Arsenault Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice
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Films, Documentaries, Sound Recordings, and Television Videos
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York: PBS, 2000. Copy available at Nashville Public Library.
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brary, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
To Kill a Mockingbird. University City, CA: MCA Videocassette, 1981.
We Shall Overcome: Songs of the Freedom Riders and the Sit-ins. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Folkways
Records, 1991.
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You Don’t Have to Ride JIM CROW! Durham, NH: New Hampshire Public Television, 1995.
Websites
Civil Rights Movement Veterans. www.crmvet.org
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). http://www.core-online.org
Footsoldiers: The Fight for Civil Rights. http://www.footsoldiers.org
Freedom Rides in Australia 1965. http://freedomride.net
The Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride. http://www.iwfr.org
Jewish Womens Archive. http://www.jwa.org
McCain Library, University of Southern Mississippi. Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive.
http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/crda
Nashville Public LibraryCivil Rights Room. http://www.library.nashville.org/Newsevents/
Civil%20Rights%20Room/civilrightsroom.htm
1961 Freedom Riders 40th Reunion. www.freedomridersfoundation.com
Social Security Death Index. http://ssdi.genealogy.rootsweb.com
Voices of Civil Rights: Ordinary People. Extraordinary Stories. www.voicesofcivilrights.org
You Dont Have to Ride Jim Crow. http://www/robinwashington.com/jimcrow/1_home.html
680 Index
Index
Aaron, Hank, 526
Aaron, Julia, 99, 253, 255, 261, 263,
286, 291, 298, 391, 421–23, 539
ABC, 436, 516
Abernathy, Ralph, 62–63, 63, 69, 72,
213, 225, 229, 231, 233–34, 237,
248, 250, 252–53, 253, 259, 271,
272, 275, 279, 284, 290, 298, 315,
340, 432, 434, 472–73, 489–90,
510, 543, 589, 629
Abolition, 6, 9, 10, 258, 336
Aborigines, 511
Acker, Herschel, 189
Ackerberg, Peter, 266, 284, 290, 427,
540
Adams, Kenneth, 138
Adams, Louis, 39, 533
Adler, Elizabeth, 427, 556
Aelony, Zev, 314, 427, 498, 552
Africa, 5, 23–24, 56, 64, 80, 394, 306,
337, 394, 403, 410, 431, 511, 607
Aiken County, SC, 131
Airports, 74, 173–76, 310–11, 316,
321–22, 324–25, 331, 368, 383,
392, 419, 482, 638
Alabama, 1–5, 7–9, 13, 20, 24, 51,
57–80, 86–87, 93, 96–97, 103–6,
124, 128–29, 132–76, 179–80, 182–
262, 265–72, 275–80, 283–307,
310–11, 13–315, 317, 320, 327,
330–32, 338–39, 341, 346, 351,
358, 368–69, 380–84, 403–4, 407–
8, 420–23, 425, 428–32, 435, 443,
445, 450, 458, 465, 467, 475, 483–
85, 488, 491–504, 507, 510, 512–
