Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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magnetic systems (continued)
specific heat 707–715
see also disordered magnetic systems
magnetic tags, magnetic microwires in 517–518
magnetic tapes
ac bias 582
ahysteretic remanence 582
applications 628
coatings 673
demagnetization fields 909–910
development 582
friction 556
manufacture 591, 673
microscratches 556
particle lengths 910
particles, magnetic properties 582–586
recording processes 548
structure 549F
surface profiles 557F
surface properties 557T
surface roughness 641
wear 556
see also metal evaporated (ME) tape; metal particle
(MP) tape
magnetic units 715–718
centimeter–gram–second system 715
definitions 716
and electrical units, analogies 716
Gaussian system 715
Syste
`
me international d’unite
´
s, 715
magnetic viscosity 718–725
coefficient 585
measurement 594
phenomena 718
studies 718
see also magnetic aftereffects
magnetic x-ray reflectivity, measurement 745
magnetic x-ray scattering 731
magnetism
3d–4f 751
3d 749
4f 749
5f 752
actinide series 128–136
and atomic structure 1052–1059, 725
band, instability 706
breakdown 901
covalent 349
and density functional theory 103–115
electronic 725
and exchange interactions 1052
half-metallic 267–269
hard 691
high-field 748–753,46
hydrogen-induced changes 902
itinerant 5
and Kondo effect 142
low-dimensional 58–66, 1227
charge doping 65
critical phenomena 59
definitions 58
impurity effects 64
models 739
and muon spin rotation/relaxation 960–965
nanocrystalline materials 967–971
one-dimensional 58, 61
impurity effects 64
quantum fluctuations 61
orbital 105
pressure-induced phenomena 697–703
Curie temperature 698
future research 702
Ne
´
el temperature 698
theories 698
thermodynamics 698
quantum fluctuations 58
effects 61
R-3d intermetallics 4–11
reentrant 694
research, reviews 726
short-range 963
soft 16
in solids 725–739, 697
and superconductivity 962, 984
surface 1229–1233
synchrotron radiation in 740–748
thermal fluctuations 58
transition metal oxides 1257–1263
two-dimensional 61
quantum fluctuations 61
types of 726
under high pressure 699
units 715–718
weak static 962
see also antiferromagnetism; biomagnetism; diamagnetism;
ferrimagnetism; ferromagnetism; itinerant electron
magnetism; itinerant electron metamagnetism (IEM);
micromagnetism; paramagnetism; piezomagnetism
magnetite
half-metallicity 268
and magnetic resonance imaging 855
Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy studies 945
occurrence 855
particles 211
properties 725
magnetite films
applications, magnetoresistive sensors 183
spin-polarized electron transport 183
magnetization
ahysteretic remanent 675
anisotropy, binary R-3d intermetallics 8
asymmetry 529
crystal field interaction studies 97
early studies 67
easy axis of 7, 425, 1254
irreversibility 447
isothermal 101, 101F
Kerr microscopy 369
measurement 500, 587, 593, 740
particles, thermal stability 397
pressure dependence 698
probes 740
processes 445, 463
quantum tunneling of 718, 724
reversal 583
reversible 760
rotation 446
single domains 448
spontaneous 445, 729
and molecular fields 735
1310
Subject Indexmagnetic tags, magnetic microwires in
sublattice 730
thermally activated reversal 403
in thin films 1248
time-dependence 583
vector 843
see also adiabatic demagnetization (AD); demagnetization;
saturation magnetization
magnetization curves
ferromagnetic materials 526F
importance of 444
initial 444
and nanostructure 450
Rayleigh region 446
magnetization-induced second harmonic generation
(MSHG) 986, 989
magnetization reversal 919
applications 754
damping constants 756, 756F
dynamics 754–760
element-end effects 758
in nanomaterials 1252
near-uniform 756
of patterned magnetic thin films 755, 756F
size effects 758
studies 754
in thin films
easy axis 1251
hard axis 1251
of uniformly magnetized sphere 754, 755F
of uniformly magnetized thin film 755, 755F
magnetization ripple, thin films 1249
magnetization time-lag see magnetic viscosity
magnetocaloric effect (MCE) 760–766, 101
applications 102
in magnetic refrigeration 676–682, 760, 763
discovery 760
early studies 761
enhancement 678
magnetic materials 762
measurement 761
negative 762
theories, thermomodynamic 760
magnetocardiography (MCG), superconducting-
quantum-interference devices in 1111
magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) 82T, 112, 412,
452, 738, 738T, 845
determination 7
