Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ

ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

TEACHER’S BOOK

НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЕ ДЕЛО

КНИГА ДЛЯ УЧИТЕЛЯ

Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим объединением по образованию

в области лингвистики Министерства образования и науки

Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия

для студентов старших курсов и магистрантов высших учебных

заведений, обучающихся по геологическим, нефтяным

и нефтегазовым специальностям, включая направление «Экономика

на предприятиях нефтяной и газовой промышленности»

Под редакцией

Л.М. Болсуновской, Р.Н. Абрамовой, И.А. Матвеенко

Издательство

Томского политехнического университета

2011

УДК 622.323(076)

ББК 33.36я7

H58

Авторы

Л.М. Болсуновская, Р.Н. Абрамова, И.А. Матвеенко,

Д.А. Терре, Т.Ф. Долгая, Т.В. Васильченко, Т.В. Бочарова,

И.В. Шендерова, Е.М. Вершкова, Д.С. Малюкова, Н.В. Сухорукова

Petroleum Engineering. Teacher’s book = Нефтегазовое

дело. Книга для учителя: учебное пособие / Л.М. Болсуновская,

Р.Н. Абрамова, И.А. Матвеенко, Д.А. Терре, Т.Ф. Долгая,

Т.В. Васильченко, Т.В. Бочарова, И.В. Шендерова, Е.М. Вершкова,

Д.С. Малюкова, Н.В. Сухорукова / под ред. Л.М. Болсуновской,

Р.Н. Абрамовой, И.А. Матвеенко; Томский политехнический уни-

верситет. – Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического универси-

тета, 2011. – 286 с..

ISBN 978-5-98298-915-4 (книга для учителя)

ISBN 978-5-98298-913-0

Книга для учителя предназначена для обеспечения методической поддержки

при работе с учебно-методическим пособием «Petroleum Engineering». В книге приве-

дены ключи и методические рекомендации, способствующие преподавателю эффек-

тивно выстроить практические занятия по профессиональному иностранному языку,

а также организовать самостоятельную работу студентов по данной дисциплине.

УДК 622.323(076)

ББК 33.36я7

Рецензенты

Доктор геолого-минералогических наук, профессор

заведующий кафедрой геоэкологии и геохимии ИПР ТПУ

Л.П. Рихванов

Кандидат филологических наук,

доцент кафедры английской филологии ТГУ

О.В. Нагель

ISBN 978-5-98298-915-4 (книга для учителя) © ФГБОУ ВПО НИ ТПУ, 2011

ISBN 978-5-98298-913-0

политехнического университета, 2011

H58

TEACHER’S BOOK

CONTENTS

Part I Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Unit 1 Petroleum Engineering ……………………………………….

Unit 2 Oil Companies ………………………………………………..

Unit 3 Oil Formation ………………………………………………...

Unit 4 HSE (Health, Safety, Environment) ………………………….

Part II Upstream and Downstream

Chapter 1. Geophysics

Д.А. Терре

Unit 1 Geophysics. General Information……………………………

Unit 2 Geophysical Methods in Petroleum Exploration…………….

Unit 3 Seismology and Seismic Survey……………………………..

Chapter 2. Oil Exploration

Т.Ф. Долгая

Unit 1 Oil Exploration………………………………………………..

Unit 2 Oil Extraction………………………………………………...

Unit 3 Reservoir Rock Properties……………………………………

101

Unit 4 Formation Evaluation…………………………………………

106

Chapter 3. Drilling

Т.В. Васильченко, Т.В. Бочарова

Unit 1 Life of a Well…………………………………………………

109

Unit 2 Types of Wells………………………………………………..

116

Unit 3 Companies and People……………………………………….

119

Unit 4 Drilling………………………………………………...

121

Unit 5 Casing. Cementing……………………………………………

128

Chapter 4. Pipeline Engineering

Р.Н. Абрамова, Т.В. Васильченко

Unit 1 Pipeline Construction…………………………………………

130

Unit 2 Fluid Mechanics………………………………………………

150

Unit 3 Joining Pipes………………………………………………….

154

Unit 4 Pipeline Corrosion……………………………………………

158

Unit 5 Oil Storage …………………………………………………...

165

Chapter 5. Economics and management in petroleum

engineering

Л.М. Болсуновская, И.В. Шендерова, Е.М. Вершкова,

Д.С.Малюкова

Unit 1 Introduction to Economics and Management ………………..

172

Unit 2 Finance ……………………………………………………….

182

Unit 3 Stock ………………………………………………………….

194

Unit 4 The Economy of Petroleum Industry ………………………...

205

Unit 5 Taxation and Audit …………………………………………...

218

Unit 6 Production and Costs ………………………………………...

225

Unit 7 Business Plan ………………………………………………...

233

Unit 8 International Business Etiquette and Ethics ………………….

234

Part III Ecological Control in Petroleum Engineering

Chapter 1. Hydrogeology

Н.В. Сухорукова

Unit 1 Water – Nature’s Treasure or…?..............................................