13, 515–18, 520–21, 523–24, 596,
600–607, 614–15, 617, 619, 622–
27, 638–39, 645–46, 648, 651–52
Alabama A & M, 492
Alabama Christian Movement for
Human Rights (ACMHR), 78, 140,
161, 167, 173, 493–94, 498, 625
Alabama Council on Human
Relations, 65
Alabama Press Association, 244
Alabama State College, 250, 384
Albany, GA, 301, 402, 449, 452–56,
462, 468–75, 487–91, 499, 508–10
Albany Herald, 473
Albany Movement, 301, 487–91,
468–74
Albany Singers, 469
Albany State College, 468–69, 487
Alexander, Peggy, 86
Alexandria, LA, 457, 645
Ali, Muhammad, 526
Allen, Ivan, Jr., 487
Allen, Louis, 443, 644
Allin, John, 433
Alstork, C. Donald, 317
American Baptist Theological
Seminary (ABT), 105, 185, 200,
214, 404, 503
American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), 23, 29, 100, 367, 517,
614, 632, 634
American Committee on Africa, 96
American Friends Service
Committee, 25–26, 62, 97, 104,
124, 135
American Jewish Congress, 74
American Nazi Party, 276–77
Ames, Billie, 57, 94
Amherst, VA, 51
Amite County, MS, 399–400, 402,
442
Amos, Ethel, 592
Anderson, Alex, 249, 261–62, 427,
539
Anderson, Elmer, 357–58
Anderson, Jervis, 28
Anderson, Norma, 471
Anderson, Reuben, 519
Anderson, William G., 471–73, 488
Andrews, Harold, 103, 261, 290, 539
Ann Arbor Direct Action Committee,
100
Anniston, AL, 97, 138, 140–49, 151,
158, 160, 162–66, 168, 179, 180,
192, 208, 246–49, 297, 304, 313,
338, 381, 420, 425, 445, 458, 465,
492, 495, 504, 515, 523, 614
anti-semitism, 53, 153
anti-war activism, 23, 25, 39, 96, 314,
419, 515–16, 642
appeals, Freedom Rider, 383, 385,
391, 403, 417, 422–25, 427, 432,
436–38, 478, 480, 642
Arbuckle, Howard B., 121
Ardmore, AL, 198–200
Arkansas, 4, 79, 110, 130, 154, 162,
165, 193, 378, 302, 377–78, 403,
457, 485, 500, 603, 629–30, 638
Armstrong, Thomas, 333, 428, 559
Arrant, Douglas, 193
Asheville, NC, 39, 48–49, 53
Ashford, Frank, 429, 547
Associated Press, 110, 382, 426
Athens, GA, 132
Atkins, James, 215, 622
Atlanta, GA, 34, 72, 80, 87, 89–90,
95–96, 103–4, 120, 128, 130–34,
136–37, 139–41, 148–49, 151–54,
174, 185–86, 195, 208, 222, 224,
231, 241, 249, 255, 260, 270, 307,
309, 331, 337, 341, 366, 369, 398,
405–6, 420, 433, 448–49, 454, 456–
57, 469, 473, 477, 487, 500, 503,
508–9, 516, 523, 612, 626, 634
Atlanta Committee on Appeal for
Human Rights, 103
Atlanta Constitution, 130, 337, 487,
612, 635
Atlanta Journal, 331
Atlanta University, 89, 133–34
Atomic bomb, 101
Atomic Energy Commission, 327
Audain, Michael, 310, 356–57, 549,
631
Augusta, GA, 129, 131, 135, 457, 487
Austin, TX, 29, 652
Autauga County, AL, 211
Avant, Edward, 53
Awareness, 309
Baer, Byron, 384, 573
Bailey v.Patterson, 478
Bailey, Pearl, 75
Bailey, Ronald, 283
Bailey, Samuel, 478
Bailey, Thomas, 20
Baker v. Carr, 487
Baker, Ella, 35, 74–76, 80, 86–87, 97,
