ASME Section VIII div 2 2010. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Alternative Rules

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2010 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

6-63

g = 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) below undercut;

r >

0.25t > 4g

Applied

Stress

Figure 6.2 – Weld Toe Dressing

2010 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

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Figure 6.3 – Forged Bottle Construction

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2010 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

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These Items

Are Required

At Layered

Portions Of

Test Plates

Only - Typical

Clamp Layered Stack

For Hold Down During

Welding. Number And

Location Of Clamps Is

At Discretion Of

Fabricator.

Weld -Typical

For Layered

Stacks

After The Specimen Location Is Laid Out, The Outer Edges

Of Layered Stack Shall Be Welded Together In This

Location In Order To Prevent Layers From Separating.

Plan View Of Solid To Layered And Layered To Layered Test Plates

Layered To Solid Test Plate

Layered To Layered Test Plate

Figure 6.4 – Solid-To-Layer and Layer-To-Layer Test Plates

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356 mm (14 in.) Approximate

For t > 25 mm (1 in.), Multiple Specimens

Per QW-151.1 May Be Used

For t > 25 mm (1 in.), Multiple Specimens Per

QW-151.1 May Be Used

(a)

Specimen A

(b)

Grip Length

102 mm (4 in.) Min.

25mm (1 in.)

Min. Radius

Weld Reinforcement

To Be Machined Flush

With Base Metal

Grip Surface

13 mm (1/2 in.) Approx.

Parallel Length = Max.

Weld Width Plus 25 mm (1 in.)

Weld - Both Ends for (a),

Layer Side Only For (b)

Grip Surface

Weld - Typ. (4) Places For (a),

(2) Places (Layer Side Only) For (b)

16 mm (5/8 in.)

Specimen B (Alternate Specimen)

Figure 6.5 – Tensile Specimens for Layered Vessel Construction

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2010 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

7-1

PART 7

INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS

PART CONTENTS

7.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 7-3

7.2 Responsibilities and Duties .................................................................................................. 7-3

7.2.1 Responsibilities and Duties of the Manufacturer and Inspector .................................... 7-3

7.2.2 Access for Inspector ...................................................................................................... 7-3

7.2.3 Notification of Work Progress ........................................................................................ 7-3

7.3 Verification and Examination Prior To Welding .................................................................... 7-3

7.3.1 Compliance of Material with Requirements and Marking .............................................. 7-3

7.3.2 Check of Component Parts ........................................................................................... 7-3

7.3.3 Verification of Heat Treatment Practice ......................................................................... 7-3

7.3.4 Verification of Welding Procedure Specification ........................................................... 7-3

7.3.5 Verification of Welder and Welding Operator Performance Qualification ..................... 7-4

7.3.6 Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel ............................................... 7-4

7.4 Examination of Welded Joints .............................................................................................. 7-4

7.4.1 Nondestructive Examination Requirements .................................................................. 7-4

7.4.2 Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels .................................................................... 7-4

7.4.3 Extent of Nondestructive Examination .......................................................................... 7-5

7.4.4 Selection of Examination Method for Internal (Volumetric) Flaws ................................ 7-6

7.4.5 Selection of Examination Method for Surface Flaws ..................................................... 7-6

7.4.6 Surface Condition and Preparation ............................................................................... 7-6

7.4.7 Supplemental Examination for Cyclic Service ............................................................... 7-6

7.4.8 Examination and Inspection of Vessels with Protective Linings and Cladding ............. 7-6

7.4.9 Examination and Inspection of Tensile Property Enhanced Q and T Vessels ............ 7-7

7.4.10 Examination and Inspection of Integrally Forged Vessels ............................................ 7-8

7.4.11 Examination and Inspection of Fabricated Layered Vessels ........................................ 7-9

7.5 Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria ................................................................... 7-11

7.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 7-11

7.5.2 Visual Examination ...................................................................................................... 7-11

7.5.3 Radiographic Examination .......................................................................................... 7-12

7.5.4 Ultrasonic Examination ................................................................................................ 7-14

7.5.5 Ultrasonic Examination Used in Lieu of Radiographic Examination ........................... 7-15

7.5.6 Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) ........................................................................... 7-16

