Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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HRMs (high-resolution monochromators) 999
HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy)
527
HSE see hybrid spin electronics (HSE)
HS states see high-spin (HS) states
HTSs see high-temperature superconductors (HTSs)
Hubbard models 287
of itinerant electron magnetism 344
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), enzymes, inhibition 239
Hund’s rules 105, 416, 1209
HVEM (high-voltage electron microscopy) 527
hybridization
in heavy-fermion systems 274
transition metals 110
hybrid organic–inorganic materials, nuclear magnetic
resonance 38
hybrid spin electronics (HSE) 616
field of study 610
hydrides
insulating 897
see also metal hydrides
hydrocarbons, refining, fullerenes in 239
hydrodynamics
quasi-stationary 217
see also ferrohydrodynamics
hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), ESR spectra 35
hydrogenation disproportionation desorption recombination
(HDDR) process 853
applications, rare earth magnet manufacture 863–866, 860,
1030, 1222
economic issues 865
future trends 866
kinetics 864
procedures 863
technical issues 865
thermodynamics 864
hydrogen decrepitation 879, 904
hydrogen–metal systems
bonding 891, 896
covalent bonding 897
low-energy states 896
metallic bonding 897
studies 890
see also metal hydrides
hyperfine fields 111
sign change 111
hyperfine interactions 110, 112F, 731, 997, 1048
determination 1049
measurement, via perturbed angular correlation 1049
and van Vleck paramagnets 102
hyperfine spectroscopy, and nuclear resonance scattering 995
hyperfine structure, analyses 1048
hysteresigraphs, systems 499
hysteresis loops 444F
anisotropy 448
characterization 67
and coercivity 67
components 498
dynamic 464
early studies 67
ferromagnetic materials 444–451, 497F
high-temperature 503
low-temperature 502
magnetic hysteresis 976
magnetic materials 497
magnetic microwires 513
and magnetic susceptibility 67
magnetoresistance 680
measurement 502, 503F, 504, 504F, 587, 593
nanoparticles 975
and remanence 67
shifted 444
squareness 593
hysteresis losses
amorphous alloys 18
magnetic materials 465
nanocrystalline alloys 18
silicon irons 1124
soft ferrites 181
hysteresis (magnetic) 976
hysteresis motors, superconductors in 1164
IBAD (ion beam-assisted deposition) 1185
ideal particles 971
IEM see itinerant electron metamagnetism (IEM)
imaging contrast agents see contrast-enhancement agents (CAs)
imprint lithography 654
Incoloy 908, applications, superconducting cables 1193
induction coils 1038
inductive write heads 568
coil formation 569
design tradeoffs 563T
pole materials 568, 568T
trackwidth definition 569
inductors, soft ferrites in 179–180
inelastic neutron scattering (INS) 96
advantages 98
applications 982
low-dimensional magnetism studies 58
magnetic excitation measurement 414–420
crystal field interaction studies, intermetallics 95–100
reviews 95
information storage, multilayers in 949
infrared detection, superconducting mixers 1176
injection molding, applications, bonded permanent magnet
manufacture 858
inner ear, prosthetic devices 1025
inorganic–organic hybrid materials, nuclear magnetic
resonance 38
inorganic peroxides, electron spin resonance 32
INS see inelastic neutron scattering (INS)
insertion compounds see intercalation compounds
insulator–metal transitions, nickel sulfide 1064
insulators
charge-transfer type 1063
excitonic 319
point defects 31
interband transitions, microscopic models 811–815
intercalation compounds
fullerenes 237
fulleride superconductors 241
intercalation compounds
nonspherical counterions 241
spherical counterions 241
interference lithography, applications 540
interlayer exchange coupling 955–960, 1058
applications 959
discovery 955
experimental methods 957
magnetic films 955
1300
Subject IndexHRMs (high-resolution monochromators)
models, theoretical 955
remagnetization curves 958
intermediate coupling 385
intermediate valence (IV), experimental evidence 318
intermediate valence (IV) compounds 317–321, 713
electronic configuration 317
hybridization gap 317
as Kondo insulators 276
negative elastic constants 317
periodic Anderson model 317
phenomenology 317
soft bulk modulus 317
intermetallic hydrides 892, 897, 901
intermetallics
antiferromagnetism 255
crystal field interactions 95–100
inelastic neutron scattering studies 95–100
reviews 95