115, 224, 250, 397, 406, 448, 473,
494, 522, 596, 629
Baker, Ray Stannard, 15
Baldwin, James, 336, 550
Baldwin, Roger, 23, 29
Baltimore, MD, 10–14, 21, 57, 110,
396–98, 496, 502, 526, 645
Baltimore Afro-American, 19, 40, 52,
55, 62, 110, 127, 311
Bamberger, Bernard, 335
Bankhead, Tallulah, 75
Banks, Dennis, 39, 49, 51, 53, 533
Barbee, William, 185, 214–16, 218,
224, 229, 303, 351, 537, 622–24
Barbour, Haley, 652
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Index 681
Barnes, Catherine, 16
Barnett, Ross, 207, 251–52, 256–57,
272, 310, 326–27, 349, 352, 357,
360, 363, 365, 369, 371, 378–79,
385, 423, 432, 496–97, 626
Barrett, George, 182–83, 619, 623
Barrett, St. John, 392
Barry, Marion, 40, 87, 89, 181, 341,
449
baseball, 18, 52, 323, 436, 633
Batesburg, SC, 34
Baton Rouge, LA, 457, 465, 476, 483,
485, 645, 647
Baum, Robert, 314, 552, 579, 641
Bausum, Ann, 652
Bay of Pigs, 4, 164
BBC, 331
Beamer, Winonah, 361, 544, 551
Behen, William, 233
Belafonte, Harry, 76, 265, 330, 396,
446, 450, 626
Belford, Lee, 434
Bell, Derrick, 312, 478, 632
beloved community, 350, 379, 396,
447, 476, 504, 509, 512, 520, 523,
650, 652
Bergman, Frances, 100–101, 112,
117, 125–27, 149–50, 156, 192,
298, 517, 535, 610
Bergman, Isabel, 100
Bergman, Walter, 100–101, 118, 131,
149–50, 156, 159, 161, 175, 192,
291, 298, 358, 517–18, 517, 535,
610, 614, 643
Berman, Leora, 313, 551
Berrigan, Daniel, 642
Berrigan, Phillip, 419, 642
Berry, Chuck, 140, 508, 613
Bethel Baptist Church, 140, 159, 161,
166, 194, 196, 200, 203, 298, 495
Bethune, Mary McCleod, 36
Bevel, James, 94, 105–6, 135, 179–80,
184, 254, 261–62, 277, 279, 326,
341, 349–50, 353, 372–73, 379,
396, 400, 402, 404–6, 432–33, 457,
480–81, 496–97, 497, 503, 509–10,
537, 539, 583, 618, 652
Bigelow, Albert, 101, 116, 121–23,
127, 141, 146–47, 192, 535, 608
Biloxi, MS, 312, 332–34
Birdsong, T. B., 265–66, 274, 326,
347
Birmingham, 7, 57, 66–67, 70, 77–78,
97, 105–6, 124, 128–29, 133, 135–
41, 145, 148–76, 179–80, 182–209,
211–12, 215, 220, 222, 224, 239,
246, 249, 286, 297, 358, 381, 304,
313, 338–39, 383, 403–4, 420, 425,
435, 445, 458, 460–61, 465, 475,
485, 491, 493–98, 504, 510, 517,
520–21, 523, 607, 617, 620, 645
Birmingham Civil Rights Institute,
522–23, 652
Birmingham News, 157, 159, 171, 195,
197, 216, 300
Birmingham Post–Herald, 19, 155,
157, 167–68, 189, 196
Birmingham World, 188
Black Power, 7, 362, 418, 514–15
Black, Hugo, 215, 367, 443, 476
Blair, Ezell, Jr., 84
Blake, Harry, 419, 576
Blankenheim, Ed, 101–2, 111, 118,
120–21, 127, 141, 146, 174, 192,
429, 519, 523, 535, 608
Blease, Cole, 121, 611
Block, Sam, 480
Bloxom, Elizabeth, 78
“Blue Bomb,” 91
Bohannon, Earl, Jr., 390, 577, 640
Booker, Simeon, 110–11, 133, 149–
51, 156, 162–64, 168, 173, 175, 607
