Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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dislocation cores 528
dislocations (materials)
definition 527
properties, magnetic 526–539
strains 528
stresses 528
stress fields 529
disordered magnetic systems 690–697, 202
model systems 692
random anisotropy 695
random fields 695
see also spin glasses
disordered systems, nuclear resonance scattering studies 1002
distribution functions 47
electrical current 48
heat current 48
local Fermi 48
DLC (diamond-like carbon) films 642
d-metals, binary hydrides 900
DNA microarrays 119–122
DNA sensors 119–122
domain branching 845
domain dynamics, Kerr microscopy 372
domain walls 843, 846
charged 441
contrast 442
energy 845
ferromagnetic 615
Kerr microscopy 371
motion 446
nucleation 445
pinning 847
and coercivity 67, 74
statistical pinning theory 75
types of 1252
Doniach diagrams 142, 143F, 1082
doped cuprates, band structure 287
doping level–temperature phase diagrams, cuprates 282
Doppler effect 527, 943
DOS see density of states (DOS)
double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (DQ-NMR) 37
amorphous materials 37
double rapidly heating/quenching (DRHQ) technique 1206
DOW see direct overwrite (DOW)
downscaling laws 507
and electromagnetism 507
optimal 509, 509T
DQ-NMR see double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance
(DQ-NMR)
Drude model 812
drug delivery, magnetic targeting 857
DSV (digital sum variation) 1006
DVD drives, ferrofluids in 187, 187F
DVDs see digital versatile disks (DVDs)
DWEL (direct-write e-beam lithography) 540
dynamical beats 995–997F
dynamic spin susceptibility, cuprate high-temperature
superconductors 292
Dyson equation 105
dysprosium
magnetic moments 701
magnetocaloric effect 762
dysprosium aluminate
applications, magnetic refrigerators 765
magnetocaloric effect 763
dysprosium aluminum garnet (DAG), properties,
magnetothermal 763
dysprosium compounds, frustration 706
dysprosium–gadolinium alloys, applications, in magnetic
refrigerators 765
dysprosium gallium garnet (DGG), properties,
magnetothermal 763
dysprosium–silver alloys, magnetoresistance 829
dysprosium–titanium oxides, spin ice ground states 705
Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction 392
ear
anatomy 1024F
diseases 1024
inner, prosthetic devices 1025
labyrinth diseases 1025
otiatria 1024–1026
see also middle ear; ossicles; tympanic membrane
easy axis (EA), of magnetization 7, 425, 1254
ECDLs see exchange-coupled double layers (ECDLs)
ECMLs see exchange-coupled multilayers (ECMLs)
eddy current losses
amorphous alloys 18
nanocrystalline alloys 18
reduction 181
silicon irons 848, 1123, 1124F
soft ferrites 181
eddy currents
detection 1114
Faraday’s laws 447
shielding effects 465
edge dislocations, spin distribution 530F
EDW see extended domain wall (EDW)
Edwards–Anderson model 693
EELS (electron energy-loss spectroscopy) 282, 287
effective charge model (ECM), for crystal field parameters 154
EFM (eight-to-fourteen modulation) 1006
Ehrenfest relation 710
eigenfunctions, one-electron 383
eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), applications 1006
Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), special theory of relativity 526
Einstein’s summation rule 528–529
elastic neutron scattering 110
elastocaloric effect (ECE) 760
elastomers
CPMAS NMR spectra 1092
magnetic 1026
electrical conductors, Lorentz force 508
electrical current density 48
stationary 50
electrical machines
amorphous metals in 473
hard magnetic materials in 469, 474
sensors 1036
silicon irons in 472
soft magnetic materials in 469, 472
superconducting permanent magnets in 1164–1166
electrical resistance, in magnetic refrigeration 679
electrical resistivity 51
amorphous intermetallic alloys 24–30,24
intermetallics 321–327
and magnetoresistance 830
paramagnets 1095, 1095F
perovskites 1040–1048
rare earth elements 156–164
1290
Subject Indexdislocation cores
residual 24
and scattering 56F,57
and structural transitions 324
electrical steels see silicon irons
electrical units, and magnetic units, analogies 716
electric dipole approximation 986
electric fields, gradients 112
electric generators, silicon irons in 1123, 1126
electric motors
applications, domestic 470
asynchronous 1164
design 471
losses 471
magnetic materials 469, 472, 858, 862
servomotors 476
silicon irons in 1123, 1126
stepper 862
superconductors in 1164