definitions 4
electrical resistivity 321–327
analysis 322
scattering mechanisms 322
field-induced phase transitions 520
giant magnetoresistance 256
Hall effect 327–336
high magnetic fields 748
magnetoresistance 822–830
magnetostriction 766
manganese-based, exchange coupling 10
spin disorder resistivity 827
see also amorphous intermetallic alloys; Laves phases;
R-3d intermetallics
inter-multiplet transitions 417
internal Sn process 1203–1204
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER)
Central Solenoid Model Coil Project 1190, 1203,
1206
superconducting cables 1192, 1205F
intraband transitions, microscopic models 811–815
Invar
anti-Invar 336
discovery 336, 840
future research 60
high-spin–low-spin transitions 338
high-spin states 337
low-spin states 337
magnetic moments 700
magnetostriction 840
magnetovolume effects 699
moment–volume instabilities 338
properties 336–340
physical 336
systems 336T
see also Elinvar
Invar effect 112
ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD), applications 1185
ion currents, and nuclear spin relaxation compared 41
ion hopping, in glasses 41
ionic diffusion
dilute particles 40
nuclear spin relaxation induction 39
in glasses 40
models 40
molecular dynamics simulations 40
ions
in applied magnetic field 390
in magnetic materials 279
magnetic susceptibility 391
see also free ions; rare earth ions
iridium manganese antimonide, half-metallicity 267
iron–chromium–iron sandwiches, Kerr microscopy 372
iron–chromium multilayers
giant magnetoresistance 245, 245F, 246F, 622, 832
perturbed angular correlation studies 1048, 1051
iron–cobalt alloys
applications 473
saturation magnetization 473
iron compounds, hydrides 903
iron–copper–niobium–silicon–boron alloys
anisotropy 22, 22F
applications 967
magnetism 967
magnetostriction 22
saturation magnetostriction 21, 21F
iron–copper–zirconium–boron alloys, magnetism 967
iron–germanium alloys, plastic deformation 534
iron–hafnium–carbon alloys, magnetism 967
iron jarosites, frustration 705
iron layers, in thin films 1001, 1002F, 1003F
iron manganese antimonide, half-metallicity 267
iron–nickel alloys
compressibility 702
ferromagnetism 113
iron oxides
applications, magnetic coatings 672
Gru
¨
neisen coefficient 701
iron particles, colloidal, manufacture 209
iron–platinum alloys
applications, permanent magnets 478–482
coercivity 479
compressibility 702
structure 478
iron–rhodium alloys, magnetocaloric effect 677
iron(s)
density of phonon states 1001, 1001F
high-pressure behavior 1000
itinerant electron studies 111
magnetic anisotropy energy 112
magnetic losses 467
magnetic moments 700
magnetocaloric effect 763
Mo
¨
ssbauer spectra 996, 998F
NFS spectra 996, 998F, 1000, 1000F
NIS spectra 999, 999F
plastic deformation 530
see also silicon irons; steels
iron–silicon alloys see silicon irons
iron sulfide, a transition 1064
iron titanium hydrides, electronic band structure 893
iron–zirconium borides
coercivity 445
magnetostriction 22
irradiation effects, in superconductors (materials) 1153–1156
irreversible magnetic aftereffect 720
critical states 722
demagnetization factor 720
occurrence 720
thermal fluctuations 720
viscosity coefficient 720
1301
Subject Index irreversible magnetic aftereffect
Ising ferromagnet 692
Ising model 59, 1095
critical exponents 59
Ising spins 704
numerical solutions 693
isomer shift
determination 944
metal hydrides 893
Isoperm problem 529
isothermal remanence (IRM) 675
isotopes, neutron scattering 1019T
isotopic effect 1149
isoxazoles, spin transitions 1101
ITER see International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER)
itinerant-electron band systems
prototypes 1097
spin fluctuations 1095–1096
itinerant electron magnetism 340–351, 329, 725
early studies 340
Hubbard 344
models 341
Stoner 342
spin fluctuations 345
itinerant electron magnets
density of states 348
transition metals 111, 348
itinerant electron metamagnetism (IEM) 912–917, 749
conditions 912
electron–electron interactions 698
observations 913
occurrence 8, 912
paramagnetic system 913
phenomenon 912
spin fluctuations 912
theories 912
itinerant electron paramagnets
magnetism 912
metamagnetic transitions 1097
itinerant magnets 110
weak 981
spin fluctuations 981
see also very weak itinerant ferromagnets (VWIFs)
IV compounds see intermediate valence (IV) compounds
IV (intermediate valence) 318
Jahn–Teller (JT) effect 1041–1042