Boston, MA, 28–29, 71, 192, 240,
315, 403, 523
Boutwell, Albert, 204, 496
Bowling Green, KY, 51
boycotts, 3, 7, 23, 57–78, 67–78, 80,
99, 128, 178, 206, 215, 225, 230,
334, 374, 484, 486, 488, 493–96,
599–600, 603–4, 647
Boyd, Dorothy, 485
Boyd, Louis, 485
Boyd, Malcolm, 433–34, 643
Boynton v. Virginia, 93, 97, 106, 114,
121–22, 129, 376, 378, 380, 393,
420–21, 607
Boynton, Bruce, 93
Boyte, Harry Sr., 407, 411, 641
Boyte, Janet, 407
Braden, Anne, 82, 450, 494, 614
Branch, Taylor, 8, 520
Brando, Marlon, 499
Branton, Wiley, 284–85, 629
Breckenridge, John, 458
Brinkley, David, 272–73
Britt, Travis, 312, 402, 427, 550
Bromberg, Ed, 408, 551, 579, 641
Bromley, Ernest, 39, 41, 533, 597
Brooklyn, NY, 101, 313, 321, 628,
Brooks, Paul, 185, 187, 197, 200,
204, 251, 365, 403–7, 414, 537,
580, 641
Brooks, Wright, 357–58, 637
Brotherhood Mobilization, 31
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,
62
Brown v. Board of Education, 3, 6–7,
20, 59, 66, 76–77, 79, 80, 82, 96,
118, 129–30, 172, 190, 192, 405,
435, 441–42, 495, 504
Brown, Luvaghn, 481
Brown, R. Jess, 284, 312
Brown, Robert McAfee, 317, 321,
324, 553
Browning, Joan, 469, 585
Bryant, C. C., 395, 399, 402, 450–51
Bryant, Farris, 320, 322, 633
Bunche, Ralph, 30, 337, 635
Bundy, McGeorge, 276
Burgland High School, 449–52, 459,
464, 466, 585
Burke, Edmund, 197
Burks, Catherine, 185, 188, 190, 198–
99, 203, 212–13, 288, 365, 404,
499, 537, 543
Burlington, NC, 502
Burnham, James, 466, 585
Burroughs, Tom, 102
Burton, Harold, 18
Bush, Carl, 537, 620
Bush, George H. W., 519–20
Bush, John W., 644
Butler, Charles, 185, 188, 301, 537,
546, 580, 619, 641
Butler, Mac Sim, 280, 287–88
Bynum, AL, 143, 145
Byrd, Harry Flood, 623
Christian Science Monitor, 524
Callender, Herbert, 323, 419, 555
Calloway, Cab, 75
Camden, SC, 346, 457
Campbell Junior College, 452, 459,
466, 583, 585
Campbell, Will, 623
Capahosic, VA, 328
Cape Cod, MA, 485–86
Carey, Gordon, 83, 85, 88–89, 94,
96, 98–100, 103, 107, 128, 161,
166, 173, 175, 177–78, 192, 282,
328, 340–41, 347, 425, 456, 459,
607
Carey, Howard, 83
Carmichael, Stokely, 1–2, 312, 326,
351, 353, 362–63, 396–97, 512,
515, 524
Carper, Elsie, 111
Carson, Clayborne, 652
Carter, Clyde, 270, 270, 542
Carter, Dan, 494
Carter, Eugene, 646
Carter, Jimmy, 487, 543, 550
Carter, Joseph, 200, 203, 243, 261,
537, 539
Carter, LeRoy, 57–59
Carter, Robert L., 21, 594, 643
Casey, John, Jr., 357, 637
Cason, Allen, Jr., 185, 214, 286, 537,
544
Castle, Doris Jean, 177, 266, 267,
286, 291, 298, 423, 466, 540, 618
Castle, Oretha, 177, 618
Caston, Billy Jack, 400, 402, 442–43
Castro, Fidel, 405, 417
Cathey, Sam, 49
Catonsville Nine, 642
Caverno, Joe, 207–8, 211
CBS, 153, 159, 165–66, 196–97, 620
Central Conference of American
Rabbis, 335
Chad Mitchell Trio, 446
Chalmers, Allan Knight, 68