synchronous 1164
technology 470
trapped-field 1164
see also direct-current (DC) motors; spindle motors
electric multipole interaction 393
electric power transmission, stabilization 1134
electric quadrupole splitting 944
electrodeless plating, applications 1029
electromagnetic induction 527
electromagnetic units (emu), definitions 717
electromagnetism, and downscaling laws 507
electromechanical relays, silicon irons in 1127
electromigration, studies 891–892
electron–atom ratio, and transition temperature 44
electron band structure
models 340
molecular field 340
simple 341
electron-beam evaporation, applications 1234
electron–electron Coulomb pseudopotential 44
electron–electron coupling parameter 44
electron–electron interactions 28
electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), applications 282,
287
electron holography, applications 485
electronic band structure
metal hydrides 890–899
studies 890
electronic configuration, transition metals, 3d/4f/5f 148–156
electronic structure see atomic structure
electron–magnon scattering 679
electron micrography, ferrofluid studies 203
electron microscopy
classification 589
high-voltage 527
reflection 527
types of 527
see also photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM);
scanning electron microscopy (SEM); transmission
electron microscopy (TEM)
electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy,
hydrogenated amorphous silicon studies 36
electron orbitals, moments 740
electron paramagnetic resonance see electron spin resonance
(ESR)
electron–phonon coupling, constant 55
electron–phonon interactions 1149
electron–phonon interaction strength 44
amorphous superconductors 44
electron–phonon scattering 679
electrons
configuration 383
Coulomb repulsion 383–384
kinetic energy 383
properties 1103
electron scattering
and giant magnetoresistance 834
probability 831
electron spin
magnetic properties 587
and spin electronics 610
electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM)
spectroscopy, studies 36
electron spin polarization
core-level 1058
definition 1053
electron spin resonance (ESR)
amorphous materials 30–36,32
applications 527
in crystals 31
mechanisms 30
in powders 31
spectra 164
glassy-state 34
theories 30
electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry
advantages 164
rare earth ions in 164–166
sensors 164
electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometers, pulsed 36
electron states
5f
hybridization 131–132
magnetism 128–136
electron systems, highly correlated 1078
electron tunneling, mechanisms 1087
electron wave functions, and hyperfine structure determination
1049
electropainting, applications 1029
Eliashberg, G. M. 1151
Eliashberg integral equations 1152
Elinvar
discovery 336
properties, physical 336
systems 336T
ellipticity, magneto-optical effects 807
Emery model 286
emu (electromagnetic units) 717
ENDOR (electron-nuclear double resonance) spectroscopy 36
energy dissipation
electronic 1154
nuclear 1154
in superconductors (materials) 1153
energy gaps (solid state), half-metals 267
energy loss see energy dissipation
epilepsy, magnetoencephalography studies 1110
epitaxial films
ultrathin 938
see also ultrathin ferromagnetic films (UFFs)
EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) 1073
Epstein frame 502
equilibrium transition rate 49–50
1291
Subject Index equilibrium transition rate
erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), Hall
effect 1073
erasure, magnetic recordings 591
erbium
anisotropy 157
crystal structure 156
electrical resistivity 156–157, 157F
magnetic moments 156
magnetic phase diagrams 158F, 160
magnetic structure 160
magnetoresistance 160, 161F, 162F
erbium aluminate
applications, magnetic refrigerators 765
magnocaloric effect 763
erbium nickel borocarbides, upper critical field 1210,
1210F
Ericsson cycle 764–765
regenerative magnetic 764
ESEEM (electron spin echo envelope modulation)
spectroscopy 36
ESR dosimetry see electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry
ESR (electron spin resonance) spectrometers 36
etching, thin-film 560
Ettinghausen coefficient 313
Ettinghausen effect 313
Euler’s Law, and fullerenes 233, 235
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (France)
740, 1003
europium
crystal field calculations 155
intensity calculations 155
magnetic circular dichroism 1263
as structural local probe 155
