Aughey E., Frye F.L. Comparative veterinary histology with clinical correlates

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281

Integumentary System

16.62 Hoof (calf). (1) Deep dermal papillae. Stratified

squamous epithelium with (2) tubular and

(3) intertubular horn. H & E. ×12.5.

16.62

16.64 Hoof (foal). (1) Phalangeal bone. (2) Vascular

dermis. (3) Epidermis with a thick stratum corneum.

H & E. ×12.5.

16.64

16.63 Hoof (foal). (1) Developing bone. (2) Vascular

dermis. (3) Stratified squamous epithelium. H & E. ×12.5.

16.63

16.65 Hoof (goat). (1) Dermis. (2) Stratified squamous

epidermal epithelium, with a thick stratum corneum.

H & E. ×125.

16.65

16.66 Hoof (goat). The epidermis clearly shows all the

layers of a stratified squamous epithelium; note the

stratum corneum. H & E. ×250.

16.66

282

16.67 Claw (dog). (1) Third phalanx.

(2) Claw fold. (3) Stratified squamous

epithelium. (4) Dermis. (5) Digital pad.

H & E. ×12.5.

16.67

16.68 Claw (dog). (1) Third phalanx.

(2) Claw fold. (3) Stratified squamous

epithelium. (4) Dermis. (5) Digital pad.

H & E. ×62.5.

16.68

Claws are horny plates forming a protective cov-

ering on the dorsal surface of the terminal phalanges

in the carnivore. The skin is reflected around the

third phalanx to form a fold: the bed of the claw.

The basal layers of the epidermis form the germinal

matrix and grow to become the horny claw

(16.67–16.69). The cavity of the cornual process

forms the core of the horn and is lined with respi-

ratory mucosa. A reflection of skin covers the cor-

nual process, and the epidermis proliferates to

become the horn sheath composed of tubular and

intertubular horn (16.70 and 16.71).

The chestnut and ergot are genetically deter-

mined areas of tubular and intertubular horn, and

are free from hair and glands. A thick pad of adi-

pose tissue lies beneath the ergot.

Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlates

16.69

283

16.69 Claw (dog). The superficial clear

area of the stratified squamous

epithelium is the developing claw

(equivalent to the human nail). H & E.

×125.

16.70 Horn (goat). The deep dermal

papillae are stained green and

surrounded by epidermal cells in

columns, the horn tubules. Masson’s

trichrome. ×250.

16.70

16.71 Horn (goat). The undulating effect

is caused by the alternating tubular and

intertubular arrangement of the

developing horn. Masson’s trichrome.

×250.

16.71

Integumentary System

284

APPENDICES

Appendix Table 1 (see page 9)

Derivatives of the three germ layers

Central nervous system

and eye

Central nervous system

and ear

Hypophysis cerebri

Epiphysis cerebri

Chromaffin tissue

Epidermis, hair, nails,

skin glands

Epithelium of

oral and

nasal cavity

glands

tooth enamel

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Epithelium of

pharynx

auditory tube

thyroid, parathyroid,

thymus

larynx, trachea, lungs

digestive tube, liver and

pancreas

bladder

caudal vagina, vestibule

urethra

Endoderm

Muscle

Connective tissue

Blood, bone marrow

Lymphoid tissue

Kidney

Gonad and genital

ducts

Suprarenal cortex

Epithelium of

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

body cavities

Appendix Table 2 (see page 51)

Differential white cell count: proportion of white blood cells in the

domestic animals, species variation

Monocytes

(%)

Species Polymorpho-

nuclear

leucocytes

(neutrophils)

(%)

Eosinophils

(%)

Basophils

(%)

Lymphocytes

(%)

Horse 35–75 2–12 0–3

15–45 2–20 0–2

10–50 1–10 0–3

28–45 1–11 0–2

60–77 2–10 Rare

35–75 2–12 Rare

10–33 1–4 1–3

12–15+m 10–15+m 10–15+m

15–50

45–75

40–75

39–62

12–30

20–50

48–82

Small, 6–9+m

Large, 9–15+m

2–10

2–7

1–6

2–10

3–10

1–4

1–6

12–18+m

Cattle

Sheep

Pig

Dog

Chicken

Size

Cat

A4A3

A4 Glomerular filter. The straight vertical arrow

indicates the direction of ultrafiltration. The dashed

lines show the flow of basement membrane in the

perpendicular direction into the lamina rara interna

and mesangium.

Podocytes

Glomerular

basement

membrane:

lamina

densa

Endothelial

cell

Mesangial

cell

A3 Renal glomerulus.

285

A2 Glomerulus and related structures.

A1 Two cortical nephrons. On the left is a juxtamedullary

nephron with a long loop of the nephron. On the right is an

outer cortical glomerulus with a short loop of the nephron.

Afferent arteriole

Juxtaglomerular cells

Proximal

tubule

Distal

tubule

Efferent arteriole

Macula

densa

Kidneys

A1–A7 illustrate the structure of the kidneys (see page 137).

Glomerular capsule

Urinary space

Mesangial

cells Endothelial

cells

Capillary

lumen

Epithelial

cell with

podocytes

Appendices

Glomerulus

Proximal

convoluted

tubule

Proximal

convoluted

tubule

Distal

convoluted

tubule

Proximal

straight

tubule

Distal

straight

tubule

Distal

straight

tubule

Collecting

tubule

Papillary duct (straight

tubule)

Descending

limb

Descending

limb

Ascending

limb

Ascending

limb

286

A7 Medulla, transverse section.

