Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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OLCAO method, crystal field interaction studies 389
OMCVD (organometallic chemical vapor deposition) 1185
Onsager relations 822
Onsager’s formula 59
Onsager’s reciprocal relations 812
Onsager’s theorem 47
open boundary problem 932
OP (orbital polarization) energy 105
optical data storage
future technologies 543F
see also holographic data storage
optical lithography 560
optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy,
hydrogenated amorphous silicon studies 36
optical microscopy, scanning near-field 542
optical modeling, of multilayers 949–955
optical recording systems
bandwidth 1005
channel capacity 1006
communications channels 1005–1008
error rates 1006
recording codes 1005–1008
super-resolution 1215–1220
see also recording codes
optical resolution, near-field regime 1216
optical susceptibility, linear 986
orbital polarization (OP) energy, use of term 105
ordering temperature, and frustration 704
order parameters 82
definition 693
equilibrium 82
reduced 82
thermodynamic fluctuations 83
organic linear-chain compounds, transition temperatures 1152
organigrams, rare earth elements 148, 148F
Organisation Europe
´
ene pour la Recherche Nucle
´
aire, Large
Hadron Collider 1190, 1192, 1203F
organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD) 1185
organometallics, decomposition 208
orientation ratio 595
O-ring seals, ferrofluids in 184
orthoaluminates, structure 763
osmium manganese antimonide, half-metallicity 267
ossicles
damage 1024
prosthetic devices 1024–1025
otiatria, permanent magnetic devices in 1024–1026
otitis media, perforated 1024
overhead lines, upgrading 1195
oxides
dysprosium–titanium 705
mixed 92–95
pyrochlore structure 705
see also magnetic oxides; metal oxides
oxygen ions, electron spin resonance 32
PAC see perturbed angular correlation (PAC)
pair amplitude 82
pairing theory
characteristics 1152
extensions 1152
of superconductivity 1149
pair potentials 82
pair wave function, in cuprate superconductors 312
palladium, electrical resistivity 1095, 1095F
palladium hydrides, electronic band structure 897
para-effect, use of term 445
paramagnetic–ferromagnetic phase transition 680
paramagnetic materials
applications, contrast-enhancement agents 947
phase transformations 749
relaxivity 947
see also superparamagnetic materials
paramagnetic salts, adiabatic demagnetization 102
paramagnetic susceptibility, and crystal field theory 92
paramagnetism 526, 727
Langevin 526
magnetic moments 727
Pauli 526, 728
theory 391
see also superparamagnetism
paramagnets
electrical resistivity 1095, 1095F
itinerant electron 912
magnetic susceptibility 727
magnetization change 763
strongly exchange-enhanced 912
see also itinerant electron paramagnets; Van Vleck
paramagnets
paramagnons, use of term 1095
partial response maximum likelihood (PRML), applications
1007
particle bombardment, applications 43
particles
ideal systems 971
magnetization, thermal stability 397
real systems 972
rotational motion 645
translational motion 644
see also magnetic particles; metal particles; nanoparticles;
quasiparticles
particulate media
cohesive failure 638
dispersion models 644
frictional forces 637
lubrication 635
magnetization modeling 648
magnetostatic interaction 643
manufacture 591
micromagnetic simulations 643–653
molecular dynamic model 644
particle adhesion 636
properties, magnetic 650
remanence 651
switching field distribution 651
tribology 638
wear resistance 636
see also metal evaporated (ME) tape
PAS (positron annihilation spectroscopy) 268
patterned magnetic storage media 653–659
arrays 654, 655F
magnetic anisotropy 656
manufacture 653
patterning techniques 654
top-down lithography with self-assembly 653
properties, magnetic 656
recording systems 656
schemes 657F
shape anisotropy 441
signal-to-noise ratio 653
1320
Subject IndexOLCAO method, crystal field interaction studies
thermal stability 653
transition noise 540
use of term 653
Pauli expression 340
Pauli paramagnetism 526, 728
Pauli susceptibility 728, 730
PCM see point charge model (PCM)
PEEM see photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM)
PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)) 121
Peltier coefficient 48, 51
perfluoropolyether (PFPE)
applications, lubricants 554, 558, 662
see also Z-Dol
periodic Anderson model
density of states 317, 318F
intermediate valence compounds 317
periodic layer structure (PLS), yttrium iron garnet 263
peripheral nerves, superconducting-quantum-interference
device studies 1110
permalloys 527
early studies 529
magnetization reversal 755F, 756F, 757F, 758, 758F
permeability 529
saturation magnetization 442
in spin valves 487