europium ions, electronic configuration 154
evaporation, oblique 883
exchange constants 445
exchange correlation length 445
exchange-coupled double layers (ECDLs)
direct overwrite in 796
hysteresis loops 797
memory layer 796
reversal mechanisms 797
write layer 796
exchange-coupled multilayers (ECMLs) 795
overwrite 799
with permanent magnetic layers 796
exchange coupling 6
direct 391
indirect 391
R-3d intermetallics 7, 9
exchange energy 919, 921
determination 920
magnetic domains 844
nanocrystalline materials 968
exchange integral 270
exchange interactions 270
double 734
frustration of 703
hybridization-mediated 734
indirect 733
and magnetism 1052
and pressure-induced magnetism 698
extended domain wall (EDW) 776
formation 777, 777F
extrapolation length 85, 85F
extrusion
applications, bonded permanent magnet manufacture 858
backward 881, 1222
niobium–titanium alloys 1201
Faber–Ziman theory 25
face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices
antiphase boundary tubes in 533
Invar effects 337
plastic deformation 532
face-centered cubic (fcc) metals, plastic deformation 531
Faraday, Michael (1791–1867), magneto-optical studies 167,
806
Faraday balances 493, 500F, 971
Faraday coefficient 168, 949
Faraday effects 167, 811
magneto-optical signals 807, 949, 986
measurement 588
transition metal oxides 1262
transverse 986
use of term 167
Faraday rotation, complex 168, 954
Faraday’s laws, eddy currents 447
far infrared radiation (FIR), spectroscopy 281
fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), applications 927
fast switching, in magnetic recording media 402–410
fault current limiters (FCLs)
hybrid 1197
inductive 1197
resistive 1197
superconductors (materials) 1197
types of 1131
see also superconducting fault current limiters
(SCFCLs)
fcc (face-centered cubic) metals 531
fcc lattices see face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices
FCLs see fault current limiters (FCLs)
Fe8, as single-molecule magnet 1087
FELs (free-electron lasers) 1013
FEM (finite element modeling) 928–937
FeRh, magnetoresistance 256
Fermi contact term 111
definition 1049
Fermi–Dirac function 49
Fermi–Dirac statistics 341, 343, 1096, 1153
Fermi energy 1149
definition 342
Fermi functions 1150
Fermi levels 679, 1096, 1245
Fermi liquids (FLs) 282, 374, 713, 1152
behavior 143, 275, 310, 376
definition 981
Landau theory of 275, 979, 1152
quantum phase transitions 981
theories 330
see also non-Fermi liquids (NFLs)
Fermi’s golden rule 49
Fermi surfaces 1149
cylindrical 685
de Haas–van Alphen studies 685–689
measurement 268
nesting 108
reconstruction, and giant magnetoresistance 256
topology 901
Fermi velocity 26, 82
1292
Subject Indexerasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), Hall effect
ferrimagnetic materials
magnetic Bragg peaks 742
use of term 171
ferrimagnetic ordering, mechanisms 1259
ferrimagnetic particles, precipitation, in glasses 36
ferrimagnetism 526, 730
mechanisms 179
ferrimagnets
behavior 730F
collinear 9, 9F
magnetic moments 730
magnetic susceptibility 730
magnetization processes 520
magnon dispersion-relation 711
phase diagrams 520, 521F
properties, measurement 586
R-3d intermetallics 8
ferrite ceramics
applications
dielectric resonators 172F
microwave devices 171
in wireless communications systems 171
dielectric losses 171
magnetic losses 171
magnetic permeability 173F
at microwave frequencies 171–175
microwave losses 173
microwave measurements 171
ferrite films, uniaxial 454
ferrite-garnets
magnetization 523, 523F
phase diagrams 521F
susceptibility 523
ferrite magnets 858
advantages 861
applications 175, 860
barium 15
bonded 860
applications 861
coercivity 15, 175, 476
high-performance 175
materials 175
mechanical alloying 15
performance improvement 175–179
properties 1010T
remanence 175
strontium 15
see also ceramic ferrite magnets; hard-ferrite magnets;
lanthanum–cobalt ferrite magnets
ferrite particles, applications, in ferrofluids 210, 212
ferrite(s)
applications, magnetoresistive insulators 842
chemical formulae 171
hexagonal 1259
magnetism 1257
magnetization frequency 171
microwave properties 1161
substituted 211
use of term 171
see also hard ferrites; hexaferrites; soft ferrites; spinel ferrites
ferrite video heads, wear 641
ferritins, susceptibility 855
ferroelectric materials, applications 543
ferroelectric oxide thin films, applications, actuators 2
ferroelectric varactors, applications 1161