A6 Medulla,

longitudinal section.

Capillary

Collecting

tubule

Thick

segment

of loop

Thin

segment

of loop

Capillary

Collecting

tubule

Thick segment

of loop

Thin

segment

of loop

Capillary

Podocytes

Slit membrane

Endothelium

Fenestrae

Glomerular

basement

membrane

A5 Glomerular capillary wall.

Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlates

287

Appendix Table 3

Placentation

Definition

Placentation The intimate apposition of the fetal membranes

and parental tissue for the purpose of

physiological exchange

Classification

Choriovitelline

placenta

chorioallantoic

placenta

In the majority of mammals the chorioallantoic

placenta is the definitive one

The vascular allantoic mesoderm fuses with the

chorion and forms the fetal vascular bed

apposed to the maternal vascular bed in the

endometrium

The choriovitelline placenta is transitory

In the mare and domestic carnivore, the yolk sac

precedes the allantois in fusing with the chorion,

vascularizing and forming the early fetal bed;

this is a choriovitelline placenta and remnants

may persist until term in the umbilical chord

and form the umbilical vesicle (see 12.39–12.44)

External

configuration

Diffuse

placenta

Involves the whole chorionic surface, separation

at term is simple with no loss of maternal tissue,

non-deciduate (e.g. sow and mare)

Cotyledonary

placenta

Chorionic villi are restricted to the maternal

curuncle, and the two together form a

placentome, the unit of the ruminant placenta;

no loss of maternal tissue at term, non-deciduate

(e.g. cow, sheep and goat)

Zonary

placenta

Invasive zone is confined to a girdle-like band;

loss of maternal tissue occurs at term, deciduate

(e.g. carnivores)

Discoidal

placenta

Invasive zone is restricted to a single or bilateral

disc-shaped area; loss of maternal tissue occurs at

term, deciduate (rodents, primates)

Appendix Table A3 continues on p. 288.

Appendices

288

Appendix Table 3 (cont)

Placentation

Definition

Placentation The intimate apposition of the fetal membranes

and parental tissue for the purpose of

physiological exchange

Histological

classification

See 12.44

Synchoral

fusion

Chorionic sacs

of adjacent

fetuses may fuse

in up to 90%

of multiple

pregnancies

Vascular

anastomosis

between

circulations

Rare, except in the cow

Comparative Veterinary Histology with Clinical Correlates

289

Abomasum, 108

Accessory glands, male

reproductive system, 174–5

Acidophils, pituitary gland, 151

Acinus

liver, 124–5

pancreas, 129

Addison’s disease, 158

Adenocarcinoma, 146, 206

Adenohypophysis, 150–51, 161

pars distalis, 150

pars intermedia, 152

pars nervosa, 152

pars tuberalis, 152

Adenoma, 123

ovarian, 206

pulmonary, 30

renal, 148

ultimobranchial body, 166

Adipose tissue, 40

Adrenal gland, 156–9

adrenal cortex, 156

adrenal medulla, 156

amphibians, 163

birds, 160

fish, 163

reptiles, 163

Adrenalin, 156

Agranulocytes, 53–4

Air sacs, 95

Albumen, 209, 210

Alcian blue, 16

Allantois, 196, 203

Alveolar cell, 90

Alveoli

lungs, 88, 90

mammary glands, 194

Amnion, 196

Amphibians

blood cells, 57–8

bone, 64

bone marrow, 64

digestive system, 117–18, 120,

122

endocrine system, 161–5

heart, 69

hypervitaminosis D, 80

Amphibians (cont.)

lymphatic system, 80, 259–60

metamorphosis, 117

reproductive system

female, 212

male, 180

respiratory system, 95, 96

sense organs

ear, 242–3

eye, 236–8

lateral line, 244, 246

skin, 274

specialized glands, 276

urinary system, 145

Ampulla

ear, 240

female reproductive system,

188

male reproductive system, 170,

174

Anaemia, 61

Anal canal, 116

Anal glands, 275

Anal pores, 276

Anal sacs, 116, 275

Anal sphincter, 116

Androgens, 156

Anisocytosis, 61

Antibodies, 260, 261, 274

Antidiuretic hormone, 153

Anus, 116

Apocrine glands, 266

Arachnoid, 219

Areolae, placenta, 198, 200

Artefacts, 18

Arteries, 71–2

Arterioles, 72

Arteriovenous anastomoses, 78

Arthritis, 50

Astrocytes, 220–2

Atria, parabronchi, 94

Atrioventricular node, 68

Auditory canal, 239

Auditory tube, 84

Auricle, 239

Aves, see birds

Axon, 215–16

Azurophils, 58

B lymphocytes, 60, 248, 258,

261

Basilar membrane, 239, 240

Basophils, 53, 151

amphibians, 57

birds, 56

reptiles, 57

Bidder’s organ, 182

Bile, 124–5, 128

Bile duct, 124–5, 128

Biliverdin, 259

Birds

blood cells, 56

bone, 63

digestive system, 132–6, 143

endocrine system, 160

lymphatic system, 258

reproductive system

female, 208–10

male, 178–9

respiratory system, 93–5

sense organs

ear, 242

eye, 236–7

skin, 270–1

urinary system, 143

Bladder, see urinary bladder

Blood, 51

smear preparation, 51

Blood cells, 51–8

amphibians, 57–8

birds, 56

reptiles, 57–8