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546 Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders

Montgomery, AL, to Jackson, MS

(Trailways), June 2, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

BUTLER, CHARLES B M 18 Charleston, SC Student, Tennessee State Univ.

See May 17–21 Ride.

CHATHAM, PRICE W M 29 Rockaway, NY Story analyst, 20th Century Fox

and Paramount Pictures

See chapter 9. Born in a sulphur-mining community in Texas. Attended Tulane Univ.,

where he was beaten by police during a racially integrated Henry Wallace campaign rally

in 1948. A radical activist affiliated with the Committee for the Abolition of the House Un-

American Activities Committee.

MCDONALD, JOSEPH W M 20 Oceanside, NY Unemployed

OHN MICHAEL

Currently lives in Oceanside, NY.

REAGON, MERYLE JOY B F 19 Nashville, TN Student, Tennessee State Univ.

Sister of SNCC activist and Freedom Rider Cordell Reagon. Married Freedom Rider Fred

Leonard. Currently lives in Nashville.

SHILMAN, KENNETH W M 18 Oceanside, NY Unemployed

ARTIN

Born on August 16, 1942, in New York City. Hospital workers union organizer in Brooklyn

(1962). Active member of the Socialist Workers Party. Attacked outside SWP’s New York

headquarters in 1973. Died on September 7, 1989, at the age of 47.

SMITH, RUBY DORIS B F 19 Atlanta, GA Student, Spelman College

See May 17–21 Ride.

Montgomery, AL, to Jackson, MS

(Trailways), June 2, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

FERTIG, RALPH

W M 31 Chicago, Il Social worker

Graduate of Univ. of Chicago (B.A., 1950), Columbia Univ. (M.A., 1952), and UCLA (J.D.,

1979). Ran a settlement house in Washington, DC, before the Freedom Rides. Served as a

federal administrative judge and taught law part-time at UCLA, USC, Georgetown, and the

Universities of Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. Currently

president of the Humanitarian Law Project and a board member of Americans for Peace

Now and the Progressive Jewish Alliance. Author of Love and Liberation: When the Jews

Tore Down the Ghetto Walls (2001).

GLEASON, RICHARD W M 24 Chicago, IL Minister, Bible Witness Mission

EROY

See chapter 8.

HARRIS, JESSE J. B M 24 Atlanta, GA Student, Howard Univ.

Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders 547

REAGON, CORDELL B M 18 Nashville, TN Student, Tennessee State Univ.

ULL

See Chapter 11 and epilogue. Brother of Freedom Rider Meryle Joy Reagon. SNCC activist

in Albany and southwestern Georgia, 1961-63. Helped organize the Albany Freedom

Singers. Married Freedom Singer Bernice Johnson in 1963. The marriage produced two

children, Kwan and Toshi, but ended in divorce in 1967. Murdered at his Berkeley, CA,

apartment in 1996, at the age of 53.

REED, CAROLYN B F 21 Nashville, TN Nurse’s aide, Meharry Hospital

VONNE

SINGER, FELIX W M 32 Chicago, IL Writer

ACQUES

Author of These Seventeen: Sixteen Stories and One Essay (1959).

WORD, LESLIE B M 28 Corinth, MS Laborer, odd jobs

WYCKOFF, ELIZABETH W F 45 New York, NY Freelance writer; former

ORTER professor of Greek

See chapter 9. Born on June 16, 1915. Her mother was a prominent women’s magazine

editor, and her father was dean of the NYU Medical School. Graduate of Bryn Mawr

College (B.A.,1936; Ph.D., 1941) and Cambridge University (B.A., 1938). Taught Greek

and classics at Bryn Mawr (1939–1941), Vassar (1942–1943), Wells (1943–1950), and Mt.

Holyoke (1950–1959). Published translations of works by Sophocles and Euripides in the

1950s. Involved in 1962 Albany campaign. Lived in New York for many years and entered

a Bronx nursing home in the 1980s. Died there on July 29, 1994, at the age of 79.

New Orleans, LA, to Jackson, MS

(Trailways), June 6, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

ASHFORD, JOHNNY B M 22 Chicago, IL Student, Marion College

RANK (Chicago)

BASSFORD, ABRAHAM W M 24 Brooklyn, NY Student, Wagner Lutheran

IV College (Staten Island, NY);

pipefitter’s apprentice

Born in NY City on October 16, 1936. Named for an ancestral Civil War Union General.