ferrofluids 188–197
agglomeration
field-induced 214
stability against 191
applications 183–188, 207
commercial 183T
early 183
future trends 187
in loudspeakers 185, 186F
medical 187
in O-ring seals 184
in seals (stoppers) 184
in sensors 185
birefringence 196, 196F
blocking temperature 199
Brownian motion 197
Brownian rotational diffusion 198
chemical families 184
cluster formation 206
colloidal stability 190, 213
contrast variation 204
development 183
dichroism 196, 196F
early studies 183
electron micrography studies 203
equilibrium magnetization 193
ferrite particles 210
ionically stabilized 213
surfactant-stabilized 212
future research 196, 207
interparticle interactions 197, 201
invention 188
magnetization 199
magnetization curves 193F, 199F
manufacture 207–216, 188
coprecipitation method 211
metal particles 208, 212
modification 192
Ne
´
el relaxation 197–198
neutron scattering studies 203–207, 204
nonequilibrium magnetization 194
nuclear scattering 204
orientation textures 200
origins 188
particle-size distribution 212
particle-size effects 197
phase separation 214
phase transition 192
properties
liquid 184
magnetic 197–203, 184, 193
magneto-optical 201
physical 207–216, 195, 213
sedimentation, stability against 190
single-domain particles 197
small-angle neutron scattering studies 203, 205–206
stability 184
structure 188, 203
susceptibility 201F
alternating current 200
anomalous 194
direct current 199
initial 200F, 202
thermal conductivity 195
types of 185T
1293
Subject Index ferrofluids
ferrofluids (continued)
viscosity 194, 195F, 214
in absence of field 194
in magnetic field 195
zero field behavior 198
see also magnetic fluids
ferrohydrodynamics 216–227
basic equations 217
concept of 216
flow around blunt bodies coated with magnetic fluids 226
magnetic body force 217
pipe flow
gas–liquid two-phase 223
oscillatory 221
problems 218
pulsating 222
steady resistance 219
unsteady 221
steady laminar flow 218
in axial magnetic field 218
in transverse magnetic field 219
ferromagnetic materials
applications 1123
magnetic field sensors 830
characterization 270
early studies 529
exchange interactions 270
hysteresis loops 444–451, 497F
magnetic Bragg peaks 742
magnetic fields 444
magnetic viscosity 722
magnetization curves 526F
magnetization reversal 754
magneto-impedance 779
magnetoresistance 828
anisotropy 824
properties, magnetic 682
spin flips 1105
spin fluctuations 1095
structure 107
transition metals 699
ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition 1056
ferromagnetic particles
detection 1116
precipitation, in glasses 36
ferromagnetic resonance
magnetic microwires 517
see also natural ferromagnetic resonance (NFMR)
ferromagnetic single electron transistors (FSETs) 619
ferromagnetism 340–351, 526, 532, 728
disorder 691
hydrogen-induced 905
instability 107, 912
mechanisms 1103
Stoner condition 912
Stoner model 1225
transition 527
ferromagnet/nonmagnet/ferromagnet (FM/NM/FM) system
1104
ferromagnets
anisotropic magnetoresistance 245
band structures 270, 270F, 831
behavior 728F
Curie temperature 82T
energetics 844
half-metallic 114, 611
Ising 692
itinerant 348
magnetovolume effects 767
magnetic correlations 710
magnetic moments 728, 749
magnetic susceptibility 728
magnetization curves 729F
magnetocaloric effect 763
magnon dispersion-relation 711
photoelectric emission 1054
properties, measurement 586
spontaneous magnetization 709
strong 1054
see also antiferromagnets; very weak itinerant ferromagnets
(VWIFs)
FETs see field-effect transistors (FETs)
FFLO (Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinikov) effect 228
FFTs (fast Fourier transforms) 927
field-effect transistors (FETs)
spin 618, 1104
see also superconducting field-effect transistors
field-induced phase transitions (FIPTs) 520–525
characteristics 522
differential susceptibility 524
magnetic materials 520
magnetic symmetry 522
magnetocaloric effects 525
physical anomalies 523
spin-flop transitions 520
films
amorphous 452
anisotropy 426
ferrite 454
garnet 454
Langmuir–Blodgett 543
magnetic anisotropy 424–431
future research 430
growth-induced 427
shape 426
strain-induced 427
unidirectional 429
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 426
polymer 543
three-layer 779
ultrathin epitaxial 938
see also amorphous films; magnetic films; nanocrystalline
films; thin films
filters
bandpass 1158
planar multipole 1158