use of term 682
permanent magnetic devices, applications, in otiatria
1024–1026
permanent magnetic linear contactless displacement (PLCD)
1038
permanent magnets
aluminum–nickel–cobalt alloys 11, 853
applications
biomedical 1024–1026, 855
in electric motors 1164
in magnetic microactuators and systems 508
in magnetic resonance imaging 1010, 1190
in sensors 1036
white goods 477
assemblies 1009–1016
goals 1009
structure 1009
axially magnetized 1039
bistability 510
cast alloys 1221
coercivity 67–68, 68F, 1009
current-carrying coil equivalence 509
development 10, 269
finite element modeling 928, 929F
flux concentration 1009
future trends 477
global markets 475T
hard ferrites 14
hysteresis loops 71F, 271F, 1009
irregularly magnetized 1040
magnetic anisotropy 411
magnetic fields 1009
nonuniform 1012
uniform 1010
variable 1014
magnetic flux confinement 1009
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 413
magnetostriction, anisotropic 10
manufacture 871
materials 478–482, 412, 474T
maximum energy product 1009
microstructure 70, 70F
minimum-invasive manipulation 855
properties
magnetic 928
thermal 475T
remanence 1009
stray fields 1010
studies 505
susceptibility 1009
see also bonded permanent magnets; high-temperature
permanent magnets; rare earth permanent
magnets (RPMs); superconducting permanent
magnets
permeability
units 715
see also magnetic permeability
permittivity, units 715
permittivity tensors 169, 949
skew-symmetric 169
perovskite magnetites, magnetostriction 778
perovskites
applications, substrates 296
bond directions 1043
colossal magnetoresistance 87
crystal structure 1040, 1178, 1178F
double-exchange system 1041
electrical resistivity 1040–1048
inhomogeneity 1043
magnetism 268, 1261
magnetoresistance 815
metal–insulator transitions 1040
see also copper perovskites; lanthanum aluminate;
neodymium gallate; strontium titanate
peroxyborates, electron spin resonance 32
peroxy radicals (PORs)
in amorphous silicon dioxide, electron spin resonance
33
ESR spectra 33, 34F
perpendicular recording media 592, 660
adjacent-grain interactions 399
continuous 543
grain size 398
grain-size dispersion 399
magnetic recording heads 572
recording density 398
soft underlayer 582
thermal stability 397–402
simulation models 401
time dependence 397
transition region 398
perturbed angular correlation (PAC) 1048–1052
advantages 1049
methods 1048
and Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy compared 1049
studies 1048, 1050–1051
Pfleumer, Fritz, magnetic tape development 582
PFPE see perfluoropolyether (PFPE)
phases
Chevral 82
magnetic 9
Meissner 1136
see also Laves phases; Ruddlesden–Popper phases
phase-sensitive tests, scanning SQUID microscope studies
1113
1321
Subject Index phase-sensitive tests, scanning SQUID microscope studies
phase transformations
Landau theory 1096
see also field-induced phase transitions (FIPTs); magnetic
phase transitions; quantum phase transitions (QPTs)
phase transitions see phase transformations
PHFC see positive high field cooling (PHFC)
phonon drag 56
phonons, interactions 708
phosphate glasses
double-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance studies 37
see also lithium silicophosphate glasses
phosphors, thermoluminescence 164
photoelectric emission
angle-resolved 1052–1059
energy distribution 1053
local band model 1056
studies 1052
ferromagnets 1054
spin-polarized 1052–1059
photoelectrons, spin polarization 1052
photoelectron spectroscopy 1052
photoemission see photoelectric emission
photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) 1229–1233
advantages 1229
applications 1229
local exchange bias imaging 1232
contrast mechanisms 1230
element specificity 1231
modes 1230
principles 1229
photolithography, applications, in magnetic recording head
manufacture 560
photon absorption, spin-polarized 746
photon energy, tunability 741
photoreactivity, occurrence 1059
piezoelectric actuators, materials 2
piezoelectric thin films, applications, actuators 2
piezomagnetism 839
occurrence 772
Pines, David 1149
pinning centers 448
pinning force, high-temperature superconductors 312
Pippard, Alfred Brian (1920– ) 1148–1149
Pippard distance 1152
planar high-temperature superconducting filters 1157, 1159
quasi-elliptic 1160
subsystems 1161
planar high-temperature superconducting resonators 1157
planar multipole filters 1158
Planck’s constant 526
plasma spraying, vacuum 881
plastic deformation
and abrasive wear 639
body-centered cubic lattices 532
body-centered cubic metals 530
face-centered cubic lattices 532
face-centered cubic metals 531
and magnetic properties 529
early studies 529
plasticity
indices 636
see also deformation
platinum–cobalt multilayers
advantages 799
carrier-to-noise ratios 802
Kerr effects 799