transition metal oxides 1258
Jahn–Teller theorem 387
Japan, superconducting magnetic energy storage developments
1135
jitter, magnetic recording 599
jitterbug effect 615
J mixing 386
Johnson spin transistors 616
joint density of states (JDOS) 813
Jordan, H. 720
Jordan aftereffect see irreversible magnetic aftereffect
Josephson, Brian David (1940– ) 1150
Josephson effects 353, 1150
nonstationary 125
occurrence 1241
stationary 125
Josephson equations 362
Josephson junction devices, manufacture 1233–1234
Josephson junctions 358–362, 1176
applications 1241
artificial barriers 355
binary arrays 366
characteristics 362
current–voltage characteristics 355F, 1240, 1240F, 1243
in direct-current amplifiers 1108
in direct-current superconducting-quantum-interference
devices 1117
edge-type 1242, 1242F
electron 357
grain boundaries 354F
high-temperature 353–358
planar 355
high-temperature–low-temperature 357
in high-temperature superconductors 353
ion-beam 357
London penetration depth 1240
in magnetic fields 127
manufacture 311, 355
in microwave fields 128
phase shift 354
and proximity effects 86
in radio-frequency superconducting-quantum-interference
devices 1117
ramp-type 355
in rapid single flux quantum logic 1211, 1213
step edge 354F
structure 1240, 1240F
in weakly coupled superconductors 125
see also niobium nitride Josephson junctions; tunnel
junctions; weakly coupled superconductors
Josephson oscillators, damping 363
Josephson voltage standard 362–368
Josephson vortices 123
Josephson weak link structures
characteristics 1241
current–voltage characteristics 1246, 1246F
figures of merit 1246
high-temperature superconductors 1242
low-temperature superconductors 1242
structure 1241, 1241F, 1242F
Joule magnetostriction 774–775, 837
applications 772
factors affecting 769
mechanisms 1128
JT effect see Jahn–Teller (JT) effect
kagome
´
lattices 704F
frustration 703–704
Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike (1853–1926) 1135, 1147,
1149, 1198
Karlqvist head 576F, 577F
equation 575, 630
keepered media 592
Keesom, Willem Hendrik (1876–1956) 1147
Kelvin, Lord see Thomson, Sir William, 1st Baron Kelvin of
Largs (1824–1907)
Kerr, John (1824–1907), magneto-optical studies 167, 806
Kerr amplitude 370
Kerr coefficient 168, 807, 949
potential 808
Kerr effects 782
and contrast 369
longitudinal 167, 168F
1302
Subject IndexIsing ferromagnet
magneto-optical 110, 113, 527, 531, 811, 986
measurement 588
signals 807, 949
maximization 808
platinum–cobalt multilayers 799
polar 114, 169, 170F, 806
schematic diagram 369F
transverse 169, 169F, 986
use of term 167
Kerr–Faraday rotation angle 811
Kerr magneto-optic effect 167
Kerr microscopy 369–373
applications 369
contrast enhancement 370, 371F
depth-selective 371, 372F
digital image processing 370
equipment 369, 369F
quantitative 371, 371F
time-resolved 754
Kerr rotation 113, 168, 168F, 370, 807
cobalt–platinum multilayers 781
complex 168, 954
determination 813
manganese–bismuth alloys 813
maximization 809
nonlinear 986
parameters 812
Knight shift 291, 527
Kohler rule 53
and magnetoresistance 824
Kohn anomalies 394
Kohn–Sham energies 113
Kohn–Sham equations 282, 1224
Kohn–Sham procedure 104
Kondo antiferromagnets 1080
Kondo compounds
magnetic moments 706
pressure response 380
Kondo condensation energy 706
Kondo effect 138, 710
cerium compounds 1079–1080
definition 373
early studies 138
in heavy-fermion systems 136, 274, 330, 685, 706
in magnetic systems 712
and magnetism 142
multichannel 984
quadrupolar 984
in rare earth metals 136
Kondo insulators
definition 276
properties 277
Kondo lattice systems see heavy-fermion systems (HFS)
Kondo resonance 374
Kondo systems 95, 330
Anderson model 373
concentrated, vs. Kondo impurity 375
electrical resistivity 374
Hall coefficient 331
magnetic-field effects 381
magnetoresistance 376
single-impurity 374
spin fluctuations 1095
thermal conductivity 377
thermoelectric power 378
transport phenomena 373–382
characteristics 373
field-dependent 379
pressure-dependent 379
temperature-dependent 379
Kondo temperatures 374, 712, 982
distribution 985
Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research
(KSTAR), tokamak 1190
Korringa laws 96
Kosterlitz–Thouless (KT) transition 60
Kramers’ doublet 393
Kramers’ ions 279, 279F, 387
Kramers–Kronig relations 414, 813, 1151
Kramers’ levels, splitting 279
Kramers’ theorem 387
Kronecker delta 528
KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced
Research) 1190
Laboratoire Louis Ne
´
el (France) 776
labyrinth, diseases 1025
Lamb–Mo
¨
ssbauer factor 995–996, 998
Lame
´
constants 528
Landau, Lev Davidovic (1908–68) 1148
Landau coefficients 1096–1097
analysis 1098F
Landau diamagnetism 1147
Landau–Ginzburg expansion 345
Landau–Lifshitz equation 649, 754, 919, 925
and damping 405
Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation 405
Landau parameter 1098
Landau theory
of Fermi liquids 275, 979, 1152
in magnetocaloric effect studies 760
of phase transformations 1096, 1148
Lande
´
factor 390, 727, 1209, 1265
Lande
´
g-factor 96, 329
Lande
´
interval rule 385
Langevin equation, and relaxation rates 407
Langevin function 199
Langevin paramagnetism 526
Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films, applications 543
lanthanide alloys, magnetocaloric effect 677
lanthanide cobalt oxides, metal–insulator transitions 1046
lanthanide nickel oxides, metal–insulator transitions 1044
lanthanides
crystal field interactions 95
magnetic moments 383–396
structure, atomic 129
lanthanide series metals see rare earth elements
lanthanide titanium oxides, metal–insulator transitions 1045
lanthanide vanadium oxides, metal–insulator transitions 1045
lanthanum aluminate, applications, substrates 87–88, 296
lanthanum–cerium alloys
Kondo effect 136, 138
strongly correlated electron systems 136
lanthanum–cobalt ferrite magnets 175–176
effects on magnetic properties 176
intrinsic issues 178
microstructural issues 178
lanthanum–copper oxides
antiferromagnetism studies 61
charge doping 65
1303
Subject Index lanthanum–copper oxides
lanthanum–manganese–perovskite oxides, magnetocaloric
effect 677
lanthanum–nickel compounds
studies 892
thermoelectric power 1079
lanthanum nickel hydrides
density of states 894F
electronic band structure 894
lanthanum strontium cuprates
manufacture 290
superconductivity 685
large-N approximation 373
Larmor frequency 990
Larmor precession 527
of nuclear spin 1049
laser intensity modulation–direct overwrite (LIM-DOW)
795
mechanisms 797
media design 798
write pulse modulation 798
laser intensity modulation (LIM) 795
lasers
femtosecond 986
free-electron 1013
laser texturing, rigid disks 552, 669
lattice geometry, and frustration 703–707,59
lattice parameters, crystallographic 784
lattice resistivity 24
Laue method, hard magnetic materials studies 1022
Laves phase compounds
electronic band structure 895
itinerant electron metamagnetism 912–913
magnetovolume effects 1099
properties, magnetic 903
short-range magnetic correlations 706
spin fluctuations 706
studies 892
Laves phases 1097
and electrical resistivity 321, 321F
superconducting 895
Lawrence–Doniach model 230, 231F
LB (Langmuir–Blodgett) films 543
LD-LISC see ligand-driven light-induced spin change
(LD-LISC)
lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films, piezoelectricity
2, 3T
LEDs see light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
LEED (low-energy electron diffraction) 1053
LEEM (low-energy electron microscopy) 1229
lenses
numerical aperture 1215
solid immersion 1219
levitation phenomena
in magnetic fluids 184
see also magnetic levitation
Lexan, CPMAS NMR spectra 1090
LIESST see light-induced excited spin-state trapping
(LIESST)
life (durability), materials 791–795
ligand-driven light-induced spin change (LD-LISC) 1102
transition metal compounds 1060
light
helicity 986
see also polarized light
light-emitting diodes (LEDs), spin 1105, 1106F
light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST) 1060
discovery 1060
effect 1100F, 1102
transition metal compounds 1060
light-induced-thermal hysteresis (LITH) 1102
light intensity modulation (LIM) 806, 1216
light microscopy see optical microscopy
light-perturbed-thermal hysteresis (LPTH) 1102
LIM-DOW see laser intensity modulation–direct overwrite
(LIM-DOW)
linear augmented plane wave (LAPW) method 389, 891, 1051
linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method 891
linear transport coefficients 47
liquid phase epitaxy (LPE)
growth furnace 262F
yttrium iron garnet crystals 261
lithium–manganese oxides, magnetic correlations 705
lithium oxide–boron oxide compounds, ESR spectra 34
lithium silicophosphate glasses
diffusion studies 42, 42F
electrical conductivity 42
NMR spectra 42
lithium sulfide–boron sulfide glasses, NMR spectra 41
lithography