superconducting microwave 1156–1164
switchable 1161
tuneable 1161
fine particle systems, magnetism 967
finite element modeling (FEM), micromagnetics 928–937
finite-state transition diagrams (FSTDs), recording codes
1005
FIPTs see field-induced phase transitions (FIPTs)
FIR (far infrared radiation) 281
first order magnetization process (FOMP) 751
flexible disks see floppy disks
flexible magnetic recording media
abrasive wear 639
contact pressures 634
1294
Subject Indexferrohydrodynamics
friction 637
dynamic 637
static 637
lubricants 634
effects 639
materials 635
particulate 635
polymeric substrates 635
tribology 634–643
FLLs see flux line lattices (FLLs)
floppy disks 548
applications 628
manufacture 591
particulate media 906
FLs see Fermi liquids (FLs)
fluctuation–dissipation theorem 58, 414, 1095
applications 1095
fluctuation field 585
concept of 722
fluoride glasses
doping, transition metal ions 35
point defects 35
fluorides, pyrochlore structure 705
fluxgates 779
flux line lattices (FLLs)
amorphous films 46
superconductors (materials) 123–124, 312, 1200
pinning 45
unidirectional creep 124
flux pinning 84
amorphous films 46
amorphous superconductors 45
collective 46
superconducting wires 1200
flux transformers, superconducting 1117, 1119
fly wheels, superconducting permanent magnets in 1165
focused ion-beam etching (FIBE) 438
applications 654
Fomblin, applications 662
form effect 774
Foucault microscopy 483
Fourier components 83
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
advantages 278
magnetic insulator studies 277–281
magnetic phase transitions 280
mechanisms 278
free-electron lasers (FELs), permanent magnet assemblies 1013
free energy density 838
free ions
interactions 383
Coulomb 384
spin–orbit 384
free powders, field-induced phase transitions 520
free radicals, applications, contrast-enhancement agents 948
Fresnel microscopy 483
Fresnel reflection coefficients 168, 807
Friedel model 112
Friedel sum rule 137
Fro
¨
hlich, Herbert (1905–91) 1149
front aperture detection (FAD) 1217
frustration
and anisotropy 705
of exchange interactions 703
full 705
ground states 705
lattice geometry-originated 703–707,59
localized 706
and mean field approximations 705
measurement 704
metallic compounds 706
of spin systems 704
FSTDs (finite-state transition diagrams) 1005
FTIR spectroscopy see Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy
Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinikov (FFLO) effect 228
fullerenes
applications 239
bulk production 235
schematic diagram 234F
C
20
, structure 236, 237F
C
70
characterization 235
mass spectra 234F
structure 235
characterization 235
elongated 239
and Euler’s Law 233, 235
formation 232–240
conditions 237
mechanisms 237
Stone–Wales transformations 237
geometry 235
giant 238F, 239
growth 236
intercalation 237
solids 240
structure 232–240
see also buckminsterfullerene; nanotubes
fullerides
body-centered arrays 241F
metal–insulator transition 242
superconductivity 242
fulleride salts, polymerization 241
fulleride superconductors 240–243
intercalation compounds 241
gadolinium
applications, in active magnetic regenerative refrigerators
765
magnetic moments 701
magnetization, temperature dependence 678
magnetocaloric effect 677, 761–762
gadolinium aluminide, magnetoresistance 826, 828
gadolinium complexes, applications, contrast-enhancement
agents 947
gadolinium gallate, applications, magnetic refrigerators
765
gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG)
properties, magnetothermal 763
spin liquid states 705
gadolinium germanium silicide
magnetic entropy 678–679, 679F
magnetocaloric effect 680
Galerkin method 933
gallium, superconductivity conditions 1236
gamma rays
absorption 943
recoil-free emission 943, 1049
garnet films, magnetic anisotropy 454
1295
Subject Index garnet films, magnetic anisotropy
garnets
applications 842
crystal field parameters 389
ferrimagnetic, Gru
¨
neisen coefficient 701
magnetic permeability 173F
magnetism 1259
gas–liquid two-phase flow 223
gastroenterology, superconducting-quantum-interference
devices in 1110
Gaussian system
conversions 717T
magnetic units 715
definitions 717
GBs (grain boundaries) 353
G-function 809
GGG see gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG)
giant magneto-impedance (GMI)
in magnetic microwires 516
in multilayers 780
phenomenon 779
ratios 779–780
research 779
giant magnetoresistance (GMR) 245–255, 779, 815