magnetic after-effects 801
magnetic field sensitivity 802
magnetization 800
magnetization reversal 801
mark structures 801
noise sources 802
properties, magnetic 799
recording performance 799
platinum–iron alloys, plastic deformation 535
platinum manganese antimonide, half-metallicity 267
platinum–manganese–antimony alloys, magnetic anisotropy
455
platinum seedlayers
applications 783
effects, on multilayer coercivity 788
PLCD (permanent magnetic linear contactless displacement)
1038
PLD see pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
PLS (periodic layer structure) 263
plutonium
electrical resistivity 1095, 1095F
magnetism 129–130
PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) 542
pnicogens, properties, magnetic 1062
pnictides
electrical resistivity 1064
ferromagnetism 1064
growth 267
magnetocaloric effect 677
properties, magnetic 1062–1066
point charge model (PCM), and crystal field parameters 388–389
point defects
in amorphous materials 33
in insulators 31
radiation-induced 33
polarimeters, spin 1053
polarization microscopes, and Kerr microscopy 369
polarized light
circular 169, 1265
elliptical 167
polarons, bound magnetic 117
pole tip recession, recording heads 641
polychloroethene 606
poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), applications, biosensors 121
poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), applications, substrates
603
polymer films, applications 543
polymerization, fulleride salts 241
polymers
amorphous 37
applications, in video tapes 673
NMR spectra 1092
wetting 605
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), applications, in data
storage 542
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), applications, wetting binders 606
PORs see peroxy radicals (PORs)
positive high field cooling (PHFC)
concept of 971
process 973
positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), applications 268
potassium–cobalt fluorides
magnetic intensity 59F
magnetism studies 59
1322
Subject Indexphase transformations
potassium–copper fluorides
Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains 61
magnetism studies 60
potassium–manganese fluorides, Heisenberg theory 60
Poulsen, Valdemar (1869–1942) 572, 572F
powder diffraction, hard magnetic materials 1019
powder-in-tube (PIT) 1203, 1205
powders
electron spin resonance 31
free 520
power industry, superconducting magnetic energy storage in
1134
power microelectromechanical systems 506
power systems
high-temperature permanent magnets 866
superconducting transformers in 1130
superconductivity applications in 1130
praseodymium aluminate 98
praseodymium–barium–copper oxide barriers 355
praseodymium–calcium manganite (PCMO)
electron diffraction 88, 88F
structure 88
thin films
colossal magnetoresistance 87–92
growth 87
phase diagrams 89, 91F
temperature dependence 89, 90F
praseodymium–cobalt alloys, applications, high-temperature
permanent magnets 869
praseodymium cobalt hydrides 904, 905F
praseodymium–iron–boron alloys, hot deformation 1221
PRBSs (pseudorandom binary sequences) 1006
precession, in magnetic recording media 405
precious metals 478
precipitation
coprecipitation 211
Widmansta
¨
tten-type 1201–1202
precipitation strengthening, niobium–titanium alloys 1202
Preisach, F. 720
Preisach model 720F
Preisach planes 723, 724F
pressure
magnetic effects 697–703
magnetic properties under 700
pressure cells, in magnetism studies 699
pressure sensors
Bridgman 699
magnetic microwires in 517
in magnetism studies 699
PrFe
4
P
12
, magnetoresistance 256, 258F
PRML (partial response maximum likelihood) 1007
proeutectoid ferrite see ferrite(s)
prosthetic devices, in otiatria 1024–1026
protein–lanthanide complexes, magnetic circular dichroism
1267
proximity effects 81–87
in applications 86
mechanisms 84
and Meissner effect 85
and transition temperature 85
weakly coupled superconductors 86, 1241
proximity sensors 1038
Prussian blue, photo-switching mechanisms 1061
pseudogaps, occurrence 293
pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBSs), applications 1006
pulsed-field magnetometers 502
calibration 495
pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
applications 87, 1187
disadvantages 1187
high-temperature superconductors 1182
pulsed magnetic fields
early studies 491
equipment 492
generation 492
measurements 491–497
eddy current effects 495
force method 493
induction method 493
pick-up coil system 493
skin depth 495
SPD method 496
quasi-static 492
see also high magnetic fields
PVC (poly(vinyl chloride)) 606
pyrites
itinerant electron metamagnetism 912, 914
properties, magnetic 1063
pyrochlore lattices 704F
frustration 703–704
localized spin model 706
pyrochlores
magnetoresistance 817
spin liquid states 705