7.5.7 Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) ............................................................................. 7-17

7.5.8 Eddy Current Surface Examination Procedure Requirements (ET) ............................ 7-18

7.5.9 Evaluation and Retest for Partial Examination ............................................................ 7-20

7.6 Final Examination of Vessel ............................................................................................... 7-21

7.6.1 Surface Examination after Hydrotest ........................................................................... 7-21

7.6.2 Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior after Hydrotest ..................................................... 7-21

7.7 Leak Testing ....................................................................................................................... 7-21

7.8 Ac

oustic Emission .............................................................................................................. 7-21

7.9 Tables ................................................................................................................................. 7-22

7.10 Figures ................................................................................................................................ 7-34

Annex 7.A Responsibilities And Duties For Inspection And Examination Activities

7.A.1 General

............................................................................................................................... 7-50

7.A.2 Manufacturer’s Responsibility ............................................................................................ 7-50

7.A.2.1 The Manufacturer ............................................................................................................... 7-50

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7.A.2.2 Inspection and Examination Duties ..................................................................................... 7-50

7.A.3 Inspector’s Responsibility ................................................................................................... 7-51

7.A.3.1 The Inspector ...................................................................................................................... 7-51

7.A.3.2 Inspection and Examination Duties ..................................................................................... 7-51

7.A.4 Tables ................................................................................................................................. 7-53

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2010 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

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7.1 General

The requirements for examination including Nondestructive Examination (NDE) during fabrication of pressure

vessels of welded construction to be marked with Code symbol are provided in this Part. The requirements

for examination of materials are provided in Part 3.

7.2 Responsibilities and Duties

7.2.1 Responsibilities and Duties of the Manufacturer and Inspector

Responsibilities and duties of the Manufacturer and Inspector are covered in Annex 7.A.

7.2.2 Access for Inspector

The Manufacturer of the vessel shall arrange for the Inspector to have free access to such parts of all plants

as are concerned with the supply or manufacture of materials for the vessel, when so requested. The

Inspector shall be permitted free access, at all times while work on the vessel is being performed, to all parts

of the Manufacturer's shop that concern the construction of the vessel and to the site of field erected vessels

during the period of assembly and testing of the vessel.

7.2.3 Notification of Work Progress

The Manufacturer shall notify the Inspector of the progress of all work associated with the design, fabrication,

inspection and examination, and testing of the pressure vessel. In addition, the Manufacturer shall notify the

Inspector reasonably in advance when any required tests or inspections are to be performed.

7.3 Verification and Examination Prior To Welding

7.3.1 Compliance of Material with Requirements and Marking

7.3.1.1 All materials used in the construction of the pressure vessel shall comply in all respects with the

requirements of this Division.

7.3.1.2 The materials used in the construction of the pressure vessel shall bear the identification required

by the applicable material specification, except as otherwise provided in Part 3. Should the identifying marks

be obliterated or the material be divided into two or more parts, the marks shall be properly transferred by the

Manufacturer as provided in paragraph 3.2.7.2.

7.3.2 Check of Component Parts

Component parts of the pressure vessel shall be checked to verify the following:

a) Head and shell sections conform to the prescribed shape and meet the thickness requirements after

forming.

b) Nozzles, manhole frames, lugs, stiffening rings, reinforcement around openings, and other attachments

to be welded to the inside or outside surfaces of the vessel properly conform to the contour of the vessel

surface.

c) All dimensional checks required by this Division have been performed.

7.3.3 Verification of Heat Treatment Practice

It shall be verified that all heat treatment operations required by this Division for all materials used in the

construction of the pressure vessel are properly conducted.

7.3.4 Verification of Welding Procedure Specification

It shall be verified that the welding procedures employed in construction have been qualified under the

provisions of Section IX and as specified in this Division.

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7.3.5 Verification of Welder and Welding Operator Performance Qualification

lt shall be verified that all welders or welding operators employed for the welding of the pressure vessel have

been qualified under the provisions of Section IX.