easy magnetization direction 412
energy 452, 725
in films 426
microscopic origins 412
nanocrystalline materials 16, 968
permanent magnets 413
principles 920
in solids 748
studies 492, 496, 500
under pressure 697, 701
magneto-elastic coupling 529, 1127
magnetoelasticity
effects 774
nanoscale heterogeneous materials 774–779
see also magnetostriction (MS)
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
applications 1110
superconducting-quantum-interference devices in 1110, 1110F
magneto-impedance
in magnetic microwires 512, 515
in metallic multilayers 779–781
see also giant magneto-impedance
(GMI)
magnetomechanical coupling factor 773
magnetometers
directly coupled 1120
superconducting-quantum-interference devices
501, 971, 1111–1112, 1114, 1117, 1244
torque 500
types of 971
see also pulsed-field magnetometers; vibrating
sample magnetometers (VSMs)
magnetometry, nanoparticles 971–976
magneto-optical configurations 949, 952
magneto-optical disks
aging 794
dielectric layers 801
disk noise 802
high-reflectance mirrors 808, 810
Kerr effects 808
medium noise 803
noise sources 802
platinum underlayers 800
quadrilayers 808
structure 800
system noise 802
thermal effects 803–806
thin-film structures, thermal design 805
trilayers 809
underlayer effects 800
write noise 802
magneto-optical effects
applications 811
determination 954
early studies 167
ellipticity 807
enhancement 806–811
processes 810
gyroelectric 950
gyromagnetic 950
longitudinal 810
orientations 167, 167F
longitudinal 167, 807
polar 167, 807
transverse 169, 807
permittivity tensors 169, 949
phenomenology 167–171
signal-to-noise ratio 807
transverse 810
see also Faraday effects; Kerr effects; nonlinear magneto-
optics
magneto-optical materials, applications, rewritable
data storage devices 813
magneto-optical measurement 588
magneto-optical modeling
characteristic matrix method 950
gyroelectric matrices 953
isotropic matrix 952
optical matrix 952
of multilayers 949–955
magneto-optical parameters 806
definition 169
magneto-optical signals, detection 806
1311
Subject Index magneto-optical signals, detection
magneto-optic recording systems
force equilibrium 795
multilayers for 781–791
overwrite problems 795–799
recording performance 799–803
measurement 801
schematic diagrams 807F
short-wavelength 781, 791
shot-noise levels 807
signal-to-noise ratio 807
super-resolution 1215–1220
thermal transport 804
magnetoplumbite
applications, ferrite magnets 175
structure 175
magnetoresistance (MR) 779
conductivity tensors 822, 824
and electrical resistivity 830
ferromagnetic materials 828
giant thermal 615
high field limit 823
hysteresis loops 680
intermetallics 822–830
Kondo systems 376
longitudinal 822, 826
low field limit 823
and magnetic phase diagrams 163
measurement 589
and metamagnetic transitions 255
negative 1047
and neutron diffraction compared 163
nonmagnetic compounds 825
normal 823
anisotropy 826
temperature dependence 824
rare earth elements 156–157
relaxation time approximation 823
spin-dependent scattering 827
theories, Boltzmann’s 822
transition metal oxides 815–818
transverse 256, 822, 824
tunneling 834
types of 245
see also anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR); colossal
magnetoresistance (CMR); giant magnetoresistance
(GMR)
magnetoresistance ratio, definition 255
magnetoresistive heads, physical phenomena 830–837
magnetoresistive insulators, ferrites 842
magnetoresistive (MR) heads 629, 635
magnetoresistive sensors 1038
angular measurement 1038F
magnetite films in 183
see also giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors
magnetostatic boundary value problem 931
magnetostatic effects 919
calculations 927
magnetostatic fields 922, 931
magnetostatic waves (MSWs) 260
magnetostriction (MS) 1127–1130, 110, 112
amorphous alloys 19
anisotropic 10, 427, 768
deformation 769
applications 772, 1129
crystal field interactions 840
definition 766, 1127
domains 448
DE effect 771
forced 774
forced-volume 767
giant 770, 773
intermetallics 766
inverse 766, 837, 839
linear 772
and magnetic anisotropy 771
magnetovolume effects 767
measurement 589, 594
metamagnetic compounds 916
and metamagnetic transitions 768
microscopic origins 840
multilayers 2, 2F
nanocrystalline materials 16, 969
near-zero 969
occurrence 411
phase transformations 281
phenomena 766–774
and pressure-induced magnetism 698
rare earth metals 766
single-ion 770
and spin reorientation 768
spin–spin interactions 840