QFP (quantum flux parametron) circuits 1247
QPTs see quantum phase transitions (QPTs)
quadrupolar charge density 112
quadrupolar Kondo effect (QKE) 984
quantized conductance 620
quantum coherence, and single-molecule magnets 1088
quantum computers, single-molecule magnets in 1088
quantum critical point 136, 145
quantum effects, in mesoscopic systems 1088
quantum fluctuations 980, 1095
quantum flux parametron (QFP) circuits 1247
quantum Ginzburg–Landau (QGL) model 982
quantum interference
2k
F
-scattering 28
effects 28
quantum phase transitions (QPTs)
magnetic fluctuations 982
and non-Fermi liquid behavior 979–986
quantum fluctuations 980
quantum theory, and superconductivity 1147
quantum tunneling 613
quantum wells, states 1056
quasi-paramagnetic state 973
quasiparticle excitations 105
quasiparticles 982, 1156
use of term 981
quenching
from melt 43
from vapor 43
R-3d intermetallics
definition 4
density of states 5, 5F
exchange coupling 7, 9
ferrimagnetism 8
1323
Subject Index R-3d intermetallics
R-3d intermetallics (continued)
hybridization 5
magnetic moments 6, 6F,7,7F
magnetism 4–11
magnetization curves 9, 10F
Russell–Saunders coupling 7
spin fluctuations 6
spontaneous magnetization 9, 9F
structure, atomic 5
ternary 11
Curie temperatures 10T, 11T,11
see also binary R-3d intermetallics
Racah algebra 148
applications 392
and crystal field 151
radiation chemistry, electron spin resonance studies
36
radiation effects, in superconductors (materials) 1153–1156
radio-frequency superconducting-quantum-interference devices
(rfSQUIDs)
applications, amplifiers 1108
high-temperature 1121
Josephson junctions 1117
mechanisms 1117
schematic diagram 1121F
Raman scattering, crystal field interactions induction 98
random access memories (RAMs)
spin valves in 622
see also magnetic random access memories (MRAMs); spin-
dependent tunneling magnetic random access memory
(SDT-MRAM); spin-valve magnetic random access
memory (SV-MRAM)
random anisotropy
disordered magnetic systems 695
nanocrystalline materials 968
random environments, and magnetic coupling 690
random field Ising model (RFIM) 695
random fields, disordered magnetic systems 695
rapid-heating, quenching and transformation (RHQT)
1206
rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic 1211–1215
advantages 1211
applications 1214
voltage multipliers 367
circuits 1212
developments 1213
Josephson junctions 1211, 1213
materials, issues 1214
physical bases 1211
rapid solidification
amorphous materials 18
and magnetic losses 468
nanocrystalline materials 967
rare earth alloys
applications, in magnetic refrigerators 765
magnetism 4
rare earth–barium–copper oxide superconductors, grain
growth 457
rare earth compounds
antiferromagnetic, magnetoresistance 828
applications, in magnetic refrigerators 676, 764
ferromagnetic, magnetoresistance 826
hall effect 331
Kondo effect 685
magnetic moments 679
spin reorientation 497
thermodynamic stability 864
transparent, magnetic circular dichroism 1263–1267
rare earth elements
crystal field
correlated 152
and group theory 151
interactions 150
potential 151
Racah algebra 151
semi-empirical calculations 153
strength 151
crystal structure 148
electrical resistivity 156–164
electronic configuration, computerized simulations 148, 152
Hamiltonian functions 156
magnetic moments 383–396, 700
magnetic order 156
magnetic structure 156–164
magnetism, localized 6
magnetoresistance 156–157
Ne
´
el temperature 157
organigrams 148, 148F
resonant scattering amplitude 744
rare earth ferrite garnets, field-induced phase transitions 520
rare earth hydrides, electronic band structure 891
rare earth ions
in electron spin resonance dosimetry 164–166
magnetic circular dichroism 1263
in magnetic materials 279
rare earth–iron–boron alloys, applications, permanent
magnets 412
rare earth–iron compounds, interstitially modified 861
rare earth magnetic materials 1083–1086
rare earth magnets
applications
domestic 475
in magnetic refrigerators 764
coercivity 865, 1030, 1221
corrosion resistance 1031
domain wall pinning 1029
hysteresis 1030
magnetic alignment 1221
magnetic energy density product 1029
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 1029
manufacture 1030
via hydrogenation disproportionation desorption
recombination process 863–866, 1030, 1222
microstructure 1029–1036
nanocrystalline 861, 1029
nucleation-controlled 1030
pinning-controlled 1034
properties 860, 1010T
remanence 865, 1029, 1221
textured, deformation-induced 1221–1223
see also mechanically alloyed rare earth magnets; rare earth
permanent magnets (RPMs); sintered rare earth magnets
rare earth metals
binary hydrides 901
heavy 108
high magnetic fields 748
hydrides 901
Kondo effect 136
magnetic moments 136
magnetocaloric effect 762
1324