Pacifist and social activist. Member of CORE and Young People’s Socialist League in 1961.

Graduate of Wagner Lutheran College (B.A., 1965). Attended NY Theological Seminary

(1966–1967). Anti-war protestor affiliated with Student Peace Union (1963–1968). Nat.

secretary of Socialist Party (1973–1975). Attended Garrett Theological Sem. (1977–1981)

in Evanston, IL. Varied career as psychiatric social worker, custodian, letter carrier, and

advocate for the homeless. Currently lives in Chicago, IL.

MCDONOUGH, W M 22 Huntington, NY Student, Univ. of Toronto

AMES THOMAS (Toronto, Ontario)

SULLIVAN, TERRY W M 23 Chicago, IL Editor of Awareness (monthly

OHN paper)

See chapter 8. Active in the Catholic workers’ movement.

THOMPSON, SHIRLEY B F 18 New Orleans, LA Student, Carver High School

See chapter 7. Born in Louisiana in April 1942. Sister of Alice and Jean Thompson. Died in

Baton Rouge, LA, in January 1999, at the age of 56.

548 Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders

WAHLSTROM, JAMES W M 22 Madison, WI Psychology student, Univ. of

OBERT Wisconsin, Madison

See chapters 8 and 9. Involved in the Fair Play for Cuba movement, 1960–1961. Worked

in the primate lab at the Univ. of Wisconsin.

WEBER, ERNEST W M 52 Orange, NJ Photographer (self-employed)

NEWELL

Born on April 23, 1909. Died in Greensboro, NC, on April 15, 2003, at the age of 83.

Nashville, TN, via Memphis, TN, to Jackson, MS

(Trailways), June 7, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

GAGER, JOHN W W M 23 New Haven, CT Student, Yale Divinity School

OODRICH, JR.

Graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy, Yale Univ. (B.A.,1959; M.Div., 1962), and Harvard

Univ. (Ph.D). Has taught at Princeton Univ. since 1968; currently the William H. Danforth

Professor of Religion. Author of Moses in Greco-Roman Paganism (1972), The Origins of

Anti-Semitism (1983), and Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World (1992).

Avid mountain climber and outdoorsman.

GREEN, REGINALD B M 21 Washington, DC Student, Virginia Union Univ.

ALCOM (Richmond, VA)

Born in Washington, DC, on June 17, 1939. Earned B.A. and M.Div. degrees at Virginia

Union. One of the first students arrested in the 1960 Richmond sit-ins. Pastor of Springfield

Baptist Church in Henrico County, VA, 1964–1966; pastor of Walker Memorial Baptist

Church in Washington since 1966. Served as housing administrator for the DC Dept. of

Housing and Community Development for twenty-seven years. Awarded Winston Churchill

travel fellowship in 1980 to study Britain’s affordable housing policies. Currently board

secretary of the African American Freedom Fund Foundation, which established a

memorial to black Civil War veterans.

KALE, EDWARD W. W M 24 Grangeville, ID Student, Yale Divinity School

See chapter 10. Participated in Monroe, NC, Freedom Ride. Born in Idaho in 1937.

Attended Univ. of Idaho. Graduate of Univ. of Denver (1959) and Yale Divinity School.

Active in the Methodist student movement. Ordained minister and college chaplain.

Retired from campus ministry. Owns a kayak company in Duluth, MN.

RANDOLPH, B M 21 New Haven, CT Student, Virginia Union Univ.

AYMOND B., JR.

Arrested at a sit-in demonstration in Richmond, VA, in February 1960. His case went to the

Supreme Court of Appeals, and the conviction was upheld. Chief Justice John W. Eggleston

claimed that a proprietor of a business had the right to refuse service to anyone for

personal reasons.

SILVER, CAROL RUTH W F 22 New York, NY Secretary and clerk, United

Nations

Born and raised in Massachusetts. After graduating from the Univ. of Chicago and law

school, Silver worked with the California Office of Opportunity’s legal aid programs,

assisted the organizing efforts of Cesar Chavez’s United Farmworkers, and later dedicated

her legal services to the rights of jail inmates, Native Americans, women, and gays. Served

three terms as a San Francisco supervisor (1978–1989). President of the board of governors

regulating the Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District (1988–1989). Ran

unsuccessfuly for Congress in 1996 and organized 40th Freedom Rider reunion in 2001.