Chapel Hill, NC, 34, 44–48, 52–54,
119, 192, 598
Chappell, William, 143–44, 614
Charleston, SC, 185, 318, 457
Charleston, WV, 596
Charlotte, NC, 95–97, 120–21, 407,
611
Charlottesville, VA, 610
Chatham, Price, 356, 546, 580, 641
Chatmon, Tom, 454
Chattanooga, TN, 378, 435, 496–98
Chavis, Benjamin F., 651
Chennault, Claire Lee, 108
Chester, SC, 124–25
Chevy Chase, MD, 99, 111
Chicago, IL, 22–23, 31, 33, 39, 49–
50, 61, 74, 89, 91, 102, 181, 225–
26, 308–9, 313, 331, 337, 347, 390,
403, 423, 428, 486, 630
Chicago Council Against Racial and
Religious Discrimination, 39
Chicago Crusader News, 313
Chicago Defender, 403
Childs v. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway,
16, 36
Chilton County, AL, 211
China Grove, NC, 120
Christian Century, 27
CIA, 269, 347
Citizens’ Council, The, 347–48
Civic Progress Association, 377
Civil Rights Acts (1957), 79, 429;
(1964) 7, 452; (1965) 452
Civil War, 6, 9, 112, 115, 415, 258,
272, 626, 635; centennial, 6, 258,
335
Clark, Jim, 301
Clark, Kenneth, 396
Clark, Ramsey, 163
Clark, Septima, 105
Clarke, John Henrik, 405
Clarksdale, MS, 334, 479, 634
Clayton, Claude, 369, 443, 446, 460,
464
Clayton, James, 628
Cleveland, MS, 395, 480–81
Cleveland, OH, 33, 35, 316, 408, 417
Clinton, Bill, 514, 519–20, 521, 525–
26, 525
Clinton, TN, 110
Coahoma, MS, 481
Coffin, Henry Sloane, 269
Coffin, William Sloane, Jr., 269–76,
270, 280, 283, 289, 305–6, 313,
328, 432, 434, 542, 627, 646
682 Index
Cold War, 4–6, 22, 56, 59, 66, 73, 91,
116, 130, 140, 164, 178, 242, 257,
269, 272, 283, 293, 306–7, 337,
343– 49, 380, 385–86, 405, 461,
542, 636
Cole, Nat King, 138
Coleman, Clayton, 20
Coleman, James P., 252, 256
Coleman, Val, 92
Collbran, AL, 497
Collier, John W., Jr., 317, 321–22,
324, 553
Collins, Lucretia, 185–86, 188, 190,
198, 203, 214, 249, 266–67, 286,
365, 537, 540, 625
Collins, Norma, 469, 471, 586
Collinsville, AL, 497
Columbia, MO, 98
Columbia, SC, 34, 124, 126, 131,
305, 457, 617, 629
Columbia, TN, 18, 593
Committee for Non–Violent Action
(CNVA), 101, 605
Committee to Aid the Monroe
Defenders (CAMD), 417
Common Ground, 52
Communism, 5, 23, 26, 30–31, 60,
62, 65, 81, 115, 136, 143, 154, 165,
171, 214, 227–28, 247, 275–76,
280–81, 283, 293, 295, 308, 313,
341, 343–49, 385, 412, 418, 420,
497, 499, 590, 634–36
Confederacy, 1, 6, 112, 114, 120,
124–25, 208, 233, 278, 305, 334,
399, 409, 603, 652
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE),
1, 2, 5, 9, 23–39, 43–48, 50–60, 62,
74, 82–179, 181–82, 189–92, 206–
7, 211, 224–25, 232, 234, 248–49,
252, 255, 266–67, 280–82, 286,
291, 298, 300, 303–4, 306–8, 313–
15, 317–18, 320–22, 332–33, 335–
36, 340–41, 344, 346, 348, 357,
363–66, 370–75, 383–392, 394,
414–15, 417–19, 421–29, 432, 436–
38, 441–42, 456, 458–67, 474, 477–