Subject IndexRacah algebra
magnetostriction 766
strongly correlated electron systems 136
valency 136
rare earth mixed oxides, magnetic susceptibility, crystal field
effects 92–95
rare earth oxychlorides (REOCls) 152
crystal field parameters 153F
free ion parameters 152F
rare earth permanent magnets (RPMs)
advantages 862
applications
in electric motors 472
in magnetic microactuators and systems 508
corrosion 1026–1029
corrosion prevention 1029
corrosion resistance 1026
improvement 1028
hydrogen decrepitation 1027
materials 1083
rare earth–transition metal borocarbides (RTBC)
classification 1210
compounds 1208, 1209T
magnetism–superconductivity relationships 1209
superconductivity 1208
rare earth–transition metal–boron (RE-TM-B) magnets
1221
extrusion 1221
hot-rolling 1221
powder precursors, deformation 1221
rare earth–transition metal (RE-TM) alloys
amorphous
corrosion kinetics 794
crystallization 793
properties 793
structural relaxation 793
applications 781
in giant magnetostrictive thin films 1253
magnetic anisotropy 453
manufacture 863
pair ordering 453
properties, magnetic 864
rare earth–transition metal (RE-TM) magnets 871
coercivity 871
rare earth–transition metal (RE-TM) recording media
disadvantages 799
magnetization 800
properties, magnetic 799
Rashba effect 618
Rayleigh law 498
Rayleigh region, in magnetization curves 446
RD (reduction diffusion) 879
reaction-induced grain growth inhibition (RIGGI) 176, 178
reactive evaporation, high-temperature superconductors
1183
read heads 578
asymmetry 597
baseline shift 597
current perpendicular to the plane 578
current in plane 578
linearity 597
read gap 596
sensitivity functions 665
spin valves 622
see also magnetostrictive read heads
read–write heads, wear 640
rear aperture detection (RAD) 1217
recording
processes 630
technologies, overview 627–634
wire 582
see also magnetic recording; optical recording systems;
thermomagnetic recording (TMR)
recording codes
code rate 1006
compact disks 1006
dc-free 1006
digital versatile disks 1006
d, k constraint 1005
equalization 1006
finite-state transition diagrams 1005
inter-symbol interference 1007
MiniDisks 1006
in optical recording systems 1005–1008
run-length limited 1005
signal detection
maximum likelihood 1007
peak 1007
Viterbi 1007
spectra 1006
two-dimensional 1007
recording head–medium interfaces 636
adhesive forces 636
coatings 554
contact modeling 551
differential wear 641
friction 556, 669
lubricants 554, 558, 670
scratching 556
spacing loss 910
stiction 669
tribology 548–560, 669
wear 556, 638, 670
recording heads
altered layers 642
ceramic 635
coatings 642
construction 550
crack initiation 639
delaminative wear 639
design 668
drop outs 639
dynamics, and Reynolds equation 668
flying height 548, 668
and giant magnetoresistance 245
granular delamination 642
head clogging 639
head stain 638
lubricant effects 639
materials
chemical stability 640
thermal stability 640
microfatigue 642
pole tip recession 641
see also magnetic recording heads
recording measurements 586–600
principles 591
recording media (magnetic) see magnetic recording media
recycling, metals 187F
reduced matrix elements, in Wigner–Eckart theorem 386
reduction diffusion (RD), calciothermic 879
1325
Subject Index reduction diffusion (RD), calciothermic
redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID) 591
reed switches 1036
in magnetic sensors 1037
switching distances 1037T
reflection electron microscopy (REM), applications 527
reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED),
applications 301, 1182
refrigeration
nuclear 102
see also magnetic refrigeration
refrigerators
closed-cycle, Stirling-type 1161
gas-cycle 764
regenerators 764
passive 764
see also active magnetic regenerative refrigerators (AMRRs)
REICls see rare earth oxychlorides (REOCls)
reiterative reflectance, formula 950
relays (electromechanical) 1127
reluctance motors, superconductors in 1164
remagnetization curves, and interlayer exchange coupling 958
remanence
ceramic ferrite magnets 176
definition 444
and hysteresis loops 67
measurement 593
temperature coefficient 176
remanence coercivity, measurement 593
remanence curves 593
remanence-enhanced magnets 874–878, 853
coercivity 875
exchange coupling 875
hysteresis loops 875
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 874
processing 876
properties, magnetic 877
rapid solidification 877
uniaxial magnetic anisotropy 874
REM (reflection electron microscopy) 527
renormalization group methods, applications 373
replay heads see read heads
REPMs see rare earth permanent magnets (RPMs)
residual stresses, modulation 446
resin binders 635
resistance ratio bridges, superconducting current comparators
in 918, 918F
resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model, weakly coupled