spontaneous 774, 837
spontaneous-volume 767
theories 1128
use of term 837
in video tapes 675
Villari effect 771
volume 774–775, 837, 1128
see also giant magnetostriction; Joule magnetostriction;
magnetoelasticity
magnetostrictive cantilevers 774, 774F
magnetostrictive materials 837–843
applications 778, 840
actuators 1
DE effect 839
elastic stiffness 838
high coupling factor alloys 840
high-saturation 841
magnetic anisotropy
induced 840
uniaxial 840
magnetoelastic coupling 839
nonlinear elasticity 839
properties 773
magnetic 17, 17F
magnetostrictive microwires
hysteresis loops 513
natural ferromagnetic resonance 517
properties 513
magnetostrictive read heads
exchange pinning 566
longitudinal stabilization 567
materials 565
sensors 565
shields 566
stripe-height definition 567
trackwidth definition 567
transfer functions 566
magnetostrictive spring magnet type multilayers (MSMMs)
777, 777F
1312
Subject Indexmagneto-optic recording systems
magnetostrictivity, definition 773
magnetothermodynamic effects 904
magnetothermopower
measurement issues 422
quantum oscillations 424
theoretical issues 420
use of term 420
magnetotransport 282
magnetovolume effects 112
factors affecting 700
Invar 699
itinerant ferromagnets 767
Laves phase compounds 1099
magnetostriction 767
metamagnetic compounds 912, 916
magnetron sputtering
applications 660, 1234
superlattice synthesis 1237
magnets
applications
biomedical 854–858
in medicine 854
Berry phase in 1088
bonded 1221
bulk 855
coarse-grained 852
die-upset 1222
exchange-coupled 273
fine-crystalline 853
hard, magnetic domains 843–854
hot-worked 1030
hybrid 748
ingot 479
multipole 1040, 1190
nanocomposite, remanence enhancement 876
nanoscale 653
nanostructured 869
non-Fermi liquid behavior 981
pinning type 273
polymer-bonded 475
quantum phase transitions 981
recoil curves, magnetic viscosity studies 722
ring 1222
small-particle 853
soft, magnetic domains 843–854
weak 268
see also ferrimagnets; ferrite magnets; ferromagnets; itinerant
electron magnets; itinerant magnets; paramagnets;
permanent magnets; rare earth magnets; remanence-
enhanced magnets; single-molecule magnets
(SMMs); sintered magnets; superconducting
magnets
magnon drag 56
magnons 417, 1094
density of states 418F
dispersion relations 711
characteristics 712
interactions 708
manganese, magnetic moments 676, 706
manganese–aluminum alloys
antiphase boundaries 481
applications, permanent magnets 478–482
Bloch walls, nucleation sites 481
magnetic phase transitions 677
phase transformations 480
properties, magnetic 480
structure 478
manganese antimonide
ferrimagnetism 1065
ferromagnetism 114
manganese arsenide
magnetic phase transitions 677
properties, magnetic 1064
manganese–bismuth alloys, Kerr rotation 813
manganese compounds
applications, magnetic refrigeration 676
frustration 706
hydrides 902
manganese iron phosphorus arsenides
electrical resistance 679, 680F
magnetic entropy 678, 679F
magnetization, temperature dependence 678
magnetocaloric effect 680
magnetoresistance 680, 681F
manufacture 678
properties, magnetic 678
structure 678
manganese oxides, magnetic structure 734
manganese–zinc ferrite, applications, magnetic recording
heads 572
manganites
charge ordering 87
doped rare-earth 1041
double exchange 145, 1042
electrical resistivity 1043
magnetism 1257, 1261
metal–insulator transitions 1040
strongly correlated electron systems 136, 145
manganite thin films, colossal magnetoresistance 87–92
many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) 389
Marconi, Guglielmo (1874–1937) 572
martensite-to-austenite transformations 677
MAS see magic angle spinning (MAS)
mass renormalization factor 1151
materials
chemical stability 791–795
ferroelectric 543
life (durability) 791–795
microanalysis 1174
see also amorphous materials; ferromagnetic materials;
magnetic materials; magnetostrictive materials;
nanocrystalline materials; nanomaterials; paramagnetic
materials
Matteuchi effect 772
Matthias rule 44
Matthiessen’s rule 24, 53, 322
definition 820
Mattis, Daniel C. 1152
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics 713
Maxwell coils 494
Maxwell relation 677, 710–711
Maxwell’s equations 715T, 1147–1148
MBE see magnetic Barkhausen effect (MBE)
MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) 1184
MCA see magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA)
MCD see magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)