241

Unit 2 Hydrogeology…………………………………………….......

243

Unit 3 Circulation of Water in the Interior of the Earth……………...

249

Chapter 2. Geoecology

И.А. Матвеенко

Unit 1 Geoecology…………………………………………………...

256

Unit 2 Impact of Mining and Oil Extraction on the Environment…...

261

Unit 3 Problems of Power Generation……………………………….

268

Unit 4 Greenhouse Effect…………………………………………….

279

Unit 5 Impact of Chemical Elements on Human Organism………….

282

Part I

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

UNIT 1

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Lead-in. T. elicits the ideas from the students as they suggest things

connected with Petroleum Engineering and make collective mind map

(spidergram) on the board as the ideas are suggested, so that they can see

how T. draws out the aspects of the topic. The reasoning behind mind map is

that Ss do not think in an ordered or linear way, but rather explore a topic by

moving between its various aspects.

The next stage in this procedure may be division of all items suggested into

groups and explanation of Ss’ associations.

This activity will prepare Ss to work with the topic of the Unit 1.

Exercise 4. Match English terms in column “A” with their Russian

equivalents in column “B”.

1. G, 2. D, 3. J, 4. F, 5. A, 6. H, 7. B, 8. C, 9. E, 10. I.

Exercise 5. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text.

To deal with = to be concerned with (in the 6

paragraph), to put into

operation = to implement (in the 4

paragraph), simulation = modeling (in

the 2

and 7

paragraphs), to improve = to enhance (in the 2

and 5

paragraphs), to exhaust = to deplete (in the 2

paragraph), to finish = to

complete (in the 1

paragraph “well completion”), evaluating =

estimating (in the 7

and 10

paragraphs), observation = surveillance (in

the 9

paragraph), to be responsible for = to be in charge of (in the 11

paragraph).

Exercise 6. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text.

Outflow ≠ inflow (in the 9

paragraph), above ≠ beneath (in the 1

paragraph), downstream ≠ upstream (in the 1

paragraph), to minimize ≠

to maximize (in the 8

paragraph), beginning ≠ completion (in the 1

paragraph).

Exercise 7. Decipher the abbreviations.

SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), PVT (Pressure, volume,

temperature), HTHP (High temperature, high pressure).

Exercise 8. Fill in the prepositions.

1. Easily accessible oil can be compared to low hanging fruits. 2.

Petroleum engineers are in charge of implementing high technology plans

with the use of manpower. 3. Drilling engineering is concerned with

designing and drilling oil wells. 4. The profession of petroleum

engineering is involved in exploration and extraction of oil. 5. Designing

casing strings is performed in conjunction with drilling fluid plans. 6.

Reservoir engineers optimize production of oil and gas via proper well

placement and enhanced oil recovery.

Exercise 9. Give English equivalents to Russian words.

1. Petroleum engineers are held to a high standard as mistakes may cost

too much. 2. High Temperature and High Pressure conditions have

become a commonplace in today’s oil recovery. 3. Petroleum engineering

covers a wide range of topics, including geology, geophysics, and

geochemistry. 4. Generating accurate reserves estimates is of particular

interest to reservoir engineer. 5. Petroleum engineer should be savvy in

topics as wide ranging as thermohydraulics and geomechanics. 6. The

remote partner of the petroleum engineer is a rig crew in implementing

drilling program.

Exercise 10. Match the terms with the definitions.

1. D, 2. E, 3. A, 4. H, 5. F, 6. G, 7. I, 8. B, 9. C.

Exercise 11. Classify the responsibilities of Reservoir engineer and Drilling

engineer into two groups.

Responsibilities of Reservoir engineer (according to the text): economic

maximization of hydrocarbons recovery from the subsurface, numerical

reservoir modelling, well drilling and workover planning, PVT analysis,

production forecasting.

Responsibilities of Drilling engineer: estimation of cost to access

reserves, geologic survey, estimation of the sought reserves value,

development of contacts with vendor, wellbore plan.

Exercise 12. Complete the sentences.

1. According to the survey published in December 2006 the average

income of a petroleum engineer in the world was $116, 834.

2. Deepwater operations can be compared to space travel in terms of

technical challenges.

3. Such modern technologies as horizontal drilling and enhanced oil

recovery have improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer.

4. Petroleum engineering covers a wide range of topics including

economics, geology, geochemistry, geomechanics, geophysics, oil

drilling, geopolitics, knowledge management, seismology, tectonics

thermodynamics, well logging, well completion, oil and gas

production, reservoir development, and pipelines.

5. Petroleum engineers can be divided into several types: reservoir

engineers, drilling engineers, production engineers.

6. Two areas in which reservoir engineers usually specialize are

surveillance (or production) engineering and simulation modeling.

Exercise 13. Define true or false sentences. If true, add the information on

the statement. If false, correct the sentence.

1. Petroleum engineering covers a wide range of disciplines. – True

(additional information is in the 1

paragraph).

2. Operation in HTHP environment is a rare case for petroleum engineer

today. – False (information is in the 3d paragraph).

