependent coupling 116
spin-disorder scattering 117
spin splitting 117
Zeeman splitting 117
dimer ordering 705
dipole–dipole interaction 393
Dirac equation 110
Dirac function 999
direct-current comparators (DCCs) 917
direct-current (DC) motors
brushed
components 470
magnetic flux 470
brushless, components 470
schematic diagrams 471F
direct-current superconducting-quantum-interference devices
(dcSQUIDs)
applications, amplifiers 1108
current–voltage characteristics 1117F
flux-locked loop 1119F
high-temperature 1120
flux vortices 1121
Josephson junctions 1117
low-frequency noise 1120
low-temperature 1117
mechanisms 1117
schematic diagram 1117F
square washers 1118
direct overwrite (DOW) 806
in exchange-coupled double layers 796
in magneto-optic recording systems 795–799, 1216
methods 795
single-layer 795
direct-write e-beam lithography (DWEL), applications
540
disk drives
construction 548
magnetic materials 476
mechanisms 668
polymer-bonded magnets 476
spindle motors 476, 862
spindles, ferrofluid seals 184
voice coil motors 476
see also floppy disks; hard disk drives (HDDs); magneto-
optical disks; recording heads; rigid disks
disks (magnetic) see magnetic disks
1289
Subject Index disks (magnetic) see magnetic disks