MCE see magnetocaloric effect (MCE)
MCG (magnetocardiography) 1111
M-crystal see magnetoplumbite
1313
Subject Index M-crystal see magnetoplumbite
mean-field approximation (MFA), in magnetocaloric effect
studies 760
mean-field models 417
mean free paths
conduction electrons 25, 57
elastic 1053
spin-dependent 1052
mechanical alloying (MA)
applications 871
ferrite magnet manufacture 15
magnetic materials manufacture 678
principles 871
mechanically alloyed rare earth magnets 871–874, 1222
exchange coupling 872
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 872
remanence 871
enhanced 872
mechanical milling 871
high-energy 869
medicine, magnets in 854
MEG see magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Meissner, Walter (1882–1974) 1147
Meissner effect 81, 85, 527, 1156
criteria 1148
discovery 1147
perfect 1148
and proximity effects 85
superconductors (materials) 1146
Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect 1135–1136
Meissner phases 1136
melt spinning, applications, wire manufacture 512, 512F
melt-spun ribbons, corrosion 1028
ME media see metal evaporated (ME) media
memory devices, vortex 46
memory storage, single-molecule magnets in 1088
MEMS see microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
Me
´
nie
`
re’s disease 1025
mercury, superconductivity 1136
mesomagnets 610
mesoscopic systems, quantum effects 1088
metal complexes, applications, contrast-enhancement agents
947
metal corrosion see corrosion
metal evaporated (ME) media
contact temperature 636
lubrication 640
pole tip recession 642
porosity 636
surface temperature 636
tribology 636, 640
metal evaporated (ME) tape 882–890, 600
advantages 882
coating thickness 911
coercivity 885
columnar separation 883
cross-section 883F, 909F
crystalline anisotropy 886
development 882
future trends 911
magnetic anisotropy 886
magnetic structure 885
manufacture 908
processes 883, 884F, 885F
materials 887, 907
and metal particle tape compared 906–912
microstructure 885
oblique evaporation 883
properties, magnetic 907T, 909, 909T
recording anisotropy 911
recording potential 906
recording properties 910
recording transitions 911F
signal-to-noise ratio 906
structure 883, 908
switching field distribution 909–910
uniaxial anisotropy 886
metal hydrides
density of states 892
electronic band structure 890–899
heats of formation 894
heats of solution 894
properties, magnetic 899–906
volume, hydrogen-induced increase 902
see also transition metal hydrides
metal–hydrogen systems see hydrogen–metal
systems
metal–insulator transitions (MITs) 901
bandwidth-controlled 1044
filling-controlled 1045
in perovskites 1040
metallic compounds
frustration 706
magnetic moments 394
metallic filaments see wires
metallic glasses
anisotropy 413
characterization 16
composition 21
crystallization 21
magnetic domains 850
synthesis 43
see also amorphous alloys; amorphous metals
metallic multilayers
giant magnetoresistance 1103
magneto-impedance effects 779–781
metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD),
high-temperature superconductors 1185
metal oxides
copper–germanium 65
holmium–titanium 705
lithium–manganese 705
manganese 734
strontium–chromium–gallium 705
strontium–copper 58, 63
see also copper oxides; iron oxides; lanthanum–copper
oxides; transition metal oxides
metal particle (MP) tape
coating thickness 911
cross-section 908F
double-layer coating 908
future trends 911
manufacture 908
materials 907
and metal evaporated tape compared 906–912
properties, magnetic 907T, 909, 909T
recording potential 906
recording properties 910
recording transitions 911F
signal-to-noise ratio 906
structure 908
1314
Subject Indexmean-field approximation (MFA), in magnetocaloric effect studies
switching field distribution 910
thermal stability 907
metal particles
applications, in ferrofluids 208, 212
development 601
ferrite 210, 212
manufacture 209, 602
nickel 209
metals
alkali 238
body-centered cubic 530
electron–phonon scattering 310
face-centered cubic 531
hydrogen absorption 899
noble 478
recycling 187F
RKKY interactions 101
see also amorphous metals; half-metals; rare earth metals;
transition metals
metal salts, reduction 209
metal wires see wires
metamagnetic compounds
magnetovolume effects 912, 916
properties, electrical 916
studies 912, 1063
metamagnetic transitions (MTs) 736, 1096
binary R-3d intermetallics 7
definition 730
giant magnetoresistance at, in antiferromagnets 255–258