applications 245, 622, 1104
critical scale lengths 834
and current-in-plane geometry 245, 612, 833
models 250
and current-perpendicular-to-the-plane geometry 245, 247,
612, 833
models 251
discovery 245, 578, 831, 841, 955
electron mean free path 834
and electron scattering 834
exchange biased spin valve structures 247, 247F
future research 836
in granular materials 254, 615
hard/soft spin valve structures 247
inverse 254, 613
in magnetic multilayers 245
mechanisms 249, 622, 831, 1104
Fermi surface reconstruction 256
metallic multilayers 1103
at metamagnetic transitions, in antiferromagnets 255–258
models 249
in nanowires 613
phenomenon 830–837
physics 249
resistor model 612
spin diffusion length 834
temperature dependence 835
theories 835
use of term 255
giant magnetoresistance iron–chromium multilayers 246F
giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads 630
areal density 630
sensitivity 630
ultrathin head coatings 635
giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors 120
microarrays 121
selective 120
giant magnetoresistive (GMR) wire 120
giant magnetostriction 535, 1129
occurrence 778
in thin films 774
giant magnetostrictive bulk materials, magnetostriction 776
giant magnetostrictive materials 258–260
giant magnetostrictive thin films 1253–1257
amorphous 1254
applications 1253, 1256
microactuators 1256
in microelectromechanical systems 774
in scanning probe microscopy 1257
magnetic easy axis orientation 1254
magnetoelastic coupling coefficient 1254
magnetostriction 776, 1254
manufacture 1254
materials 1253
multilayers 1256
nanocrystalline 1255
optimization 1254
giant thermal magnetoresistance 615
Gibbs’ free energy 312
total magnetic 930
Gilbert equation 754, 925
of motion 930, 934F
Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (1916– ) 1148, 1152
Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory 81, 229, 709, 1148, 1150
coherence length 81, 123
penetration depth 123
quantum 981
solutions 1148
Ginzburg–Landau–Lifshitz equation 198
glass(es)
alkali borate 34
electron spin resonance 32, 33F
ferrimagnetic particle precipitation 36
ferromagnetic particle precipitation 36
geologic 36
ion hopping 41
ionic diffusion 39
via nuclear spin relaxation 40
low-frequency transitions 39
nuclear spin relaxation 39
phosphate 37
point defects 31
shear viscosity 39
transition-group ions 34
see also chalcogenide glasses; fluoride glasses; metallic
glasses; spin glasses
GL theory see Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory
GMI see giant magneto-impedance (GMI)
GMR see giant magnetoresistance (GMR)
GMR heads see giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads
GMR sensors see giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors
gold–copper alloys, structural types, in permanent magnets
478–482
Gor’kov, Lev P. (1929– ) 1150
Gor’kov–Eliashberg formulation
applications 1151
superconductors (materials) 1150
Gor’kov impurity function 82
Gorter–Casimir two-fluid model 1146–1147
gradiometers
axial 1119
electronic 1111
planar 1111
software 1111
superconducting-quantum-interference devices 1111, 1114,
1117
grain boundaries (GBs), electrical transport 353
1296
Subject Indexgarnets
grain boundary junctions 353
granular materials
giant magnetoresistance 254
magnetostriction 778
graphite(s)
bonding 232
properties 232
graphitic onions, use of term 239
Green’s functions 1150–1151
Griffith phase 376
ground-state charge density, predictions 98
ground states
Haldane 63
proposals 705
singlet 374
group III–V compounds, half-metallicity 267
group theory
and crystal field 151
in transition metal simulations 148
Gru
¨
neisen coefficient 698
Gru
¨
neisen constant 768
Gru
¨
neisen formula 24
Gru
¨
neisen parameters 320, 708
2GT (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) 603
Guillaume, Charles-Edouard (1861–1938), Invar studies
336
gyroelectricity, use of term 170
gyromagnetic equations
with energy damping 754
and micromagnetic theory 754
gyromagnetic factors 390
gyromagnetic precession 930
Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA), Rutherford
cables 1192
Halbach cylinders 1011
Haldane gap, studies 63
half-metallic ferromagnets (HMFs) 114, 611
half-metallic magnetism 267–269
half-metals
definition 267
energy gaps (solid state) 267
group III–V semiconductors 267
materials 267
origins 267
properties, physical 268
Hall angle 311–312
Hall coefficient 311
