Arsenault Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice

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Freedom Riders:

1961 and the Struggle for

Racial Justice

RAYMOND ARSENAULT

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

FREEDOM RIDERS

ALSO BY RAYMOND ARSENAULT

The Wild Ass of the Ozarks:

Jeff Davis and the Social Bases of Southern Politics

St. Petersburg and the Florida Dream, 1888–1950

Crucible of Liberty: 200 Years of the Bill of Rights (Editor)

The Changing South of Gene Patterson: Journalism and

Civil Rights, 1960–1968 (Coeditor with Roy Peter Clark)

Paradise Lost? The Environmental History of Florida

(Coeditor with Jack E. Davis)

PIVOTAL MOMENTS

IN AMERICAN HISTORY

Series Editors

David Hackett Fischer

James M. McPherson

James T. Patterson

Brown v. Board of Education:

A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

Maury Klein

Rainbow’s End: The Crash of 1929

James McPherson

Crossroads of Freedom: The Battle of Antietam

Glenn C. Altschuler

All Shook Up: How Rock ’n’ Roll Changed America

David Hackett Fischer

Washington’s Crossing

John Ferling

Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800

Joel H. Silbey

Storm over Texas:

The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War

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FREEDOM RIDERS

1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice

RAYMOND ARSENAULT

2006

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Arsenault, Raymond.

Freedom riders : 1961 and the struggle for racial justice / Raymond Arsenault.

p. cm. — (Pivotal moments in American history)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-19-513674-6

ISBN-10: 0-19-513674-8

1. African American civil rights workers—History—20th century.

2. Civil rights workers—United States—History—20th century.

3. African Americans—Segregation—Southern States—History—20th century.

4. Segregation in transportation—Southern States—History—20th century.

5. African Americans—Civil rights—Southern States—History—20th century.

6. Civil rights movements—Southern States—History—20th century.

7. Southern States—Race relations—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series.

E185.61.A69 2006 323'.0975’09046—dc22 2005018108

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America

on acid-free paper

For

John Hope Franklin—the Freedom Writer

Parts of this book previously appeared in a different form and are repub-

lished with permission: “‘You Don’t Have to Ride Jim Crow’: CORE and

the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation,” in Before Brown: Civil Rights and White

Backlash in the Modern South, ed. Glenn Feldman, 21–67 (Tuscaloosa: Uni-

versity of Alabama Press, 2004); “You Don’t Have to Ride Jim Crow,” Stetson

Law Review 34 (Winter 2005): 343–411; “One Brick at a Time: The Mont-

gomery Bus Boycott, Nonviolent Direct Action, and the Development of a

National Civil Rights Movement,” in Sunbelt Revolution: The Historical Pro-

gression of the Civil Rights Struggle in the Gulf South, 1866–2000, ed. Samuel

C. Hyde Jr., 153–189 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003); and

“Taking the Road to Freedom,” Forum 28 (Spring 2004): 30–35.

List of Maps x

Editors’ Note xi

Introduction 1

1 You Don’t Have to Ride Jim Crow 11

2 Beside the Weary Road 56

3 Hallelujah! I’m a-Travelin’ 93

4 Alabama Bound 140

5 Get on Board, Little Children 177

6 If You Miss Me from the Back of the Bus 209

7 Freedom’s Coming and It Won’t Be Long 259

8 Make Me a Captive, Lord 304

9 Ain’t Gonna Let No Jail House Turn Me ’Round 343

10 Woke Up This Morning with My Mind on Freedom 382

11 Oh, Freedom 424

Contents