and magnetoresistance 255
and magnetostriction 768
pressure effects 912, 915
superzone gap 256, 257F
metamagnetism 730, 731F
ME tape see metal evaporated (ME) tape
Metglass alloys, characteristics 841T
metrology, superconducting current comparators 917–919
MFA (mean-field approximation) 760
MFIS (magnetic-field-induced strain) 258
MFL (magnetic flux leakage) 1114
Michelson interferometers
in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 278
schematic diagram 278F
microactuators 778
giant magnetostrictive thin films in 1256
see also magnetic microactuators and systems
(MAGMAS)
microcalorimeters
developments 1068
schematic diagram 1067
structure 1067
transmission-edge sensors 1067, 1174
x-ray 1068
see also superconducting microcalorimeters
microcoils, current density 509
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
applications, in data storage 542, 544F
giant magnetostrictive thin films 774
hard magnetic films in 431
historical background 507
materials 778
mechanisms 506
see also magnetic microactuators and systems (MAGMAS)
microemulsions, manufacture 210
micromagnetic modeling 754
micromagnetics
analysis 923
classical approach 919
dynamic approach 924, 933
energy-minimization approach 919, 924
energy terms 920–921
finite element modeling 928–937
adaptive mesh control 935
mesh refinement 934
hierarchical approach 927
magnetic vector potential 933
nucleation problem 924
numerical 924
microstructural simulations 925
particulate systems 926
principles 919–928
micromagnetism
early studies 67
theories 67, 721
and gyromagnetic equations 754
micromagnets, manufacture 508
micropolar fluids, ferrohydrodynamics 218
microscopic models
interband transitions 811–815
intraband transitions 811–815
microscopy
magnetic 1112–1114
optical 542
scanning probe 542
see also atomic force microscopy (AFM); electron
microscopy; Kerr microscopy; Lorentz microscopy;
magnetic force microscopy (MFM); scanning tunneling
microscopy (STM)
microsystems, actuators in 1
microwave absorption, high-temperature superconductors
1156
microwave components, superconducting, filters
1156–1164
microwave devices, ferrite ceramics in 171
microwave fields, Josephson junctions in 128
microwave frequencies, ferrite ceramics at 171–175
microwave power tubes 1013
microwave resonators, characteristics 1157
middle ear
prosthetic devices 1024–1025
vibrational excitation 1025
milling, in video tape manufacture 673
MiniDisks
multilayers in 949
recoding codes 1006
mirrors
aluminum 810
high-reflectance 808, 810
MITs see metal–insulator transitions (MITs)
mixed oxides, rare earth 92–95
mixed valence phases 317
MKSA system, magnetic units 715
MMICs (monolithic microwave integrated circuits)
431
MMLs see magnetic multilayers (MMLs)
Mn12Ac
magnetic hysteresis 1087
as single-molecule magnet 1087
transverse anisotropy 1087
MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition) 1185
1315
Subject Index MOCVD (metalorganic chemical vapor deposition)
modeling
finite element 928–937
optical, of multilayers 949–955
see also magneto-optical modeling
modified jelly-roll (MJR) process 1204, 1206
modulation codes see recording codes
Mohn–Wohlfarth model 347
molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), high-temperature
superconductors 1184
molecular field approximations
magnetic scattering 55, 827
thermodynamic expectation 827
molecular field calculations 412
molecular field coefficients 6
molecular field constant 393
molecular fields, and spontaneous magnetization 735
monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), hard
magnetic films in 431
Monsma transistors 616
Monte Carlo simulations 202
Mooij correlation 25, 25F, 26, 29
Moriya formula 291
Mo
¨
ssbauer, Rudolf Ludwig (1929– ), studies 943
Mo
¨
ssbauer effect 527, 995
definition 943
Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy (MS) 843–946, 995, 1048
applications 527, 532, 946
dynamical beats 996, 997F
equipment, alignment 943F
hyperfine interaction measurement 1049
neptunium studies 132
and perturbed angular correlation compared 1049
principles 944
radioactive sources 995
studies 945
motors
superconducting permanent magnets in 1165
voice coil 476
see also electric motors
Mott detectors, scattering energy 1053
Mott insulators 268, 1238
MP tape see metal particle (MP) tape
MRAMs see magnetic random access memories (MRAMs)
MRI see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MSM alloys see magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys
MTs see metamagnetic transitions (MTs)
Mu
¨
ller, K. Alex (1927– ) 1152
multilayer disks
thermal stability 790
written bits, thermomagnetic 790
multilayers
applications
information storage 949
in magneto-optic recording systems 781–791
and characteristic matrix method 953
cobalt–copper 832
coercivity 787
platinum seedlayer effects 788
Curie temperatures 789
deposition 782
epitaxial 1247
exchange-coupled 833
ferromagnetic layers 784
giant magneto-impedance 780
giant magnetostrictive thin films 1256
hard magnetic films 433
interfaces 429
magnetic anisotropy 429, 454, 786
magnetization 785
magnetostriction 2, 2F, 777, 1129
modeling
magneto-optical 949–955
optical 949–955
nucleation 787
properties, magnetic 785
saturation field 787
spacer layers 777
structure 781
terbium–cobalt 454
terbium–iron 454
thickness, and coercivity 788
see also cobalt–nickel multilayers; cobalt–palladium
multilayers; cobalt–platinum multilayers; exchange-
coupled multilayers (ECMLs); iron–chromium
multilayers; magnetic multilayers (MMLs); platinum–
cobalt multilayers; superconducting multilayers;
superlattices
muon Knight shift 961
muons
low-energy 964
weak decay 960
muon spin rotation/relaxation (mSR)
advantages 961
applications 962
disadvantages 964
early studies 960
future research 964
longitudinal-field technique 961
and magnetism 960–965
polarization 960
principles 960
signals 960
m
+
-spin auto-correlation function 961
transverse-field technique 961
vs. microscopy techniques 960
zero-field technique 961
muons on request method 964
nanocomposite magnets, remanence enhancement 876
nanocrystalline alloys 20, 67T
coercivity 16, 17F,67
eddy current losses 18
hysteresis losses 18
induced anisotropy 970
magnetic field annealing 970
magnetic permeability 16, 18
magnetic properties, thermal stability 970
manufacture 22
properties, soft magnetic 20
nanocrystalline films
interfaces 429
magnetic anisotropy 429
nanocrystalline materials 16–24
applications 970
giant magnetostrictive thin films 1255
casting 18
coercivity 967–968
crystallization temperature 18
electrical resistivity 970
exchange energy 968
1316
Subject Indexmodeling
exchange interactions 967
ferromagnetic correlation length 16
grain coupling 969
hysteresis loops 17, 18F
magnetic field annealing 17
magnetic permeability 967–968
magnetism 967–971
soft 967
temperature dependence 969
magnetization 450
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 16, 968
magnetostriction 16, 969
random anisotropy 968
rapid solidification 967
remanence enhancement 968
structural correlation length 16
synthesis 18
nanocrystalline ribbons 851
nanocrystals, anisotropy 413
nanomaterials
circular 1252
elliptical 1253
magnetization reversal 1252
nuclear resonance scattering 1001
rectangular 1252
spintronics in 1103–1107
nanoparticles
hysteresis loops 975
magnetic anisotropy 973
magnetic susceptibility 972
magnetometry 971–976
single-domain 971
interactions 975
nanoscale heterogeneous materials, magnetoelasticity
774–779
nanoscopic structures see nanomaterials
nanosized particles see nanoparticles
nanostructures see nanomaterials
nanotubes
electrical conductivity 239
formation 239
spin electronics 620
nanowires 441–442
giant magnetoresistance 613
NA (numerical aperture) 1215
narrow band materials, half-metallicity
268
natural ferromagnetic resonance (NFMR)
frequency 517
magnetic microwires 517
magnetostrictive microwires 517
NDE (nondestructive evaluation) 1114
NDT see nondestructive testing (NDT)
near-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy
(NEXAFS) 1230
nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquids (NAFLs)
292
Ne
´
el ground state 287
Ne
´
el model 730
Ne
´
el relaxation, ferrofluids 197–198
Ne
´
el temperature 257, 394, 532, 698, 702T,
735
rare earth elements 157
Ne
´
el wall 527, 846
nematic ordering 705
NENP
Haldane gap studies 63
impurity effects 65
magnetic susceptibility 63F
neodymium aluminate 98
neodymium–copper alloys
Hall coefficient 331
magnetic excitation 417, 417F, 418F
spin waves 419F
neodymium gallate
applications, substrates 296
magnetoresistance 256, 257F
neodymium–iron–boron alloys
anisotropy energy 271
applications 489, 1024
domestic 475
hard magnetic films 431
high-temperature permanent magnets 869
magnets 865, 871, 1026, 1031, 1035, 1222
permanent magnet assemblies 1016
sintered magnets 858, 878
coercivity 69, 70F
composition 1222