See chapter 9 and epilogue.

Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders 549

SIMMS, OBADIAH LEE B M 21 Pittsburgh, PA Student, Virginia Union Univ.

Born in Richmond, VA, on December 12, 1939. Oldest of 8 children, son of a Baptist

minister. Graduate of Va. Union Univ. (B.A., sociology) and Univ. of Chicago (M.S.W.).

Organized community action groups to combat steel-mill pollution in Gary, IN, during the

1970s. Social worker with Manchester House and later with Saul Alinsky’s Institute of

Human Change in Chicago. Ran recycling business in NY City in 1990s. Avid sports

fisherman. Died in July 1999, at the age of 59.

Jackson, MS

(Greyhound terminal), June 7, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

AUDAIN, MICHAEL W M 23 Vancouver, B.C. Political science student, Univ. of

AMES British Columbia (Vancouver, BC)

See chapter 7. Returned to Vancouver following the Freedom Rides and worked as a social

worker for twenty years. Also taught at the Univ. of British Columbia’s School of

Community and Regional Planning. Later career as developer, home builder, and chairman

of Polygon Homes, Ltd., in Vancouver, BC. Art patron and president of the Vancouver Art

Gallery. Recipient of the 2004 Edmund C. Bovey Award for Leadership Support of the Arts.

St. Louis, MO, to Jackson, MS

(airport), June 7, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

JENKINS, B F 21 St. Louis, MO Receptionist for attorney James

WENDOLYN C. Bell

JENKINS, ROBERT L. B M 27 St. Louis, MO Student, St. Louis Univ.

WASHINGTON, B M 24 Webster Grove, MO Pathology attendant, St. Louis

ALPH EDWARD County Hospital

Montgomery, AL, to Jackson, MS

(airport), June 8, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

LANE, MARK W M 34 New York, NY New York state legislator

High-profile attorney who volunteered to defend Lee Harvey Oswald after John F.

Kennedy’s assassination. Later wrote several books and screenplays about Kennedy’s

assassination, Oswald’s innocence, and the CIA’s complicity in the murder. After Martin

Luther King’s assassination, Lane defended James Earl Ray and later wrote the book Murder

in Memphis.

SUTTON, PERCY B M 40 Springfield Attorney; New York NAACP

Gardens, NY branch president

Long career as New York City politician and NAACP leader. Manhattan borough president

and leader of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Democratic Club. Chairman of Inner City

Broadcasting. Produced the television program Showtime at the Apollo for fifteen years.

550 Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders

New Orleans, LA, to Jackson, MS

(Illinois Central RR), June 8, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

BRITT, TRAVIS O. B M 27 Brooklyn, NY Cafeteria worker; NAG activist

(Washington, DC)

See chapter 11. Active in McComb voter registration movement, fall 1961. Married

Freedom Rider Gwendolyn Greene. In 1976 he and his two sons walked from his home in

Riverdale, MD, to Plains, GA, in support of Jimmy Carter’s presidential campaign; later

given White House tour by President Carter. In 2001 he was president of Potpourri

Productions, a Mt. Rainer, MD, video and media services company. Graduated from Bowie

State Univ. in 2003 with a degree in political science.

CARMICHAEL, STOKELY B M 19 Bronx, NY Student, Howard Univ.

See Carmichael, Ready for Revolution. Became SNCC chairman in 1966 and honorary

prime minister of Black Panther Party in 1967. Moved to Guinea in West Africa in 1969,

changed his name to Kwame Ture in honor of African leaders Kwame Nkruma and Sekou

Toure, and later traveled the globe as a proponent of the All African Peoples Revolutionary

Party. Died in Conakry, Guinea, on November 15, 1998, at the age of 57.

GREENE, B F 19 Washington, DC Student, Howard Univ.

WENDOLYN T.

Born on November 19, 1941. NAG activist. Married Freedom Rider Travis Britt. Elected to

the Maryland state senate in 2002 as a representative of Prince George’s County.

Graduated from Bowie State Univ. in 2004 with a degree in political science.