80, 483, 492–93, 495–96, 498–99,
501–3, 507–8, 510, 513, 516, 521–
24, 605, 607–8, 616–17, 620, 628,
644–45, 649–50
Connor, Theophilus Eugene “Bull,”
136–39, 154, 160, 167–68, 171–75,
186, 190, 190, 193, 195, 197–203,
207–8, 220, 239, 290, 346, 404,
458, 475, 491–96, 521, 615, 617,
619
Connor, Dora Jean, 186
conscientious objectors, 39, 345
Cook, Bill, 178
Cook, Phillip S., 628
Cook, Tom, 136–39, 154, 158, 420
Cooke, Sam, 291
Copeland, John Lee, 183, 249, 266–
67, 540
Corbin, KY, 51
CORE–lator, 59, 83, 95, 98
Corinth, MS, 640
Cornell University, 99, 291, 295, 298,
327, 429, 545, 551, 555–56, 573,
630
Cotton, MacArthur, 428, 466–67,
585
Couch, Jerome, 143–44
Couch, Roger, 143–44, 425
Council Against Intolerance in
American, 56, 599
Council of Federated Organizations
(COFO), 334, 479–81
Covington, KY, 100
Covington, Vicky, 521
Cowling, Ell, 141, 143–47, 147, 162,
420, 445, 613–14
Cox, Archibald, 476
Cox, Benjamin Elton, 88, 104, 107–8,
111, 117–18, 120, 128, 135, 167,
175, 177, 192, 375, 429, 483, 502,
519, 523, 535, 566, 585, 609, 638
Cox, W. Harold, 380, 418, 422, 429,
467–68
Crowder, Richard, 416
Crowley, LA, 457
Cruit, George, 170–71, 208, 297–98,
621
Crusader, The, 81
Cuba, 4, 347, 385, 394, 417–18, 506,
609
Cuba, AL, 262
Culpepper, Stuart, 291
Culpepper, VA, 51
Currier, Stephen, 329
D’Emilio, John, 597
Dabney, F. James, 345
Daily Tarheel, 47
Daily Worker, 348
Danville, VA, 29, 118, 611, 620
Darden, Charles, 334, 629
Davidov, Marv, 314, 351, 552
Davis, Abraham Lincoln, 192, 619
Davis, Benjamin, 348
Davis, Jefferson, 1, 603
Davis, Jim, 295
Davis, Jimmie, 207
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 75, 330
Davis, Miles, 215
Dawson, Curtis, 400
DeArmanville, AL, 141
deGraffenreid, Ryan, 494
Dekalb County, GA, 90
Democratics, 18–19, 90, 257, 327,
487, 502, 505, 514, 520
Demopolis, AL, 262
Dennis, David, 253, 261, 263, 286,
291, 298, 377, 419, 479–80, 483,
539, 576
Detroit, MI, 100, 128, 335, 427, 433–
34, 437
Devree, Charlotte, 110, 114, 141,
144, 167, 173, 610
Devree, Howard, 610
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 57,
63, 65, 71, 331
Diamond, Dion, 255, 266, 451, 483–
84, 540–41
Diamond, Ralph, 323, 555
Dietrich, Paul, 108, 224, 229, 253,
255, 261, 284, 407–8, 415, 539,
580, 641
direct action, 5–6, 9, 22–23, 29, 31–
32, 36–37, 39, 50, 52, 56, 58–60,
68, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84–85, 87, 97,
100–101, 129, 178, 249, 254, 310,
314, 328–29, 334, 336–38, 342,
373–75, 395–98, 405, 424, 426,
446–49, 452, 462, 505, 508, 512
Dittmer, John, 482, 506
Dixie Manifesto, 76, 603
Doar, John, 164, 193, 208, 211, 215,
221, 227, 246, 290, 297, 302, 428–
29, 442–43, 464, 649
Dodd, Lee, 227
Dombrowski, Jim, 450–51
Donald, Grady, 183, 249, 266, 308,
541
Doolittle, Marvin, 389
Double–V campaign, 15
