Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя

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UNIT 3

OIL FORMATION

Exercise 4. Read the following word combinations and give Russian

equivalents.

complex mixture of hydrocarbons – cложная смесь углеводородов

sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen – cера, азот и кислород

different depths in the same oilfield – разные глубины одного и того же

месторождения

from light coloured to thick – от светлых до густых

depending on the number – в зависимости от количества

many different properties – различные свойства

used for cooking – используемый для приготовления пищи

be altered in shape – можно менять форму

tarry residue left after – смолы, остающиеся после

organic material mixed with – органика, смешанная с…

exerted intense pressure and heat – произвели огромное давление и

температуру

distilled into – превратили

trap between – захватить в ловушку между

Exercise 5. Find English equivalents to the following terms and phrases.

Незначительное количество – minor proportions,

компоненты смеси – different parts of the mixture,

из пласта – from the ground,

различаются от …… до – vary from,

содержат смеси – contain different mixtures,

способ соединения атомов – the way in which the atoms combine,

могут располагаться – can be arranged,

на более мелкие – into smaller ones,

для производства других материалов – for making other materials,

остатки крошечных растений и животных – the remains of tiny plants

and animals,

за многие годы – over the years,

органика – organic material,

мелкозернистый сланец – fine – grained shale,

пористый известняк – porous limestone,

непроницаемая порода – impermeable rock,

температура и давление – heat and pressure,

осадок – sediment,

азот – nitrogen,

сложное химическое соединение – compound

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences.

1. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with minor

proportions of other chemicals such as compounds of sulphur,

nitrogen and oxygen.

2. Different parts of the mixture can be used only after they are

separated from each other.

3. Different depths in one and the same oilfield contain different

mixtures of hydrocarbons and other compounds.

4. Hydrocarbons are difficult to pump from the ground because of

viscosity.

5. Hydrocarbon structure depends on the number of carbon atoms

and the way in which the hydrogen atoms combine with them.

6. Two main chemical families of hydrocarbons the alkanes and the

alkenes.

7. Hydrocarbon molecules are chemical feedstock for making other

materials.

8. Thick black tarry residue left after distillation is bitumen.

9. Bitumen is used in tarmac for road surfacing, and for roofing.

10. The smaller the hydrocarbon molecules, the better the fuels.

Exercise 8. Work in pairs.

Student A – a lecturer and Student B – a petroleum geology student.

Student A – write 6–8 questions on the text “Forming Oil”. Student B-

be ready to answer.Use as many expressions under study as possible.

Use the expressions of agreement and disagreement

Possible variants

Exercise 10. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones.

Gasoline – бензин

Opening up – вскрытие скважины

Oil = petroleum – нефть

Mixture – смесь

Decompose – разлагаться

Hydrocarbons – углеводороды

Organic matter – органическая материя

Kerogen – кероген (органическое вещество битуминозных сланцев)

Specific conditions – особые условия

Sediment – осадок

Accumulate – накапливаться

Fold – складка

Fault – сброс, сдвиг

Thrust faults – взброс, надвиг

Unconformity – несогласное напластование

Salt dome – соляной купол

Fracture – разлом

Cavity – полость

Trap – ловушка

Exercise 11. Give the definitions to the following terms.

Petroleum (literally rock oil, from the Greek petra – for rock and Latin –

oleum for oil) is a general term used to refer to all forms of oil and natural

gas that is mined from the earth.

Crude oil – the liquid mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons.

Natural gas – is a gaseous mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are complex molecules that are formed from long strings

of hydrogen and carbon, such as propane (C

) or butane (C

Kerogen – the organic matter which becomes buried and begins to

decompose.

Porous – having microscopic holes.

Permeable – allowing for the flow of liquids.

Source rock – the rock where kerogen was created in.

Migrate – to move, to flow through.

Trap – a natural reservoir where petroleum is accumulated.

Exercise 12. State whether the following statements are true or false.

1. False – The area that the kerogen collects must be a restricted basin.

2. False – When the oxygen is gone, the decomposition stops and the

remaining matter are preserved.

3. True

4. True

5. False – Students must attend lectures in structural geology.

6. False – There are three types of structural traps.

7. True

8. True

9. True

10. False – Long chains of hydrocarbon are oil; shorter chains are gas,

generally methane (CH

) and condensates such as ethane, propane and

butane.