7.3.6 Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel

a) The Manufacturer shall be responsible for assuring that nondestructive examination (NDE) personnel

have been qualified and certified in accordance with their employer’s written practice prior to performing

or evaluating examinations required by this Division. SNT-TC-1A or CP-189 shall be used as a guideline

for employers to establish their written practice. National or international Central Certification Programs,

such as the ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), may be used to fulfill the examination and

demonstration requirements of the employer’s written practice. Provisions for training, experience,

qualification, and certification of NDE personnel shall be described in the Manufacturer’s Quality Control

System.

b) NDE personnel shall be qualified by examination. Qualification of NDE Level III personnel certified prior

to the 2004 Edition of this Division may be based on demonstrated ability, achievement, education, and

experience. Such qualification shall be specifically addressed in the written practice. When NDE

personnel have been certified in accordance with a written practice based on an edition of SNT-TC-1A or

CP-189 referenced in Table 1.1, their certification shall be valid until their next scheduled recertification.

c) Recertification shall be in accordance with the employer’s written practice based on the edition of SNT-

TC-1A or CP-189 referenced in Table 1.1. Recertification may be based on evidence of continued

satisfactory performance or by reexamination(s) deemed necessary by the employer.

7.4 Examination of Welded Joints

7.4.1 Nondestructive Examination Requirements

7.4.1.1 All finished welds shall be subject to visual examination in accordance with paragraph 7.5.2.

7.4.1.2 All finished welds shall be subject to nondestructive examination depending on Examination

Group selected in paragraph 7.4.2 and the Joint Category and Weld Type as defined in paragraph 4.2.

7.4.1.3 All welding shall be subject to in-process examination by visual examination at the fit-up stage

and during back gouging.

7.4.2 Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels

7.4.2.1 Definition of Examination Groups

a) Table 7.1 defines the Examination Groups assigned to welded joints based on the manufacturing

complexity of the material group, the maximum thickness, the welding process, and the selected joint

efficiency. Nondestructive examination of welded joints shall be performed as indicated for each

Examination Group. Each of the Examination Groups are further subdivided into sub-groups “a” and “b”

to reflect the crack sensitivity of the material.

b) Table 7.2 indicates the required NDE, joint category designation, joint efficiency, and acceptable joint

types for each Examination Group.

c) The governing welded joint as used in paragraph 7.4.2.2 below is that welded joint within a given vessel

section (e.g., shell course or head) that, as a result of the selected joint efficiency, determines the

thickness of that vessel section.

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7.4.2.2 Multiple Examination Groups

a) When more than one governing welded joint is located in a pressure vessel, a combination of

Examination Groups is permitted, provided that the requirements of Table 7.1 are satisfied.

b) If a combination of Examination Groups are used in a single vessel, the following requirements shall be

met:

1) In each vessel section, the Examination Group of the governing welded joint shall be applied to all

welds within that vessel section, including nozzle attachment welds.

2) Welds connecting two welded sections that are assigned to different Examination Groups shall be

assigned to the Examination Group with the greater extent of examination.

3) Welds connecting a welded section to a seamless section, or welds connecting two seamless

sections, shall be assigned to an Examination Group based upon available thickness (thickness at

the weld less tolerances and corrosion allowance). When the available thickness is greater than

1.18 (derived from 1/0.85) times the minimum required thickness, Examination Group 3 may be

assigned. When the available thickness is less than 1.18 times the minimum required thickness,

the Examination Group shall be assigned per Table 7.1.

7.4.3 Extent of Nondestructive Examination

7.4.3.1 The extent of examination given in Table 7.2 is a percentage of the total length of the welded

joints under consideration.

7.4.3.2 The examination requirements in Table 7.2 pertain to all butt welded joints.

7.4.3.3 The following welding processes shall be examined over their entire length per the requirements

of Table 7.2 and if a radiographic examination was performed, the following welds shall also be ultrasonically

examined per paragraph 7.5.4 or 7.5.5:

a) Welds made by the electron beam welding process, and

b) Welds made by the continuous drive friction welding process.

7.4.3.4 The following welding processes shall be radiographically examined per paragraph 7.5.3 and

ultrasonically examined per paragraph 7.5.4 or 7.5.5 over their entire length per the requirements of Table 7.2.

The ultrasonic examinations shall be done following the grain refining (austenitizing) heat treatment or PWHT:

a) Welds made by the electroslag welding process, and

b) Welds made by the electrogas welding process with any single pass thickness greater than 38 mm (1-

1/2 in.) in ferritic materials.