PERLMAN, TERI SUSAN W F 19 Bronx, NY Student, CCNY

ROSETT, JANE ELLEN W F 18 Washington, DC Prospective student, Reed

College (Portland, OR)

Founding member of the People With AIDS Coalition. A prominent AIDS activist, she has

both curated and contributed her photography to art exhibits encouraging AIDS awareness.

TRIGGS, JAN LEIGHTON B M 19 New Rochelle, NY Student, Howard Univ.

NAG activist.

TRUMPAUER, JOAN W F 19 Washington, DC Secretary for Rep. Claire Engle of

ARRIS California

Born in Washington, DC, on September 14, 1941. Raised in Arlington, VA. Daughter of a

Washington bureaucrat (Depts. of Labor and State). Mother’s family from rural Georgia,

near Macon. Attended Duke University. NAG activist who left her conservative husband

because he opposed desegregation. Tougaloo College student (1961–1964). Freedom

Summer organizer, 1964. Later worked at the Smithsonian, with the Community Relations

Service, and at the Depts. of Commerce and Justice. Currently teaches English as a second

language at an elementary school in Arlington. Married name: Joan Mulholland.

WESBY, ROBERT B M 33 Aurora, IL Baptist minister

Worked with Jesse Jackson as one of the leaders of Operation PUSH in he Chicago area

during the 1970s and 1980s. Died on July 22, 1988, at the age of 61. Found beaten to

death near the altar of the Progressive Baptist Church, which he had founded in Aurora, IL,

in 1963.

WILSON, HELENE W F 26 Washington, DC Housewife

OROTHY

Born on March 24, 1935. NAG and Washington CORE activist. After her release on bail,

she helped organize a major Freedom Rider fund-raising rally in Washington featuring

novelist James Baldwin.

Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders 551

Nashville, TN, to Jackson, MS

(Illinois Central RR), June 9, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

BEAMER, MARGARET W F 19 Dayton, OH Student, Central State College

INONAH

Born in Cleveland, OH. Only Freedom Rider to serve full six-month sentence in Mississippi

jails. Released from Parchman on Christmas Day 1961. Married Freedom Rider Charles

David Myers in April 1962. Graduated from Central State in 1966. Worked for seventeen

years (1978–1995) with the Montgomery, OH, Board of Mental Rehabilitation as a teacher

of profoundly retarded adults. Currently lives in Ellenton, FL.

BROMBERG, W M 27 Chestnut Hill, MA Student, Columbia Univ. (New

DWARD J. York, NY)

See chapter 10. Born in Massachusetts on August 31, 1933. Participated in Monroe, NC,

Freedom Ride. Died in New York City on October 10, 2001, at the age of 68.

BRYANT, PATRICIA B F 20 Elmira, NY Student, Central State College

ELAINE

GREENBLATT, DEL W F 21 Brooklyn, NY Student, Cornell Univ.

Studied medieval history at Cornell. Served on the Board of Elections in Sunnyside, Queens

(NY), in the mid-1960s.

RUSH, HEATH CLIFF W M 20 Concord, NH Student, Central State College

See chapter 10. Participated in Monroe, NC, Freedom Ride.

Nashville, TN, to Jackson, MS

(Greyhound), June 10, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

BERMAN, LEORA W F 18 Chicago, IL Student

Born in Chicago in January 1943.

GREEN, STEPHEN JOHN W M 21 Rye, NY Student, Middlebury College

(Middlebury, VT)

See chapter 9 and epilogue. Born in Muncie, IN, in May 1940. Worked as a journalist with

the Christian Science Monitor. Later worked with UNICEF. Employed by United Nations

World Food Program for eleven years organizing emergency operations in war zones.

GRISWOLD, RICHARD P. W M 34 Brooklyn, NY Social worker

See chapter 10. Born in Summerhill, NY, in August 1926. Participated in Monroe, NC,

Freedom Ride.

HORNE, LEON DANIEL B M 24 Chicago, IL Waiter and student, William

Junior College (Chicago, IL).

Born in Tougaloo, MS, in June 1936. See chapter 8.

PLEUNE, KATHERINE A. W F 21 Chicago, IL Mimeograph operator

See chapter 8. Born in Newark, NJ, in February 1940. Sister of Freedom Rider Joan Pleune.

Involved with Fair Play for Cuba movement, 1960–1961.

552 Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders

WOODS, LOWELL B M 34 Chicago, IL Police reporter for Crusader

A., J

R. News

Born in Chicago in August 1926. Died on June 11, 1998, at the age of 71.