Douglas, C. H., 460, 464–67
Douglass, Frederick, 10, 517
Dove, Melvin, 189, 619
draft evasion, 27, 33, 66, 344
Dresner, Israel, 321, 324, 553
Drew, Cornelius, 75
Duckworth, Roman, 479
Dunbar, Leslie, 6–7, 296
Duncan, J. T., 621
Dunnellon, FL, 314
Durham, NC, 15, 44, 53, 84–85, 502,
598
Durr, Clifford, 215, 232, 622
Durr, Virginia, 215, 232, 622
Dutton, Fred, 394
Earle, L. B., 156
East St. Louis, IL, 98, 185, 403
Eastland, James O., 256–57, 271,
280–81, 346, 348, 369, 380, 628,
638
Ebony, 110, 133
Edgefield, SC, 131, 612
Edwards, Douglas, 159
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 3, 4, 60, 74–
76, 79–80, 91, 101, 130, 162, 193,
393, 436, 507, 603
Ellender, Allen, 368, 485
Ellington, Buford, 249, 430
Ellington, Duke, 76
Elliot, Robert, 490
Emancipation Proclamation, 258,
305
Emergency Public Integration
Committee (EPIC), 298
Emergency Relief Committee, 403
Emmerich, John Oliver, Sr., 467
employment discrimination, 26, 56,
74, 76, 82, 426, 468
Engle, Clair, 312
Englewood, NJ, 128, 384
Enslen, Richard, 517, 614
Episcopal Society for Cultural and
Racial Unity, 335, 433, 634
Ethridge, W. N., 387
Evers, Medgar, 255, 334–35, 373,
444, 451, 479–80, 629
Faggard, Jesse Oliver, 189, 619
Faggard, Jesse Thomas, 189, 619
Fair Employment Practices
Committee (FEPC), 26, 74
Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 347,
385, 405, 417
Fairfield County, SC, 124
Fankhauser, David, 287, 345, 544
Farmer, James, 5, 24, 29–33, 57, 62,
66, 74, 85, 92–96, 98–99, 102–4,
107–12, 114, 119, 125–28, 127,
130, 133–36, 140, 166–67, 178–79,
181, 206, 225–26, 231–32, 232,
234–35, 238, 248–49, 252–53, 253,
267, 273, 274, 281, 285, 289, 296,
305, 308, 310–11, 326, 349, 353,
355, 357, 364–66, 387–90, 423–27,
437–39, 441–42, 459, 467, 499,
502, 507–8, 515–16, 518–19, 521,
535, 541, 554, 596, 600, 607, 618,
628, 652
Farmer, James, Sr., 29, 134
Farmer, Lula, 364
Farmer, Pearl Houston, 29, 134
Farmer, Tami, 364
Farmville, VA, 116–17, 606
Fast for Freedom, 390
Faubus, Orval, 79, 194, 244, 376
Faulkner, William, 325
Fayette County, TN, 403–4, 503, 606
Federal Aviation Act, 368
Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA), 226, 321
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI), 34, 66, 81, 110, 135–38, 140,
146, 151, 155, 158, 163–65, 173,
202, 208–9, 211, 215, 222, 229,
246–47, 259, 262, 289, 309, 327,
381, 412, 417, 425, 435, 464–65,
489, 492, 498, 507, 509, 517–18,
607, 613–16, 619, 623, 639–40
Feingold, Miriam, 331, 557
Index 683
Fellowship, 27
Fellowship House, 31, 106, 109
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR),
23–24, 26–27, 31–33, 35–39, 45,
48, 54, 56–57, 60–62, 64–70, 72–
74, 83, 87
Fellowship of Southern Churchmen,
36, 45, 598
Felmet, Joseph, 39, 41, 44–49, 53–54,
533
Fertig, Ralph, 301, 546, 630