7.4.3.5 If the required extent of examination is less than 100%, the extent and location of nondestructive

examination shall be determined by the criteria shown below.

a) For shells, formed heads, communicating chambers and jackets the following requirements apply.

1) Nondestructive examination shall be performed at all intersections of longitudinal and

circumferential butt joints. A minimum length of 150 mm (6 in) of the longitudinal seam(s) at these

intersections shall be examined. Where the inclusion of all intersections exceeds the percentage in

Table 7.2 then this higher value shall apply.

2) If additional examination is required to obtain the percentages required in Table 7.2, additional

locations on the butt welded joint selected by the Inspector shall be subject to nondestructive

examination.

3) A sufficient number of examinations shall be taken to examine the welding of each welder or

welding operator. Under conditions where two or more welders or welding operators make weld

2010 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

7-6

layers in a joint, or on the two sides of a double-welded butt joint, one spot may represent the work

of all welders or welding operators who performed welding at the location of the spot.

4) When openings are placed within main welds (longitudinal or circumferential) or within a distance of

13 mm (1/2 in) from the main welds, then the main weld shall be examined for a length of not less

than the diameter of the opening on each side of the edge of the openings. These welds shall be

included as an addition to the percentage in Table 7.2.

b) Nozzles And Branches Attached To The Vessels – To determine the extent of nondestructive

examination, the completed circumferential and longitudinal butt joints of at least one nozzle or branch in

each group or partial group shall be examined as shown below.

1) If the extent of examination is 100%, each individual nozzle and branch shall be examined.

2) If the extent of examination is 25%, then one complete nozzle or branch for each group of 4 shall be

examined.

3) If the extent of examination is 10%, then one complete nozzle or branch for each group of 10 shall

be examined.

c) If the inclusion of the number of complete circumferential and longitudinal butt welds or nozzles exceeds

the percentage in Table 7.2, then the higher value shall apply.

7.4.4 Selection of Examination Method for Internal (Volumetric) Flaws

The selection of the examination method for internal flaws (radiographic or ultrasonic) shall be in accordance

with Table 7.3. The basis of the selection is the most suitable method to the relevant application in relation to

the material type and thickness, or as specified by the owner/user.

NOTE: Considerations such as joint geometry or sensitivity of the material to cracking in the welding

process may have an overriding influence, indicating that a method different from that in Table 7.3 should be

used. In exceptional cases or where the design or load bearing properties of the joint are critical (particularly

for partial penetration joints), it may be necessary to employ both methods from Table 7.3 on the same joint or

weld.

7.4.5 Selection of Examination Method for Surface Flaws

For nonmagnetic or partially-magnetic materials, or magnetic materials welded with non-magnetic or partially-

magnetic filler metals, Liquid Penetrant Examination in accordance with paragraph 7.5.7 shall be used. For

magnetic steels, Magnetic Particle Examination or Liquid Penetrant Examination, in accordance with

paragraphs 7.5.6 and 7.5.7 respectively, shall be used as applicable.

7.4.6 Surface Condition and Preparation

The examination surface shall be prepared as necessary so that no surface irregularities or foreign matter

interfere with the performance or interpretation of the applicable NDE method.

7.4.7 Supplemental Examination for Cyclic Service

Category A and B welds in vessels for which fatigue analysis is mandatory per paragraph 5.5.2 shall be

subject to 100% examination in accordance with the methods specified in Table 7.3. Category C, D, and E

welds shall be examined by the magnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods in accordance with paragraphs

7.5.6 and 7.5.7, respectively.

7.4.8 Examination and Inspection of Vessels with Protective Linings and Cladding

7.4.8.1 Examination of Chromium Alloy Cladding or Lining

The joints between chromium alloy cladding layers or liner sheets shall be examined for cracks as follows

a) Joints welded with straight chromium alloy filler metal shall be examined throughout their full length.

Chromium alloy welds in continuous contact with the welds in the base metal shall be examined by the

radiographic or ultrasonic methods. Liner welds that are attached to the base metal, but merely cross

the seams in the base metal, may be examined by any method that will disclose surface cracks.

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