Nashville, TN, to Jackson, MS (Greyhound), June 11, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

AELONY, ZEV W M 23 St. Paul, MN CORE activist (Palo Alto, CA)

See chapter 8 and epilogue. CORE voting rights activist in Florida and Georgia (1962–

1963). He and his wife currently own a company that represents computer manufacturing

firms.

BAUM, ROBERT M. W M 19 Excelsior, MN Student, Univ. of Minnesota

(Minneapolis, MN)

See chapter 8. Long career as a bus driver at the Univ. of Minnesota.

DAVIDOV, MARVIN W M 29 Minneapolis, MN Art dealer

LLEN

See chapter 8. Currently lives in Minneapolis, where he remains a leading anti-war and

human rights activist.

MORTON, DAVID KERR W M 21 Jackson, WY Folk singer; freelance writer

See chapters 8 and 10. Born in Minnesota. Participant in the Monroe, NC, Freedom Ride.

O’CONNOR, CLAIRE W F 22 St. Paul, MN Nurse and student, Univ. of

Minnesota

See chapter 8 and epilogue. Currently the executive director of a teen health clinic in

Minneapolis.

THOMPSON, DANIEL W M 26 Cleveland, OH Student

See chapter 10. Born in Indiana on April 21, 1935. Participated in Monroe, NC, Freedom

Ride. A human rights advocate particularly supportive of Cleveland’s homeless community.

Performed his poetry for more than forty years, compiled two books of poetry, Famous in

the Neighborhood and Even the Broken Letters of the Heart Spell Earth, and donated his

poems to publications dedicated to helping the homeless. Named Cuyahoga County’s poet

laureate in 1992. Died of leukemia on May 6, 2004, at the age of 64.

UPHOFF, EUGENE JOHN W M 19 Minneapolis, MN Student, Univ. of Minnesota

See chapter 8. One of four students chosen by the National Student Association to go on a

sponsored tour of Africa and the Middle East in 1964. Became a prominent socially

conscious physician and leading proponent of Oregon’s “Death with Dignity” Act.

Interfaith Freedom Ride: Washington, DC,

to Tallahassee, FL, June 13–16, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

ALSTORK, C. B M 41 Saratoga, NY Minister, Dyer Phelps AME Zion

ONALD Church (Saratoga, NY)

Born in Mobile, AL. Graduate of CCNY and Hood Seminary at Livingstone College (Salisbury,

NC). NAACP activist and Little Rock NAACP branch board chairman (1956–1958).

Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders 553

BROWN, ROBERT W M 41 New York, NY Minister; theologian

CAFEE

Distinguished career as theologian and human rights activist. Protested the Vietnam War

and went on hunger strikes to protest U.S. weapons policies. Author of over twenty-five

books, including a biography of Holocaust survivor Elie Weisel. See his autobiography

Reflections over the Long Haul: A Memoir. Died on September 4, 2001, at the age of 81.

COLLIER, JOHN W. P. B M 46 Newark, NJ Minister, Israel Memorial AME

Church (Newark, NJ)

Born in Plainfield, NJ, on October 3, 1914. Graduate of Wilberforce Univ. (B.A., 1936,

B.D., 1938). Later attended Drew Univ. AME pastor in Buffalo, NY (1948–1950), and

Newark, NJ (1950–1964). Temporarily traded pulpits with fellow Freedom Rider Israel

Dresner in late 1961. In the 1960s he was president of the Newark Coordinating Council, a

civil rights organization advocating equal employment rights. Involved in the Albany

campaign in 1962. Secretary of missions for the AME Church (1969–1984). Staff member

for AME Bishop Frank Cummings (1984–1989 in Philadelphia, 1995–2000 in Jacksonville,

FL). Currently lives in Atlanta, where he and his second wife, Jacquelyn Grant, co-edit the

AME Voice of Missions, and where he still delivers guest sermons at age 90.

DRESNER, ISRAEL (SI) W M 31 Springfield, NJ Rabbi, Temple Sharey Shalom

(Springfield, NJ)

Born in Brooklyn. Son of a delicatessen owner. Graduate of the Univ. of Chicago (1950)

and Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Theology. Long career as a reform Jewish

rabbi and human rights advocate in northern New Jersey. Continued civil rights activism

throughout 1960s and participated in Albany (1962), St. Augustine (1964), and 1965

Selma-to-Montgomery march. Retired in 1996. Currently lives in Wayne, NJ.