corrosion 1026
corrosion resistance 881
costs 475
development 1083
die upsetting 1032
hot pressing 1032
hot-worked 1028
hydrogenation disproportionation desorption
recombination-processed 865
hysteresis loops 71F, 719F
manufacture 879
melt spinning 1222
properties, magnetic 432, 875, 877T, 1083
remanence 1164
thermal stability 864
neodymium–iron–boron magnets
advantages 859
applications 862
manufacture 860
materials 860
properties 860
sintered 858
studies 904
neodymium–iron–carbon alloys
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 1083
properties, magnetic 1083
neodymium–manganese alloys, thermal expansion 1099, 1099F
neodymium–strontium manganate 89
neptunium
Bragg peaks 746
electrical resistivity 1095, 1098F
in heavy-fermion systems 273
magnetism 130
Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy studies 132
Nernst coefficient 314
Nernst effect 314
neutron diffraction
applications 527
and magnetoresistance compared 163
neutron magnetic form factor 110
neutron polarization 742
neutron powder diffraction 745
1317
Subject Index neutron powder diffraction
neutron scattering
applications, magnetic anisotropy determination 411
ferrofluid studies 203–207
hard magnetic materials 1018
hard magnetic materials studies 1016–1023
magnetic electron scattering 1018
magnetism studies 740
nuclear scattering 1018
principles 1017
sources 1017
see also inelastic neutron scattering (INS); small-angle
neutron scattering (SANS)
neutron spectrometers 415
development 415
triple-axis 415, 416F
types 415
neutron transmutation doping (NTD) 1174
NFLs see non-Fermi liquids (NFLs)
NFMR see natural ferromagnetic resonance (NFMR)
NFRs (nitroxide free radicals) 948
NFS see nuclear forward scattering (NFS)
nickel
edge dislocations 530F
itinerant electron studies 111
magnetic anisotropy energy 112
magnetic moments 700
magnetocaloric effect 763
plastic deformation 531
nickel aluminides
plastic deformation 533
spin fluctuations 1097
nickel arsenide, vacancies 1063
nickel borocarbides, antiferromagnetic ordering 1209F
nickel compounds, hydrides 905
nickel disulfide
as insulator 1063
properties, magnetic 1063
nickel–gallium alloys, spin fluctuations 1097
nickel–germanium alloys
magnetization 534F
plastic deformation 533
nickel–iron alloys
high-permeability 849
magnetic losses 464
plastic deformation 531, 535
nickel–iron–cobalt films, magnetization reversal 757F
nickel–iron films
magnetization reversal 755F, 756, 757F
magneto-impedance 779–780
nickel manganese antimonide
Fermi surfaces 268
half-metallicity 267–268
nickel–manganese–gallium alloys
applications 535
as magnetic shape memory alloys 259
properties, magnetic 535
nickel particles, in copper alloys 209
nickel sulfide, insulator–metal transitions 1064
nickel titanium hydrides, electronic band structure
893
nickel–zinc alloys, applications, magnetic recording heads
572
NIESST see nuclear decay-induced excited spin state trapping
(NIESST)
niobium alloys, superconductivity 1137
niobium–aluminum alloys
applications, superconducting cables 1190, 1206
strand manufacture 1206
niobium–aluminum oxide–niobium junctions 358
applications 358
current–voltage characteristics 360F
gap voltage 360
manufacture 358, 359F, 360F
whole-wafer process 359
properties, electrical 359
specific capacitance 360
stability 360
niobium–aluminum superlattices
tunneling studies 1237
x-ray spectra 1237, 1237F
niobium carbonitrides, synthesis 1234
niobium–copper superlattices, crossover effects 1238
niobium films
applications 1242
synthesis 1234
niobium germanates, synthesis 1234
niobium–germanium alloys, flux pinning 46
niobium–germanium superlattices
crossover effects 1238, 1238F
properties 1238
niobium nitride Josephson junctions 361
applications 358
critical current 361F
current–voltage characteristics 361F
manufacture 361, 1234
properties, electrical 361
stability 362
niobium nitrides, synthesis 1234
niobium oxide, applications, tunnel junctions 1242
niobium–silicon alloys, flux pinning 46
niobium–tin alloys
applications
magnets 1190
superconductors (materials) 1198, 1200, 1207
coherence length 83
strand manufacture 1201, 1203
bronze process 1203
internal Sn process 1203–1204
powder-in-tube process 1203, 1205
niobium–titanium alloys
applications
magnets 1190, 1200
superconducting cables 1190, 1198–1200
superconductors (materials) 1207
coherence length 83
composition 1201
extrusion 1201
microstructure 1203F
precipitation strengthening 1202