superconductors 127
resonant valence bonds (RVBs), ordering 705
RE-TM alloys see rare earth–transition metal (RE-TM) alloys
RE-TM-B magnets see rare earth–transition metal–boron
(RE-TM-B) magnets
RE-TM magnets see rare earth–transition metal (RE-TM)
magnets
RE-TM recording media see rare earth–transition metal
(RE-TM) recording media
reversible magnetic aftereffect 718–719
discovery 719
studies 719
rewritable data storage devices, magneto-optical materials 813
Reynolds equation, and recording head dynamics 668
RF amplifiers
cooling 1107
materials 1107
superconducting-quantum-interference devices 1108
rfSQUIDs see radio-frequency superconducting-quantum-
interference devices (rfSQUIDs)
RHEED (reflection high-energy electron diffraction) 301, 1182
rhodium manganese antimonide, half-metallicity 267
Richter, G. 719
Richter aftereffect see reversible magnetic aftereffect
rigid disks 548
bumps 552, 669
characteristics 668
construction 548
friction 556
grain size 594
laser texturing 552, 669
magnetic recording media, properties 663–668
manufacture 591
ramp load/unload 670
recording heads, design 668
record-replay cycle 664
replay process 665
schematic diagrams 550F
slider design 668
surface profiles 557F
surface properties 557T
tribology 668–671
future trends 671
RIP (rubber isostatic pressing) 880
RKKY interactions see Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida
(RKKY) interactions
rod-in-tube (RIT) process 1204
rotating shafts, seals, ferrofluids in 184, 185F
rouge see iron oxides
Rowell, J. M. 1150
RPMs see rare earth permanent magnets (RPMs)
RSFQ logic see rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic
RSJ (resistively shunted junction) model 127
RTBC see rare earth–transition metal borocarbides (RTBC)
R–T compounds
3d–3d interactions 751
4f–3d interactions 751
4f–4f interactions 751
molecular-field model 751
single crystals 751
sublattice magnetization 751
rubber isostatic pressing (RIP), applications, sintered rare earth
magnet manufacture 880
rubidium–chromium chlorides, magnetism studies 60
rubidium–manganese chlorides, Heisenberg theory 60
Ruddlesden–Popper phases 817
crystal structures 816F
and magnetoresistance 816
Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) exchange 900
Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interactions 138,
613, 706, 733, 955, 962, 1079
effects 703
in heavy-fermion systems 982
in magnetic coupling 957
in metals 101
theory 1056
running digital sum (RDS) 1006F
in recording codes 1006
Russell–Saunders coupling
breakdown 385
multiplets 384
R-3d intermetallics 7
terms 384
1326
Subject Indexredundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
Rutherford cables 1190F, 1191, 1191F, 1200
advantages 1190
applications 1190
construction 1191
strands, contact resistance 1192
topology 1190
RVBs (resonant valence bonds) 705
Saint James–de Gennes surface nucleation phenomenon
82
samarium–cobalt alloys
applications
domestic 475
high-temperature permanent magnets 869
magnets 273, 866, 878, 881, 1013, 1084
domain wall pinning 74
manufacture 879
samarium–cobalt magnets
applications 861, 1024
properties 860
samarium–copper alloys, Hall coefficient 331
samarium–iron alloys
applications, high-temperature permanent magnets
861, 869
coercivity 1086
mechanical alloying 1086
melt-spinning 1086
remanence 1086
samarium–iron–gallium carbide alloys, applications, magnets
871
samarium–iron–nitrogen alloys
applications, magnets 871
thermal stability 864
samarium monochalcogenides, intermediate valence 318
samarium selenide, intermediate valence 318
samarium sulfide, intermediate valence 318
samarium telluride, intermediate valence 318
SAMs (self-assembled monolayers) 540
sandwich assays 120
sandwich films, magnetostriction 776
SANS see small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)
saturation magnetization 412, 843
measurement 593
soft magnetic materials 442
temperature coefficient 176
scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis
(SEMPA), applications, magnetization reversal studies
754
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
applications 527
magnetic contrast 589
scanning force microscopy (SFM) see atomic force microscopy
(AFM)
scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), applications,
data storage 542
scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
development 542
see also atomic force microscopy (AFM); magnetic force
microscopy (MFM); scanning tunneling microscopy
(STM)
scanning SQUID microscopes (SSMs) 1112–1114
advantages 1113
applications 1112
scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM),
applications 527
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
applications 441
data storage 542