EVANS, MALCOLM W M 36 Brooklyn, NY Minister, Church of the

Crossroads (Brooklyn, NY)

Prominent social gospel advocate in New York. Associate pastor of the multilingual

Presbyterian Church of the Crossroads (1959). A leading anti-poverty crusader in Brooklyn

and greater New York for more than four decades. President of the Council for a Better East

New York (1990).

FREEDMAN, MARTIN W M 34 Paterson, NJ Rabbi

Friend and associate of Bayard Rustin. Longtime rabbi of Barnert Temple in Franklin Lakes,

NJ, New Jersey’s oldest reform synagogue (founded 1847). Currently a rabbi emeritus living

in Wayne, NJ.

HARDGE, ARTHUR L. B M 34 New Britain, CT AME Zion minister

Born in Indianapolis, IN, on April 8, 1927. Son of the Rev. Elias Hardge. Became pastor of

Hood Memorial AME Zion Church in Rhode Island in 1968. First chairman of Rhode Island

CORE. Executive secretary of Rhode Island Commission Against Discrimination (1965–1968).

The first African American appointed to a cabinet position in Rhode Island (1968): director of

Dept. of Community Affairs. Died of heart disease in October 1983, at the age of 56.

HARTMIRE, WAYNE W M 29 New York, NY Minister to youth, East Harlem

“C

HRIS” CLYDE, JR. Protestant Parish

Directed the California Migrant Ministry for several years before becoming an assistant to

United Farm Workers leader Cesar Chavez. Consultant for the National Farm Workers

Ministry. Currently part-time executive director of Clean and Sober, an organization

designed to help the homeless.

LEAKE, GEORGE B M 31 Buffalo, NY Minister

Active in the civil rights struggle in Charlotte, NC, in the mid-1960s.

554 Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders

LEVINE, ALLAN W M 28 Bradford, PA Rabbi

A native of Montreal, Quebec. Emigrated to the U.S. in 1953. At Jim Farmer’s request, he

participated in July 1961 Freedom Ride from San Francisco Bay area to Jackson, MS. COFO

volunteer during 1964 Freedom Summer. In 1970 he moved to Israel, where he currently

resides in the city of Rehovot. Attended 2001 Freedom Rider reunion in Jackson, MS.

MCKINNEY, PETTY B M 40 Springfield, MA Minister, Eliza Ann Gardner

AME Zion Church (Springfield,

MA)

Graduate of Livingstone College (Salisbury, NC) and NYU (1942). World War II veteran

(Marine Corps, 1943–1945). NAACP activist. Picketed segregated Woolworth’s stores in

Springfield (1961). Currently lives in Silver Spring, MD.

PLAUT, WALTER W M 41 Great Neck, NY Rabbi

Fled Nazi Germany with his brother Jonas in 1937. Ordained in 1947, he served as a rabbi

in Fargo, ND, Cedar Rapids, IA, and Great Neck, NY, before participating in the Freedom

Rides. Died in 1964, at the age of 44.

PROCTOR, HENRY B M 53 Syracuse, NY Minister

Born on November 24, 1907. Died in Arkansas in April 1965, at the age of 57.

ROY, RALPH LORD W M 32 New York, NY Minister, Grace Methodist

Church (New York City);

writer

Friend and associate of George Houser. CORE activist in late 1940s. Graduate of

Swarthmore College (1950). Long career as United Methodist minister, civil rights activist,

and freelance writer. Author of Communism and the Churches (1960). Preached in Albany,

GA, in 1962 at Martin Luther King’s request. Currently lives in Southington, CT.

SMITH, PERRY A. III B M 27 Washington, DC Minister, First Baptist Church

of North Brentwood

(MD)

Graduate of Howard Univ. Longtime minister and civil rights activist in suburban Prince

George’s County, MD. Began ministry at North Brentwood in 1958. Unsuccessful

candidate for County Council (1970) and Congress (1982). Ran as a Republican.