strand manufacture 1201
superconductivity 1137
wire drawing 1202
niobium–titanium superlattices, crossover effects
1238, 1239F
NIS see nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS)
nitrosyl complexes, photo-switching mechanisms 1061
nitroxide free radicals (NFRs), applications, contrast-
enhancement agents 948
NLO (nonlinear optics) 986
NMR see nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
1318
Subject Indexneutron scattering
NMR spectroscopy see nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy
noble metals, applications, in permanent magnets 478
NOE (nuclear Overhauser effect) 993
nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
magnetic field sensors 1114
see also nondestructive testing (NDT)
nondestructive testing (NDT)
methods, magnetic 976–979
superconducting-quantum-interference devices 1114–1117
non-Fermi liquids (NFLs) 713
behavior 143, 376
in heavy-fermion systems 274
and quantum phase transitions 979–986
single-ion effects 984
nonlinear magneto-optics 986–989
crystallographic effects 986
early studies 986
effective tensors 987
principles 986
schematic diagram 988F
susceptibility 987
symmetry issues 988
theory 986
nonlinear optical susceptibilities 986
nonlinear optics (NLO)
second harmonic generation 986
see also nonlinear magneto-optics
nonlinear transition shift (NLTS) 598, 633
nonmagnetic compounds, magnetoresistance 825
nonmagnetic semiconductor (NMS) 1106
nonmetallic compounds, magnetic moments 393
Nordheim–Gorter rule 53
NQES see nuclear quasi-elastic scattering (NQES)
NQR see nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
NRS see nuclear resonance scattering (NRS)
NSR see nuclear spin relaxation (NSR)
nuclear adiabatic demagnetization 101–103
nuclear Bragg diffraction (NBD) 995
nuclear decay-induced excited spin state trapping (NIESST)
1060
transition metal compounds 1060
nuclear forward scattering (NFS) 995
applications 1002
dynamical beats 995–996
instrumentation 995, 996F
principles 995
quantum beats 997
nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) 995
applications 1002
instrumentation 996F, 999
principles 999
nuclear magnetic dipole moments, and hyperfine structure
1049
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1198, 1200, 1207
amorphous materials 36–39
applications 36, 527, 1206
low-dimensional magnetism studies 58
cuprate high-temperature superconductor studies 290–295
detectors 1120
historical background 1088
instrumentation 1091
magic angle spinning 37
magnetogyric ratio 990
multidimensional exchange 37
permanent magnets in 1010
principles 990
of solids 1088–1094
see also cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS);
double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance
(DQ-NMR)
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy 989–995
applications 989
chemical shifts 992
13
C NMR spectra 993
deuterated solvents in 991
development 989
equipment 990–991
schematic diagram 991F
1
H NMR spectra 992
principles 990
pulsed Fourier transform method 993
quantitative 993
two-dimensional 994
nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), elimination 993
nuclear quadrupole moments, and hyperfine structure 1048
nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
cuprate high-temperature superconductor studies 290–295
detectors 1120
nuclear quasi-elastic scattering (NQES) 995
applications 1002
instrumentation 998
principles 998
nuclear reflectometry (NR) 995
nuclear refrigeration, early studies 102
nuclear resonance scattering (NRS) 995–1004
applications 1000
disordered systems 1002
high-pressure 1000
hyperfine spectroscopy 995
nanomaterials 1001
structural dynamics 995
dynamical beats 996, 997F
instrumentation 996F
principles 995
quantum beats 997
research 1003
and synchrotron radiation 995
nuclear small-angle scattering (NSAS) 995
nuclear spin, Larmor precession of 1049
nuclear spin relaxation (NSR)
amorphous materials 39–43
and ion currents compared 41
ionic diffusion-induced 39
rates 41
site-selective spin excitation 41
techniques, applications 39
nuclear wave functions, and hyperfine structure determination
1049
nuclear Zeeman levels 1049
nucleation, and coercivity 67, 71
nucleation fields 82
and coercivity 68
concept of 448, 919
misaligned grains 69
numerical aperture (NA), lenses 1215
ODMR (optically detected magnetic resonance) spectroscopy
36
off-track capability (OTC) 598
1319
Subject Index off-track capability (OTC)