Exercise 13. Put the facts into the correct order which shows how oil

becomes oil.

9, 3, 6, 2, 11, 7, 1, 4, 5, 12, 8, 10.

Exercise 14.



You will hear a lecture on petroleum. For questions 1-5,

choose the best answer A, B, or C.

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. A

5. B

Tapescript

Petroleum (Latin Petroleum derived from Latin petra – rock + Latin

oleum – oil) or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid found in

formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons

(mostly alkanes) of various lengths. The approximate length range is

to C

. Any shorter hydrocarbons are considered natural gas or

natural gas liquids, while long-chain hydrocarbons are more viscous, and

the longest chains are paraffin wax. In its naturally occurring form, it may

contain other nonmetallic elements such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It

is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish or even

greenish) but varies greatly in appearance, depending on its composition.

Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand where it

may be referred to as crude bitumen.

Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and gasoline

(petrol), both important "primary energy" sources. 84 % of the

hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels

(petroleum-based fuels), including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other

fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas.

Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative

abundance, it has become the world's most important source of energy

since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many

chemical products, including solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics;

the 16 % not used for energy production is converted into these other

materials.

Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some

areas of the Earth's crust. There is also petroleum in oil sands. Known

reserves of petroleum are typically estimated at around 1.2 trillion barrels

without oil sands, or 3.74 trillion barrels with oil sands. However, oil

production from oil sands is currently severely limited. Consumption is

currently around 84 million barrels per day, or 4.9 trillion liters per year.

Because of reservoir engineering difficulties, recoverable oil reserves are

significantly less than total oil-in-place. At current consumption levels,

and assuming that oil will be consumed only from reservoirs, known

reserves would be gone in about 32 years, around 2039, potentially

leading to a global energy crisis. However, this ignores any new

discoveries, changes in consumption, using oil sands, using synthetic

petroleum, and other factors.

Exercise 15. Discuss the following questions.

1. What product do we get out of the ground? – Oil and gas are the

products that we get out of the ground.

2. What collects on the ocean bottoms all over the world? – These

organisms live all over the oceans and their bodies fall and collect on

the ocean bottom all over the world.

3. Is there abundance of dead organisms? – Yes, there are.

4. What is needed for these organisms to be transformed into petroleum?

– Some special conditions are needed to be met.

5. Are there any conditions for the oil to be made? – First, the area that

the kerogen collects must be a restricted basin, a depression where

sediment can accumulate and where there is poor water circulation.

There needs to be a trap, something that is non-porous and non-

permeable that will hold the petroleum in the reservoir and prevent it

from migrating further. Finally, there needs to be enough heat and

pressure to sufficiently cook the oil and gas out of the kerogen.

6. How do structural traps work? – Structural traps work by folding or

breaking the reservoir rock and placing it adjacent to an impermeable

rock layer, like shale.

7. What are structural traps? – One of the most common is a trap from the

folding of the rocks.

8. Is there any difference between structural and stratigraphic traps? –

The differences between stratigraphic and structural traps are that these

traps occur by the nature of how the sediment was deposited and not

whether it was broken or folded.

9. Can you name some of the stratigraphic traps? – For example,

sandstone lenses and sandstone pinch-outs are the result of the changes

in deposition of the sediment.

10. What are salt domes for? – Salt domes can push up through buried

sediment and deform the overlying layers of rock. This causes folds

and fractures to form in the rock. Trapping the oil salt domes are the

primary places where the oil is found.

Exercise 16. Scan the text given bellow and describe main oil properties

based on the information you learn.

The purpose of this task is to let students know the main properties of oil.

So, T can ask some questions after reading the text or give the task to

complete the table. Ss describe the properties of oil in short.

Property

Characteristic features

Color

Oil colors vary in a very wide range

from oilfield to oilfield: from pale

yellow, yellow and even colourless to

dark grey, green and dark brown

shades.

Density

The SI unit is kg/m

at a reference

temperature, typically 150 °C.

Density of oils range from 0.65 to

1.0 g/cm

and more at 200 °C.

According to density, oils may be

light, medium and heavy.