STONE, ROBERT J. W M 41 New York, NY Minister

Born August 10, 1919. Associate director of the Presbyterian Commission on Religion and

Race in the 1960s. Arrested for protesting nuclear weapons and later arrested again

protesting cruise missles. Member of the board of the Presbyterian Peace Fellowship that

worked to ban land mines and to close down the military School of the Americas. Worked

to bring refugees to the U.S. during the war in El Salvador. Died on January 1, 1999, in

Pasadena, CA, at the age of 79.

WARNER, A. W M 41 New York, NY Minister

CRAVEN (MACK)

Executive secretary of the Manhattan Division of the Protestant Council of New York City

in 1962. Faced anti-Communist protests in March 1962 when he tried to speak at a CORE

rally in Scarsdale, NY.

WHITE, EDWARD W M 29 New York, NY Minister

Appendix: Roster of Freedom Riders 555

Washington, DC, to St. Petersburg, FL,

June 13–16, 1961

Name Race Sex Age Residence Occupation or Status

BOBROW, JERALD W M 32 Port Washington, NY Rabbi

Born January 10, 1929. Veteran of 1948 Israeli-Arab War. Lived on an Israeli kibbutz for

several years in the 1950s. Died in March 1986, at the age of 57.

CALLENDER, HERBERT B M 27 Bronx, NY Union official, UAW

Became head of the Bronx CORE chapter, initiating job discrimination protests against the

White Castle restaurant chain and threatening to disrupt the 1964 World’s Fair with a stall-

in. Arrested and committed to a psychiatric ward after trying to make a citizen’s arrest of

Mayor Robert F. Wagner for funding projects that allowed racial discrimination. Changed

name to Makaza Kumanyika. Graduated from Cornell in 1977 and continued his activism

heading groups such as the Federation of Southern Cooperatives, East Orange’s Clean and

Green Center, and Urban Center for Public/Private Parnerships. Died of cancer in East

Orange, NJ, on September 22, 1993, at the age of 60.

DIAMOND, RALPH B M 36 South Ozone, NY Union official, UAW

Born July 9, 1924. Vice president and international trustee of United Auto Workers Local

259 from 1958 until his retirement in 1995. Died in Far Rockaway, NY, on December 4,

1996, at the age of 72.

LEBOWITZ, JOYCE W F 26 New York, NY Editor, Harvard University Press

MASSAQUOI, SHEREE B F 27 Brooklyn, NY Sculptor

MORTON, EDWARD B M 32 Albany, NY Minister

Former professional middleweight boxer (1947–1948) and judo trainer.

NEGEN, GORDON W M 29 New York, NY Pastor, First Christian Reformed

Church (New York City)

Born in Wisconsin. Graduate of Calvin College (B.A., 1954), Calvin Seminary (B.A., 1957;

M.Div., 1965), and Union Theological Seminary (M.Div., 1963). Pastor of Manhattan

Christian Reform Church in Harlem (1959–1968). Helped to establish programs for drug

rehabilitation and halfway houses in Harlem (1964). Worked on low-income housing

issues in Denver (1968–1974). Headed Evangelical Concern, an organization designed to

help churches focus on social issues (late 1970s). Currently lives in the Granville, MI, area,

where he is pastor of the Granville-Jensen Congregational Church.

O’CONNOR, JAMES W M 31 New York, NY Economics Instructor, Barnard

College (New York City)

Born on April 20, 1930. Graduate of Columbia Univ. (B.S., 1956, Ph.D., 1964). Taught

economics at Barnard (1958–1962), Washington Univ. (1964–1966), San Jose State Univ.

(1966–1976), and Univ. of California, Santa Cruz (1976–1993). Author of Fiscal Crisis of

the State (1973) and Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism (1997). Ed. of journal

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism (1988–2004). Currently lives in Santa Cruz, CA.

RANDALL, FRANCIS B. W M 29 New York, NY History instructor, Columbia

Univ.

Graduate of Amherst College (Amherst, MA) (B.A.), and Columbia Univ. (M.A., Ph.D.).

Specialist in Russian intellectual history. Taught at Sarah Lawrence College from the mid-1960s

until his retirement in 2000. Currently lives in New York City. Husband of Laura Randall.

RANDALL, LAURA W F 25 New York, NY Graduate student in economics,

Columbia Univ.

Graduate of Barnard College (B.A.), Univ. of Massachusetts (M.A.), and Columbia Univ.

(Ph.D., 1962). An economist for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Lectured at Baruch