3. Petroleum engineers are usually well paid. – True (additional

information is in the 4

paragraph).

4. Petroleum engineers deal with oil field close to the Earth’s surface. –

False (information is in the 2

paragraph).

5. Petroleum engineers are subdivided into two types. – False

(information is in the 5

paragraph).

6. Reservoir engineering is concerned with reservoir modelling. – True

(additional information is in the 7

paragraph).

7. Drilling engineers have to perform PVT analysis of the well. – False

(information is in 7

paragraph).

Exercise 14.



Read the following, then listen to the tape and match the

dates with the stages of petroleum engineering development.

Part I. Tapescript.

Petroleum engineering was recognized as a new and separate field of

practice during the first decade of the last century. As the volume of

drilling activity grew, professionals were attracted to it from other fields

of engineering and science, and its transition from a craft to an

engineering profession got under way.

A better understanding of the profession’s development can be derived

from considering how its various functions unfolded. Until the 1930’s,

petroleum engineering centered on the drilling, completing and producing

activities associated with individual wells. Improvements in technology

took place through activities to upgrade specific techniques and methods

in these areas.

During the 1930s, the primary emphasis on production from the individual

well gave way to the recognition that the characteristics of the oil

reservoir had to be taken into consideration. Leading companies

established working groups for reservoir engineering and the topic began

to appear as an item in petroleum engineering curricula.

By the mid of the last century the focus on reservoir engineering

accelerated establishment of petroleum industry research laboratories.

Major research attention was directed toward the principles, processes and

methods for improvement of oil recovery that included waterflooding;

high-pressure-gas injection; miscible processes; use of carbon dioxide,

nitrogen and other gases; and development of surfactants. This expansion

and growth of reservoir engineering principles and their successful

applications offered petroleum engineering a new identity and a better

way in which the profession could be differentiated from other branches

of engineering.

At the end of the XX century, consolidation and integration of four major

elements of petroleum engineering have occupied the profession. The

following lists these elements:

1. extending the capabilities to gain access to, to couple and to

operate within a greater portion of the subsurface environment

(offshore locations, acidising, hydrofracturing, etc);

2. developing methods for detailed characterization of subsurface

formations, their fluids and their surroundings (well logging,

geophysical measurements, etc);

3. recovering a greater proportion of the petroleum within reservoirs

that have been accessed and understanding the transfer operations

that accompany the recovery (phased fluid-injection programs

horizontal wells, etc);

4. systematizing technological management and coupling it with

business decision making (risk analysis, reservoir management,

etc).

Keys: 1. D, 2. E, 3. A, 4. C, 5. B.

Part II. Listen to the second part of the text once more; give the examples

on the methods of each element.

At the end of the XX century, consolidation and integration of four major

elements of petroleum engineering have occupied the profession. The

following lists these elements:

5. extending the capabilities to gain access to, to couple and to

operate within a greater portion of the subsurface environment

(offshore locations, acidising, hydrofracturing, etc);

6. developing methods for detailed characterization of subsurface

formations, their fluids and their surroundings (well logging,

geophysical measurements, etc);

7. recovering a greater proportion of the petroleum within reservoirs

that have been accessed and understanding the transfer operations

that accompany the recovery (phased fluid-injection programs

horizontal wells, etc);

8. systematizing technological management and coupling it with

business decision making (risk analysis, reservoir management,

etc).

Elements

Examples of methods

1. Extending the capabilities

offshore locations, acidising,

hydrofracturing

2. Development of methods for

detailed study of subsurface

formations and surroundings

well logging, geophysical

measurements

3. Recovering a greater portion of

the oil within reservoir

phased fluid-injection programs

horizontal wells

4. Development of technological

management and its introduction

into business decision making

risk analysis, reservoir

management

Exercise 15. Find the answers to the following questions.

1. Petroleum engineering covers a wide range of topics including

economics, geology, geochemistry, geomechanics, geophysics, oil

drilling, geopolitics, knowledge management, seismology, tectonics,

thermodynamics, well logging, well completion, oil and gas

production, reservoir development, and pipelines.

2. The toolbox of the petroleum engineer has been drastically improved

due to improvements in computer modeling, materials and the

application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like

horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery.

3. Yes, we can. As mistakes may be measured in millions of dollars,

petroleum engineers are held to a high standard.

4. The knowledge of wide range of disciplines such as thermohydraulics,

geomechanics, and intelligent system is vital for the petroleum

engineer.

5. Petroleum engineers are the highest paid discipline because they must

implement high technology plans with use of manpower, highly

coordinated and often in dangerous conditions.

6. Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types: reservoir

engineers, drilling engineers, production engineers.

7. There are three main branches of petroleum engineering: reservoir

engineering, drilling engineering, production engineering.

8. Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas: surveillance (or

production) engineering and simulation modeling.

9. Drilling engineers are involved in the design and drilling of production

and injection wells.

10. Drilling engineers are responsible for the process of planning and

drilling oil wells.

Exercise 16. Work in pairs.