Білецька Л.В., Білецький О.В., Савич В.І. Економічна теорія: політекономія, мікроекономіка, макроекономіка

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Pareto, Vilfredo

—

, ;%

Pareto optimality

—

%%   ( )

Parkinson’s law

—

 

partial equilibrium analysis

—

  

participation rate

—

 # 

partnership

—



part-time work

—

#  # %

par value

—

1. % %; 2.  &

patent

—



patent office

—

 

pawnbroker

—

#

pay

—



pay-as-you-earn

—

 «# — »

payback period

—

 

Pay board

—

:   

payroll tax

—

    

«peace dividend»

—

« »

peak-load pricing

—

   /

penetration price

—

 

pension

—



651

pension fund

—

 

per capita income

—

   

perfect competition or atomistic competition

—

  #  

perfect market

—

 

permanent-income hypothesis

—

  

per se illegality

—

%

personal distribution of income

—

#  

personal equity plan (PEP)

—

 « »

personal pension plan

—

. pension

personal savings ratio

—

< # D/%

personal sector

—

% 

personal selling

—

% /

Phillips curve

—

 (

physiocracy

—



picket

—



piecework

—

  

pie chart

—

 

Pigou, Arthur Cecil

—

, > $%

placing

—



planned economy

—

 

652

planning-programming-budgeting system

—

 «--»

PLC (public limited company)

—

. limited liability

point elasticity

—

 %

pollution

—

# 

poll tax

—

 

pollutor pays principle

—

 «# — »

population

—



population census

—

 

population trap

—

 

portfolio

—

%

portfolio theory

—

 

positive economics

—

  

potential entrant

—

% 

potential gross national product

—

%  % 

pound

—

 

poverty trap

—

 #

precautionary demand for money

—

    #/

predatory pricing

—

/% 

preferences

—



preference share or preferred stock

—

 

653

preference / similarity theory

—

 # / 

premium

—

1. #  ; 2. #   

premium bond

—

% #

price

—



price ceiling

—

/ 

Price commission

—

:  

price competition

—

 

price controls

—

%  

price discrimination

—

 

price-earnings ratio

—

 «-#»

price effect

—

 

price-elasticity of demand

—

%   &

price-elasticity of supply

—

%   &

price fixing

—

 

price floor

—

/ / 

price index

—

 

price leader

—

 

price leadership

—

 

price level

—

% 

price marking (bargain offers) order, 1979

—

/   , 1979

654

price parallelism

—

 

price and incomes policy

—

   

price-squeeze

—

 

price stability

—

#%% 

price stickiness

—

% 

price support

—

 

price system or market mechanism

—

  #  

price taker

—

«/ »

price theory

—

 

price-wage spiral

—

% « — »

price war

—

 

primary sector

—

 

prime rate

—

# 

principles of taxation

—

 

private company

—

 

private costs

—

 

private-enterprise economy or free market economy

or capitalism

—

  < # % 

 # 

private products

—

 #

private property

—

 %

655

private sector

—

 

private time preference

—

. discount rate

privatization

—



probability

—

%

process ray

—

 %

producer or supplier

—

# # %

producer goods

—

 # 

producer’s surplus

—

 #

product characteristics model

—

%  

product development

—

 

product differentiation

—

 

production

—

#

production census

—

. census

production costs

—

# 

production function

—

# 

production possibility boundary or transformation

curve

—

/ # / #  

production efficiency

—

# %

productive potential

—

# , . potential gross national product

productivity

—

% ()

656

Productivity bargaining

—

  % 

product life-cycle

—

/<  

product life-cycle theory

—

 /<  

product market

—

 

product-market matrix

—

 -

product mix

—

 # #  

product performance

—

 

product standards

—

  #   &

profit

—

#

profitability

—

#%%

profit-and-loss account

—

 #  #

profit centre

—

 %

profit margin

—

  #

profit maximization

—

 #

profit motive

—

 #

profit-related pay

—

  /  #

profit sharing

—

%  #

progressive taxation

—

 

progress payment

—

/ 

propensity to consume

—

%%  /

657

propensity to import

—

%%  

propensity to save

—

%%  D/

propensity to tax

—

%%  

property

—

%, , . asset

proportional taxation

—

 

protectionism

—



proxy

—



public company

—

. joint-stock company

public corporation

—

/ 

public debt

—

# / 

public finance

—

/ 

public goods

—

% #

public interest

—

 %

public ownership

—

% %, / %

public sector or government sector

—

/ 

public-sector borrowing requirement (PSBR)

—

# /   

public-sector debt repayment (PSDR)

—

 / #

public utility

—

% <

public works

—

% #

pump priming

—

« »

658

purchasing power

—

% /%

purchasing-power parity theory

—

  % /

put option

—

. option

quality

—

%

quality circle

—

 

quality control

—

% 

quantity demanded

—

# 

quantity of money

—

. money supply

quantity supplied

—

# 

quantity theory of money

—

%  

quantity traded

—

# /

quasi-rent

—



Quesnay, Francois

—

:, (

quota

—



quoted company

—

 

659

R&D

—

. research and development

random walk

—

 #

rate of exchange

—

& 

rate of interest

—

 

rate of return

—

 

rate-of-return regulation

—

&  

rates

—



rational behaviour

—

% 

rational-expectations hypothesis

—

 % %

rationalization

—



rationing

—

 ()

real balance

—

%  

real balance effect or Pigou effect

—

 %   ( )

real exchange rate

—

% & 

real income

—

% 

real interest rate

—

%  

real price

—

% 

real values

—

% 

real wage or real income

—

% #  # % 

660