Viscosity

A property of fluids that indicates

their resistance to flow, defined as

ratio of shear stress to shear rate.

Crude oils range in consistency from

water-like to tar-like solids.

Thermal expansion

The degree of expansion is expressed

as the coefficient of thermal

expansion. Thermal expansion is

useful to determine the size of

container needed when the oil is

heated. Thermal expansion is

expressed as the ratio of volume

change to initial volume after heating

10 °C.

Composition base

Crude oils are complex mixtures

containing hundreds of different

hydrocarbon compounds that vary in

appearance and composition from oil

field to oil field, therefore, in various

oil fields the oil composition can vary

significantly. All hydrocarbons are

divided into two groups: saturated

hydrocarbons and unsaturated

hydrocarbons.

UNIT 4

HSE

Lead-in. Discuss the questions.

T. elicits the information from the Ss related to the theme of the Unit as well

as prepare them to perceive the information.

Exercise 3. Read the following word-formations, translate into Russian.

Lead – leader – leadership – вести – лидер – лидерство (руководство)

Pass – passable – impassable – проходить – проходимый –

непроходимый

Prevent – prevention – preventer – предотвращать – предотвращение

(профилактика) – страховка

Manage – manager – management – руководить – менеджер –

менеджмент, управление

Employ – employer – employee – employment – устраивать на работу

(нанимать) – наниматель (работодатель) – служащий (работник) –

устройство на работу.

Exercise 4. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below.

Performance

PPE

risk assessment

appropriate

impact

near misses

remediation

preventer

1. The authorities of our company pay great attention to remediation of

affect to the environment after finishing the production activity.

2. Before starting oil exploration a company should perform risk

assessment including identification of risks and hazards as well as the

ways of removing them.

3. The accident took place because of the absence of preventer and other

necessary equipment at the workplace.

4. Labour protection includes application of PPE in the process of

operation.

5. The personnel of our company are specially trained in safety method of

work performance.

6. At the beginning of field development an oil company should assess

the possible impact to the environment.

7. The drivers are required to hold the appropriate driving licenses.

8. To prevent accidents from occurring again it is necessary to investigate

not only incidents, but also near misses.

Exercise 5. Fill in correct preposition, then choose two items and make

sentences.

1. to prevent sb. from doing sth. 5. to carry out the work

2. to be in motion 6. to be responsible for sth.

3. to protect sb. from sb./sth. 7. in case of emergency

4. in practice 8. under the circumstances

Exercise 6. Match the problems with the ways of their solution.

1. D

2. E

3. A

4. B

5. C

Exercise 7. Compose collocations from the following words.

1. to wear PPE

2. to discharge waste water

3. greenhouse gas emissions

4. fire extinguisher

5. to meet requirements

6. first aid kit

7. escape plan

8. near misses

Exercise 8. Match the items with their function.

1. D

2. E

3. A

4. B

5. F

6. C

Exercise 9. Classify the words into 2 categories. Guess what these

categories are. Add more items to each category.

The possible categories of classification are problems in HSE and ways of

solution of these problems.

The problems: greenhouse gas emissions, major incidents, disturbed

land, contamination of water sources, impassable obstacles.

The ways of solution: risk assessment, personal protective equipment,

incident investigation, near misses, environmental monitoring.

Exercise 10.



Study the definitions given in Appendix 2. Listen to the

tape and find the right term for the definitions given on the tape:

1). B 5). B

2). A 6). A

3). A 7). C

4). C 8). A

Tapescript

1) How would you call a schedule of actions required to develop,

implement and maintain the HSE Management System?

a) Toolbox talk

b) Action plan

c) Lost time accident

2) What term is used to describe disabling injuries and occupational

illnesses causing subsequent death, permanent injury or incapacity

from work estimated to exceed 3 months, or property damage and loss

exceeding $10,000?

a) Serious Accident

b) Minor Accident

c) Fatal Accident

3) What is the name of the equipment which is designed to protect the

person against the consequences of workplace hazards, for example

hard hat, boots, respirator, etc

a) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

b) While at Work

c) Accident

4) If a person(s) is involved in an accident from which they sustain

injuries which cause death within 24 hours of the accident, what would

it be?

a) Lost Time Accident