anomalous 330
definition 328
normal 328
Hall effect
anomalous 329
extraordinary 329
scattering 329
in intermetallics 327–336
mechanisms 328
normal 328
relaxation time 328
side jump mechanisms 329
skew scattering 329
in superconductors 311
theories 328
Hall effect sensors 1037
schematic diagram 1037F
Hall probes 505, 1170
Hall resistivity
anomalous 328
definition 328
Hall voltage, anomalous 329
Hamiltonian functions
Anderson 137, 139
applications 383
Coqblin–Schrieffer 138, 141
Dirac–Fock 384
effective one-electron 383
eigenvalues 393
eigenvectors 393
free-ion 385
Heisenberg 392, 739
Ising-like effective-spin 393
Kondo 139
Mila–Rice 291
nonrelativistic 383
rare earth elements 156
single-ion 6, 386
Zeeman 1264
hammer, anvil and stirrup bones see ossicles
hard disk drives (HDDs)
characteristics 659
costs per byte 539
data storage 653
data transfer rates 402
developments 539
flying heights 659
hard magnetic films in 431
head–disk interfaces 540
magnetization reversal 754
performance 663
see also rigid disks; thin-film magnetic media
hard-ferrite magnets
applications 15
domestic 476
in electric motors 472
classification 15
disadvantages 15
properties 860
hard ferrites 11–16,14
applications, permanent magnets 14
calcination 15
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 15
properties, magnetic 14
structure 12
superexchange interaction 14
see also hexaferrites
hard magnetic films 431–435
applications 431
coercivity 272, 432
composition effects 432
demagnetization factors 272
domain size 432
energy density 272F
grain size 432
hysteresis loops 272
magnetic anisotropy 433
multilayers 433
remanence 272
roughness 434
stability 434
structure formation 431
1297
Subject Index hard magnetic films
hard magnetic films (continued)
texture 433
thickness 434
hard magnetic materials 478–482, 444
aluminum–nickel–cobalt alloys 11–16
applications
domestic 469–478
in electrical machines 469, 474
sensors in 1036–1040
atomic dynamics 1021
characterization 505
crystal structure
determination 1019
Laue method 1022
Curie temperature 269, 1083
development 1083
future trends 477
hard ferrites 11–16
hysteresis loops 474, 498
magnetic anisotropy 411
magnetic domains 851
magnetic energy product 474
magnetic excitations 1021
magnetic structure, determination 1020
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 269
materials 1017
maximum energy product 270
microstructure, analysis 1022
neutron scattering 1018
neutron scattering studies 1016–1023
phase transformations, analysis 1021
powder diffraction 1019
principles 269–273
properties
analysis 1016
magnetic 498T, 683
remanence enhancement 874
saturation magnetization 269
single crystal diffractometry 1020
small-angle neutron scattering studies 1020
and soft magnetic materials compared 682
texture, analysis 1022
transmission electron microscopy studies 487
hard magnets, magnetic domains 843–854
Hartree energy 104
Hartree–Fock approximation 345
Haucke compounds, hydrides 894
HCAs see head cleaning agents (HCAs)
HDDR process see hydrogenation disproportionation
desorption recombination (HDDR)
process
HDDs see hard disk drives (HDDs)
head cleaning agents (HCAs) 635
functions 638
head gimbal assembly (HGA) 574
heads (recording) see recording heads
hearing loss, mechanisms 1024
heat current density 48
stationary 50
heat treatment
precipitation 1202
tempering 945
Heaviside step function 528
heavy-electron materials see heavy-fermion systems
(HFS)
heavy fermions 139T
Anderson model 373
behavior 373
and specific heat 708
use of term 139
heavy-fermion superconductivity, occurrence 145
heavy-fermion superconductors (HFSs) 275
pairing mechanisms 275
heavy-fermion systems (HFS) 273–277, 136, 713,
962, 982
critical fluctuations 983
definition 273
electrical resistivity 275, 374
frustration 706
Kondo effect 274, 330, 685, 706, 1079
magnetism 131, 275
long-range 274
ultralow-moment 276
phase diagrams 274F
properties 275
Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida interactions
982
specific heat 274
strongly correlated electron systems 141
superconductivity 275
thermal conductivity 377
transport phenomena 373–382
characteristics 373
field-dependent 379
pressure-dependent 379
temperature-dependent 379
Heisenberg antiferromagnets 61
Heisenberg exchange interaction 698
Heisenberg Hamiltonian 55, 287, 739
Heisenberg magnets 282
Heisenberg picture 414
Heisenberg s – d model 373