applications, in patterned magnetic storage media
manufacture 653
direct-write e-beam 540
imprint 654
interference 540
photolithography 560
Little, W. A. 1152
LLW parameter 96
local-spin-density approximation (LSDA) 104, 283, 340
open-core approximation 104
self-interaction-corrected 104
lodestone see magnetite
London, Fritz (1900–54) 1147, 1150
London, Heinz (1907–70) 1147
London gauge 1147
London penetration depth 1148, 1166
determination 81
Josephson junctions 1240
yttrium–barium–copper oxide superconductors 1156
London theory 81, 1146–1147
modified 81, 1148
longitudinal recording media 592
adjacent-grain interactions 399
grain size 398
grain-size dispersion 399
recording density 398
thermal stability 397–402
simulation models 401
time dependence 397
transition region 398
long-pulse facilities 749T
Lorentz force 49, 328, 493, 589, 1137
electrical conductors 508
high-temperature superconductors 312
and magnetoresistance 823
superconducting wires 1200
Lorentz microscopy 483
imaging modes 483
studies 489
Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) 527
applications 527
1304
Subject Indexlanthanum–manganese–perovskite oxides, magnetocaloric effect
Lorenz number 52, 378
loudspeakers, ferrofluids in 185, 186F
low-carbon steels, magnetic losses 467
low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), methods 1053
low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) 1229
low-spin (LS) states 1100, 1100F
Invar 337
low temperature, records 102
low-temperature magnetic state (LTMS) 971
quasi-paramagnetic 973
low-temperature superconductors (LTSs) 1136, 1195
applications 1234
rapid single flux quantum logic 1213, 1214T
superconducting devices 1242
superconducting thin films 1235
superlattices 1237
discovery 1187
future research 1246
multilayers 1187
properties, physical 1236
thermodynamic fluctuations 83
trapped fields 1167
LPE see liquid phase epitaxy (LPE)
L–S coupling see Russell–Saunders coupling
LSDA see local-spin-density approximation (LSDA)
LS states see low-spin (LS) states
LTEM see Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
(LTEM)
LTMS see low-temperature magnetic state (LTMS)
LTSs see low-temperature superconductors (LTSs)
lubricants
applications, in video tapes 673
in recording head–medium interfaces 554, 558, 670
lutetium, magnetocaloric effect 762
lutetium–manganese alloys, thermal expansion 1099, 1099F
lutetium nickel borocarbides
structure 1209F
upper critical field 1210, 1210F
Luttinger’s theorem 317
McMillan, William L. (1936–84) 1151–1152
McMillan formula 44
macromolecules, conformation 36
maghemite, particles 211
magic angle spinning (MAS)
in nuclear magnetic resonance 37
studies 1090
see also cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS)
maglev see magnetic levitation
MAGMAS see magnetic microactuators and systems
(MAGMAS)
MAG-MEMS see magnetic microactuators and systems
(MAGMAS)
magnesium boride, superconductivity 1140, 1207
magnesium cobalt hydrides, electronic band structure 897
magnesium iron hydrides, electronic band structure 897
magnesium nickel hydrides, electronic band structure 897
magnetic aftereffects 718–725
diffusion 719
irreversible 718
phenomena 718
types of 718
see also anomalous magnetic aftereffect; irreversible magnetic
aftereffect; magnetic viscosity; reversible magnetic
aftereffect
magnetically amplifying magneto-optic system (MAMMOS)
806, 1218
mechanisms 1218F
magnetically induced super-resolution (MSR) 806, 1216
magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) 110, 112
magnetic anisotropy (MA) 411–413, 451–456, 109
bond-order 453
definitions 385, 411, 424, 451
determination, experimental 411
energy 921
exchange 411, 453
in films 424–431
growth-induced 427, 452
and magnetic recording media 411, 424
and magnetostriction 771
measurement 430, 740
nanoparticles 973
perpendicular 114, 451
shape 411, 426, 452
magnetostatic energy 411
principles 920
shape-induced 453
strain-induced 427
stress 411, 452
principles 920
stress-induced 454
uniaxial 920
unidirectional 429
use of term 920
see also magnetic surface anisotropy (MSA);
magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA)
magnetic Barkhausen effect (MBE)
applications, in nondestructive testing 978
measurement 976
mechanisms 977
magnetic bearings
iron–cobalt alloys 473
superconducting permanent magnets in 1165
see also superconducting magnetic bearings
magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) 110, 746