yttrium–barium–copper oxide superconductor studies 299
scattering
and Boltzmann equation 47–57
coherent 204
conduction electron 256
cross-sections 741
and electrical resistivity 56F,57
electron–phonon 323
impurity 322
incoherent 204
magnetic moments 55
studies 740
mechanisms 54
nonresonant 741
phonon 54
potential 54
probabilities 329
Raman 98
spin-dependent 55, 256, 324
spin-disorder 55
strong 28
techniques 740
and thermal resistivity 56F,57
Thomson 741–742
transport coefficients 54
weak 28
see also Bragg scattering; Compton scattering; electron
scattering; magnetic scattering; neutron scattering;
nuclear resonance scattering (NRS); side-jump
scattering; skew scattering; x-ray scattering
scattering amplitude, magnetic 742
SCCs see superconducting current comparators (SCCs)
SCES see strongly correlated electron systems (SCES)
SCFCLs see superconducting fault current limiters
(SCFCLs)
Schottky anomalies 708, 710
in specific heat measurements 713
Schrieffer, John Robert (1931– ) 1149, 1151
Schrieffer–Wolff transformation 373
Schro
¨
dinger equation 47, 125, 340, 890, 1148
Schro
¨
dinger picture 414
Schuller, Eduard 572
SCR theory see self-consistent renormalization (SCR) theory
SDFT see spin density functional theory (SDFT)
SDT-MRAM see spin-dependent tunneling magnetic random
access memory (SDT-MRAM)
SDW states see spin density wave (SDW) states
seals (stoppers)
coaxial 186F
ferrofluids in 184, 185F, 186F
secondary electrons (SEs), generation 1053
second harmonic generation (SHG)
magnetization-induced 986
in nonlinear optics 986
second order magnetization process (SOMP) 751
Seebeck coefficient 310, 1079
seed-layer junctions 354, 354F
selective spectral absorption, applications 545
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), applications 540
self-consistent renormalization (SCR) theory 376,
1063, 1097
simplified 1097
1327
Subject Index self-consistent renormalization (SCR) theory
self-energy
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies 290
single-electron 289
SEM see scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
semiconductor devices, manufacture 1233
semiconductor nanostructures, spintronics in 1103–1107
semiconductors (materials)
magnetic 618
magnetic impurities 115
spin decoherence 617
spin transport 617
see also diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS)
SEMPA (scanning electron microscopy with polarization
analysis) 754
sensors
developments 119
ferrofluids in 185
field design 1038
hard magnetic materials in 1036–1040
impulse-wire 1038
proximity 1038
soft magnetic materials in 1036–1040
transition-edge 1067, 1174
Wiegand 1038
see also biosensors; Hall effect sensors; magnetic field sensors;
magnetic sensors; magnetoresistive sensors; pressure
sensors; superconducting sensors
separators, ferrofluids in 186
servomotors, materials 476
SEs (secondary electrons) 1053
SETs see single electron transistors (SETs)
SFD see switching field distribution (SFD)
SFM see atomic force microscopy (AFM)
SFQ (single flux quantum) circuits 1211, 1247
SFs see spin fluctuations (SFs)
SG behavior see spin glass (SG) behavior
shape memory alloys (SMAs)
properties, magnetic 535
see also magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys
shape memory thin films
applications, actuators 3
stress–temperature curves 4, 4F
sheet magnets, applications 861
SHG see second harmonic generation (SHG)
Shubnikov, Leo Vasilyevich (d. 1945) 83, 1148
Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations 117
SI see Syste
`
me international d’unite
´
s (SI)
side-jump scattering
mechanisms 328
schematic 330F
signal-to-noise enhancers 264, 265F
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
magnetic recording 598
magneto-optic recording systems 807
silica, CPMAS NMR spectra 1092
silicon dioxide, CPMAS NMR spectra 1092
silicon irons 1123–1127
applications
in electrical machines 472
in electric generators 1123, 1126
in electric motors 1123, 1126
in electromechanical relays 1127
in transformer cores 1123, 1126
coatings 1127
domain refinement 1126
domain wall motion 1124
domain wall pinning 1125
eddy current losses 848, 1123, 1124F
grain boundaries, artificial 1125
grain-oriented 466, 847
magnetic losses 468
hysteresis losses 1124
large grains 1126
via critical grain growth 1127
via decarburization 1127
via long hot annealing 1127
low-loss 471
magnetic losses 467
magnetic permeability 1123
enhancement 1125
nonoriented 848
magnetic losses 467
power loss 1123
reduction 1123
rapidly solidified, magnetic losses 468
saturation magnetization 1123
types of 1123, 1124T
silicon steel see silicon irons
simple overlap model (SOM)
of crystal field interactions 92
of crystal field parameters 154
simulations
computerized 148