Heisenberg theory 59, 739
spin excitation spectrum 60
spin glasses 694
two-dimensional 60, 292
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 995
helical scanning tapes 882
helium, liquid 1153
hemosiderin, susceptibility 855
Henkel plots 594, 975
HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator) 1192
heteroepitaxial deposition 1245
Heusler alloys 114, 527, 677
as magnetic shape memory alloys 259
plastic deformation 532, 532F
Heusler structure 269
hexaferrites
applications, sintered magnets 878
charge conversion 14
properties, magnetic 14
HFS see heavy-fermion systems (HFS)
HFSs see heavy-fermion superconductors (HFSs)
HF systems see heavy-fermion systems (HFS)
Hi-8 video tape 882
high energy resolution detectors 1176
high magnetic fields 748–753
applications 492
equipment 492
magnets 493
1298
Subject Indexhard magnetic materials
generation 748
studies 491
see also pulsed magnetic fields
high-reflectance mirrors, in magneto-optical disks 808, 810
high-resolution monochromators (HRMs), applications 999
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM),
applications 527
high-spin (HS) states 1100, 1100F
Invar 337
high-temperature permanent magnets 866–870
applications, power systems 866
coercivity 866–867
temperature dependence 868
domain wall pinning 866
magnetic hardening 866
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 869
manufacture 867
via high-energy mechanical milling 869
materials 861, 867, 869
spontaneous magnetization 868
high-temperature superconducting cuprates 1140
high-temperature superconducting microwave devices
filters 1156–1164
future trends 1162
planar resonators 1157
planar shifters 1162
substrates 1157
see also planar high-temperature superconducting filters
high-temperature superconducting multilayers
applications 295, 1189
deposition 1177–1186, 1187
materials 1177–1186
processing 1188
properties 295–309
types of 305
high-temperature superconducting thin films
applications 295
microwave 1157
critical current density 1236
deposition 1177–1186
growth 1157
materials 1177–1186
properties 295–309
physical 1236
substrates 295
vs. bulk materials 1236
high-temperature superconductor (HTS) bearings
applications 462
linear 459
applications 462
rotating 459, 461
applications 462
high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) 1136
additives 1180
applications 1234
cables 1195
fault current limiters 1197
rapid single flux quantum logic 1213
superconducting devices 1242
superconducting thin films 1235
superlattices 1237
tapes 1197
coherence length 1236
coolants 1207
copper oxide layers 1178
cracking 1166
critical current density 311
crystal structure 1178, 1178F
current-induced vortex motion 312
in temperature gradients 314
defects, columnar 1155
deposition 1182
dimensionality effects 1236
discovery 309, 1117, 1164, 1168, 1187, 1195
effects 459, 1198
electrical resistivity 309
energy dissipation 1153
flux lines, pancake vortices 123
future research 294, 1246
Hall effect 311
Josephson junctions 353
Lorentz force 312
materials 1178, 1199
metalorganic chemical vapor deposition 1185
microwave absorption 1156
molecular beam epitaxy 1184
multilayers 1187
nonstoichiometry 1180
normal state 292
pinning force 312
properties 1239
mechanical 1166
physical 1236
pulsed laser deposition 1182
radiation effects 1155
vortex pinning 1155
reactive evaporation 1183
research 144
scattering rate 310
spin fluctuations 1095
sputtering 1182
stability 1180
strand manufacture 1201, 1206
structure
atomic 281–290
granular 311
and superconducting magnetic energy storage 1135
superconducting state 293
superlattices 1238
thermal conductivity 310
thermodynamic fluctuations 83
transport properties 309–315
normal-state 309
trapped fields 1167
see also cuprate high-temperature superconductors; cuprate
superconductors
high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM), applications 527
Hill limit, uranium compounds 130
Hilsch, R. 43
Hitachi (Japan), magnetic disks, recording densities 653
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 239
Hohenberg–Kohn theorem 103
holmium–titanium oxides, spin ice ground states 705
holographic data storage 545, 546F
future technologies 545
Hooke’s law 528
hot-deformation processes 881
hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) 1176
applications 1177
hot-spin transistors, development 610
1299
Subject Index hot-spin transistors, development