applications, site symmetry determination 1266
definition 1263
electric dipole transitions 1265
ellipticities 1264
experiments 747
Faraday parameters 1266
induced electric dipole transitions 1265
intensity parameters, reliability 1266
magnetic dipole transitions 1265
of protein–lanthanide complexes 1267
rare earth ions 1263
selection rules 1265
spectra, measurement 1263
theory 1264
in transparent rare earth compounds 1263–1267
see also x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD); x-ray
magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD)
magnetic coupling 383
and random environments 690
Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida interactions 957
magnetic data storage
costs per byte 539
data rates 539
future technologies 539–548
historical background 539
1305
Subject Index magnetic data storage
magnetic data storage (continued)
magnetization dynamics 539
patterned structures 540
probe-based 542–543
recording limits 539
reliability 540
storage metrics 539
see also hard disk drives (HDDs); magnetic storage
devices
magnetic dipoles 1110
magnetic disks
manufacture 591
recording densities 653
recording processes 548
superparamagnetism 653
see also floppy disks; rigid disks
magnetic dispersions
drying processes 648
microstructure 646
magnetic domains
anisotropy energy 845
exchange energy 844
formation 920
in thin films 1248–1253
fundamentals 844
hard magnetic materials 851
hard magnets 843–854
imaging, photoemission electron microscopy
1229
Kerr microscopy 369
magnetic microwires 513
magnetostriction energy 845
soft magnetic materials 846
soft magnets 843–854
stray field energy 844
Zeeman energy 845
magnetic entropy 677
changes 679
determination 677
magnetic excitations
hard magnetic materials 1021
solids 414–420
spectra 417
magnetic field detectors, magnetic microwires in
517
magnetic-field-induced strain (MFIS), magnetic shape
memory alloys 258
magnetic field modulation (MFM) 795
magnetic fields
alternating 1025
effective 754
ferromagnetic materials 444
interactions 748
Josephson junctions in 127
pulsed 749
responses 726
static 748
thermoelectric power in 420–424
trapped 1166
ultrahigh 912
units 716
see also high magnetic fields; pulsed magnetic fields
magnetic field sensors
applications, in nondestructive evaluation 1114
materials 830, 832
magnetic films
applications 1248
interlayer exchange coupling 955
see also hard magnetic films; ultrathin ferromagnetic
films (UFFs)
magnetic fluids
applications, early 183
cluster formation 206
coatings 226
ferrohydrodynamics 216
future research 207
levitation phenomena 184
pipe flow problems 218
see also ferrofluids
magnetic flux
detection 1117
superconductors (materials) 123–125
magnetic flux leakage (MFL), detection 1114
magnetic flux quantum 309, 312
magnetic force microscopy (MFM) 435–444,
589–590
applications 440
data storage 542
in nondestructive testing 978
soft magnetic materials studies 442
development 590
future research 443
image formation 437
image resolution 978
in situ field 754
limits 540
massively parallel 544
principles 436, 590
probes 438
schematic diagram 436
tip stray fields 438
magnetic hyperfine field
definition 1049
distributions 1050
orientation 1050
strength 1050
theory 1051
magnetic hysteresis, applications, in nondestructive testing
976
magnetic imaging, methods 483
magnetic inks
AC susceptibility 608
characterization 607
magnetic particulate dispersions 605
microstructure 607
optical studies 607
properties
magnetic 608
physical 607
rheology 607
shear-thinning 608
viscoelasticity 608
viscosity 608
magnetic insulators, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
studies 277–281
magnetic interactions, and crystal field splitting
279
magnetic labeling 119–122
in biosensors 119
processes 119
1306
Subject Indexmagnetic dipoles
magnetic Laves phases, hydrides 896
magnetic levitation 456–458
applications 456
superconducting magnetic bearings 459–463
permanent magnet assemblies in 1014
processes 456
superconducting permanent magnets in 1164
superconductors (materials) 456
magnetic losses 463–469
classical loss 465
excess loss 466
factors affecting 466
hysteresis loss 465
loss angle 463
loss per cycle 463
loss separation 464
in magnetic materials 467
power loss 463
use of term 463
magnetic markers, applications 1109
magnetic materials
ac susceptibility 498
determination 499
coercive field 497