micromagnetic, particulate media 643–653
see also computerized simulations
single crystal diffractometry, hard magnetic materials
1020
single electron transistors (SETs) 619
ferromagnetic 619
single flux quantum (SFQ) circuits 1211, 1247
see also rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic
single-molecule magnets (SMMs) 1087–1088
advantages 1088
applications, memory storage 1088
magnetic anisotropy 1088
use of term 1087
single-spin fluid (SSF) model 292
single-turn coils, pulsed magnetic field generation
492
singular-point detection (SPD) method 412, 496
SINIS junctions see superconductor–insulator–normal
metal–insulator–superconductor (SINIS) junctions
sintered magnets
anisotropic 15
and bonded permanent magnets compared 858
corrosion 1028
manufacture 878
materials 858, 1084
microstructure 1031
sintered rare earth magnets 878–882
coercivity 878
demagnetization curves 879
future research 881
magnetocrystalline anisotropy 878
manufacture 878
alloying methods 879
compaction methods 879
maximum energy density 879
SIS junctions see superconductor–insulator–superconductor
(SIS) junctions
1328
Subject Indexself-energy
skew scattering
in Hall effect 329
schematic 330F
theories 330
skutterudites, structure 256
Slater exchange 340
Slater integrals 384
estimates 384
Slater–Pauling curve 269–270, 270F
sliders (disk drives) see recording heads
SL states see spin liquid (SL) states
SM see superposition model (SM)
small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)
ferrofluid studies 203, 204F, 205–206
hard magnetic materials studies 1020
SMAs (shape memory alloys) 535
SMES see superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
Smith, Oberlin (1840–1926) 572
SmMn
2
Ge
2
, magnetoresistance 256
SMMs see single-molecule magnets (SMMs)
Snell’s law 951
Snoek, J. L. 719
SNOM (scanning near-field optical microscopy) 542
SNP (sodium nitroprusside) 1061
SNR see signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
SNS junctions see superconductor–normal metal–
superconductor (SNS) junctions
SOC see spin–orbit coupling (SOC)
sodium dioxide, electron spin resonance 32
sodium nitroprusside (SNP), photo-switching mechanisms
1061
soft ferrites 179–183
applications 180, 474
developments 182
dissipation 181, 182F
eddy current losses 181
reduction 181
ferromagnetic resonance loss 182
hysteresis losses 181
intragranular domain wall loss 182
lattice structure 179
magnetic losses 469
and miniaturization 180
properties 474
residual loss 181
reduction 182
thin films 182
see also spinel ferrites
soft magnetic composites (SMCs)
manufacture 473
properties 473T
soft magnetic materials 444
applications
domestic 469–478
in electrical machines 469, 472
in sensors 1036–1040
characteristics 472
characterization 502
coercivity 411, 472
eddy currents, losses 472
future trends 477
and hard magnetic materials compared 682
hysteresis loops 411, 498
magnetic anisotropy 411
magnetic domains 846
magnetic force microscopy studies 442
magnetic microstructure 843
permeability 472
properties, magnetic 498T, 502, 682
saturation magnetization 442
see also amorphous ribbons
soft magnets, magnetic domains 843–854
soft x-ray reflectivity, applications 745
solid–gas reaction 872
solid immersion lenses (SILs) 1219
solids
chemical shift anisotropy 1089
cross polarization 1089
magnetic anisotropy 425
magnetic excitations 414–420
magnetic moments 383–396
magnetism 725–739, 697
nuclear magnetic resonance 1088–1094
solitons 60
solvents
applications
in magnetic particulate dispersions 606
in video tapes 673
Sommerfeld coefficient 378
Sommerfeld expansion 341, 343
spark erosion, applications, in ferrofluid manufacture
210
specific heat
definition 707
and density of states 708
factors affecting 708
in heavy-fermion systems 274
of magnetic systems 707–715
measurements 98
Schottky anomalies 713
at phase boundaries 709
spectrometers, applications, materials microanalysis
1174
spectroscopy
crystalline 148
electron energy-loss 282, 287
electron-nuclear double resonance 36
positron annihilation 268
spin-polarized 1052
x-ray absorption 282, 287
see also angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
(ARPES); Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy; Mo
¨
ssbauer spectroscopy (MS); nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
speromagnetism 776
spin asymmetry 610
density-of-states vs. mobility 611
measurement 620
spin blockade 619
spin crossovers see spin transitions (STs)
spin decoherence, measurement 617
spin density functional theory (SDFT) 103, 1223
approximations 104
constrained 106
general theory 103
Hund’s rules 105
magnetic ordering 106
model parameters 106
single particle excitations 105
theory 103
1329
Subject Index spin density functional theory (SDFT)