Curie temperature 497
field-induced phase transitions 520
hysteresis loops 497
hysteresis losses 465
magnetic losses 467
magnetocaloric effect 762
under adiabatic conditions 760, 762
magnetoelastic energy 498
measurements 497–506
microstructure 482, 843
natural 855
properties, measurement 586
rare earth ions in 279
remanence 497
transition metal ions in 279
see also ferrimagnetic materials; ferromagnetic materials;
hard magnetic materials; paramagnetic materials; soft
magnetic materials; strong magnetic materials;
superparamagnetic materials
magnetic measurements 586–600, 527
extrinsic 587
orientation ratio 595
time dependence 594
magnetic media (recording) see magnetic recording media
magnetic microactuators and systems (MAGMAS) 506–511
applications 510
characteristics 510
development 506
downscaling 507
optimal laws 509, 509T
future actuation modes 510
Joule losses 509–510
long-range 510
magnet–conductor interactions 508
magnetic fields 507
magnetic interactions 507
scale-reduction laws 508
magnet–iron interactions 508
magnet–magnet interactions 508
microcoils, current density 509
micromagnets, manufacture 508
permanent magnets 508
torque 508
power supplies 510
remote 510
use of term 506
wireless 510
magnetic microscopy, superconducting-quantum-interference
devices in 1112–1114
magnetic microwires 511–519
applications 517
in magnetic tags 517–518
in wireless stress tensors 518, 518F
ferromagnetic resonance 517
natural 517
giant magneto-impedance 516
glass-coated 512
hysteresis loops 513
magnetic anisotropy 513
magnetic domains 513
magneto-impedance 512, 515
manufacture 512
properties, magnetic 513
see also amorphous metallic microwires; magnetostrictive
microwires
magnetic moments 1096
alignment 676
concept of 740
cooperative effects 391
delocalized 341
dipolar interactions 101
exchange interactions 733
fluctuations 346, 1094
localized 383–396, 132, 744, 704
orbital 110
and spin 140
ordered 740, 962
ordering 733
R-3d intermetallics 6, 6F,7,7F
transition metals 731
under pressure 697, 700
x-ray scattering studies 741
magnetic monitoring, applications, biomedical 855
magnetic multilayers (MMLs) 114
advantages 779
giant magnetoresistance 245, 255
magnetic neutron cross-sections 414
magnetic–nonmagnetic (M-NM) instability 706
magnetic ordering
ground-state 1228
hydrogen-induced changes 902
long-range 919
noncollinear 705
spin density functional theory 106
types of 736
magnetic oxides
magnetic anisotropy 454
magnetic structure 734
magnetic particles
aggregation 206
anisotropy constant 583
anisotropy field 583
applications
biomedical 856
biosensors 119
video tape coatings 673
1307
Subject Index magnetic particles
magnetic particles (continued)
colloidal dispersions 643
detection 120
ferrimagnetic 36
hysteresis
coherent reversal 583
incoherent reversal 584
magnetization, time dependence 585
magnetostatic interactions 585
nano-sized, manufacture 208
paramagnetic 120
properties, magnetic 582–586
shape anisotropy 583
single-domain 583
superparamagnetism 584
see also ferromagnetic particles
magnetic particulate dispersions 605–610
adsorption 606
applications, magnetic inks 605
particle–binder interactions 605
particle-size distributions 605
particle-surface chemistry 605
solvents 606
wetting binders 606
magnetic permeability 526
determination 499
field dependence 499F
in vacuum 526
magnetic phase diagrams 156, 737, 737F
and magnetoresistance 163
magnetic phases, noncollinear 9
magnetic phase transitions 736, 980
detection 280
morphology 710
under pressure 701
see also field-induced phase transitions (FIPTs)
magnetic pressure 1097
magnetic properties
and atomic rearrangements 532
calculated 110
classification 526
cuprate high-temperature superconductors 290–295
of dislocations 526–539
ferrofluids 197–203
fundamental 526
measurement 586–600, 740
metal hydrides 899–906
origins 526
and plastic deformation 529
early studies 529
under pressure 700
magnetic random access memories (MRAMs) 1071–1078
advantages 1071
developments 1071
early studies 1071
structure 658
see also spin-dependent tunneling magnetic random access
memory (SDT-MRAM); spin-valve magnetic random
access memory (SV-MRAM)
magnetic recording
747-curves 598
density plots 597
erasure 591
high-density 667
historical background 582
jitter 599
measurements 597
imaging 600
multitrack linear 603
noise spectrum 597
processes 548
pulse shape 599
read width 599
rolloff curves 597
saturation plots 597
side reading 599
side writing 599
signal-to-noise ratio 598
squeeze measurement 598
theories 664
thermal decay 599
thermally assisted 582
track profiles 598
viscosity regime 403
switching in 403
write width 599
see also thermomagnetic recording (TMR)
magnetic recording heads 572–582
air-bearing contours 570
air bearings 574
dual-pole 572
early 572
electrical connections 569
ferrite 560, 573
fly height 574, 597
functions 628
future research 581
head–media spacing 581
historical background 560, 572
inductive 572
manufacture 560–572
integrated 563
and magnetic recording media 627
manufacture 560–572, 565T
future trends 570
lapping processes 570
overview 563
post-wafer 569
materials 566T, 572
measurements 595
metal-in-gap 573
monolithic 560
overwrite 633
read/write inductive 573
ring 572
size reduction 561F
spinel ferrites in 180
spin valves 578
thin-film 561, 562F, 573, 629
manufacture 564F
structure 563F
types of 561F, 562T, 627–628
see also read heads; write heads
magnetic recording media 550
areal density 627, 632
damping 409
fast switching in 402–410
film media 592
grain size 594
high-density 441, 664
1308
Subject Indexmagnetic particulate dispersions
hysteresis loops 628F
intergranular interactions 594
linear density 627
long-term archiving 583
and magnetic anisotropy 411, 424
and magnetic recording heads 627
magnetization measurement 593
magnetization transitions 664
demagnetizing-limited transition width 665
recorded 667
transition width 665
manufacture 653
measurement 593
microstructure 649
noise 633
packing density 666
particle orientation 649
particulate 906, 926
precession dynamics 405
properties, magnetic 650
recording issues 409
relaxation times 407
reptation studies 408
for rigid disks 663–668
spin waves 408
storage density 906
switching dynamics 408
studies 403
ultimate speed limit 409
thermal instability 633
thermally activated magnetization reversal 403
thin-film 404, 928
track density 627
transitions 627
types of 628
see also advanced metal particle (AMP) media; flexible
magnetic recording media; longitudinal recording media;
magnetic tapes; particulate media; perpendicular
recording media; thin-film magnetic media
magnetic refrigeration 763
advantages 676
Carnot cycle 764
cooling efficiency 676
cycle 676
early studies 763
magnetocaloric effect in 676–682, 760, 763
materials 677
research 676
at room temperature 676–682
theoretical issues 677
magnetic relaxation, phenomena 718
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1198, 1207
applications 946
contrast-enhancement agents 947
imaging contrast agents 946–948
and magnetite 855
permanent magnets in 1010, 1190
magnetic scattering 414
energy transfer 414
molecular field approximations 55, 827
magnetic scattering functions 414
magnetic sensors
advantages 1036
applications 779
magnetic microwires in 517
magneto-impedance 780
reed switches 1037
types of 1037
magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys
behavior 259, 259F
compressive stress 259, 259F
discovery 258
magnetic-field-induced strain 258
materials 259–260
transversal stress 260, 260F
magnetic steels 682–685
hard 683
soft 682
magnetic storage devices
components 548
construction 548
data transfer rates 402
hard magnetic films in 431
macrotribology 550
microtribology 555
types of 548
see also patterned magnetic storage media
magnetic structures
antiferromagnetic 107
collinear 109, 736
cooperative effects 393
determination 736, 741
ferromagnetic 107
imaging 483
incommensurate 736
microscopy studies 731
noncollinear 109, 520, 736
observation 527
rare earth elements 156–164
spin-orbit coupling 109
spiral 108
magnetic superexchange, mechanisms 179
magnetic surface anisotropy (MSA) 452
apparent 941
crystalline roughness 941
dipolar 941
intrinsic 941
ultrathin ferromagnetic films 940
magnetic susceptibility 107, 526
crystal field interaction studies 97
and crystal field parameters 93
determination 726
and hysteresis loops 67
ions 391
measurement 498, 740
rare earth mixed oxides, crystal field effects 92–95
vs. temperature 972
see also diamagnetic susceptibility; paramagnetic
susceptibility
magnetic switches, advantages 1036
magnetic systems
anisotropy 710
enthalpy 708
internal energy 708
Kondo effect 712
nanoscale heterogeneous 774
ordered states 711
phase boundaries 709
paramagnetism 711
quasiparamagnetism 711
1309
Subject Index magnetic systems