Fields, Edward R., 153–55, 189, 615
Fields, Uriah J., 272
Filner, Joseph, 327
Filner, Robert, 327, 520, 556
Finch, Atticus, 631
Finney, Ernest, Jr., 126
First Baptist Church (Montgomery),
1–2, 64, 213, 226, 229–30, 232–34,
236, 239–40, 242–3, 248, 250, 305,
523, 589, 622–23
Fisher, Louis, 94
Fisk University, 62, 87–88, 95, 181,
185, 200, 254, 332, 339, 383, 405,
498, 503, 619, 623; Race Relations
Institute, 332, 339
Fleming, Harold, 329
Florida, 9, 29–30, 80, 82–84, 88–89,
95, 99–100, 103, 106, 110–11, 121,
125, 185, 233, 313–14, 318, 320–
25, 327, 346, 368, 375, 379, 383,
419, 455–57, 471, 500, 502, 596,
605, 609, 633, 636, 641–42
Florida A & M University, 83, 88–89,
383, 642
Florida Legislative Investigation
Committee (Johns Committee),
346, 636
fly–ins, 310
Folsom, Jim, 244, 494
Foote, Horton, 631
Forman, James, 403–8, 410, 414–17,
448, 454, 457, 469–72, 471, 480,
490, 494, 498, 524, 580, 583, 586,
641
Fort Benning, GA, 236–37
Fort Eustis, VA, 110
Fort Hood, TX, 593
Fort Lauderdale, FL, 375
Fort McClellan, AL, 141
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 23, 75
Franklin, Buck, 35
Franklin, John Hope, 34–35, 384,
520, 596
Frazier, Franklin E., 396
Freas, Howard G., 644
Fredericksburg, VA, 112, 114, 522
Free, James, 300
Freedman, Martin, 321, 324, 553
Freedom Dwellers, 426
Freedom Highways, 501, 508
Freedom House, 408
Freedom Riders Day, 525
Freedom Ride Coordinating
Committee (FRCC), 282–83, 286–
87, 292, 302–9, 315–16, 328, 330,
339–41, 366, 369, 370, 372, 373,
383–87, 403, 439, 442, 456, 510,
628
freedom songs, 1, 11, 75, 93, 101,
123, 134, 177, 196–97, 202, 209,
233, 236, 265, 267, 274, 279, 290,
296, 301, 303, 343, 353–54, 361,
365, 371, 379, 382, 414, 424, 472,
508, 523, 606, 618, 621, 639
Freedom Summer, 7, 479, 507, 513–
16
“Freedom Train,” 374
Freedom Walkers, 496–99
“Freedom Writers,” 299
Freeman, Douglas Southall, 115
Friendship Junior College, 89, 121–
24
Frieze, Judith, 331, 558
Gach, Anna, 216, 622
Gach, Fred, 216, 291, 622
Gadsden, AL, 435, 498–99; Freedom
Movement, 499
Gaffney, Theodore, 110, 112, 149,
156, 161, 173, 175
Gaither, Glenda, 295, 545
Gaither, Tom, 88–89, 94, 96–97, 95,
112, 115–16, 119, 120–21, 140,
295, 315, 370, 422, 466–67, 479,
524, 545, 585
Gallion, MacDonald, 206, 216, 244,
346, 494–95
Gandhi Society, 509
Gandhi, Devadas, 54
Gandhi, Mohandas, 22–23, 26–27,
37, 68, 70, 72, 74, 82, 94, 101, 107,
112, 135, 233, 251, 285, 303, 306,
326, 351, 356, 447; philosophy of,
3, 9, 23–24, 27–28, 31, 36, 59–62,
67, 71, 73–74, 80, 85–87, 90, 94,
102, 134, 149, 178–79, 190, 244,
351–52, 356, 488, 595, 602
Garrison, William Lloyd, 302
Garroway, Dave, 282
Gates, C. Jerry, 44, 53
gay and lesbian rights, 512, 515
Gayle v. Browder, 77, 369
Georgia, 20, 34, 77, 80, 87, 89, 90,
96, 98, 103–4, 120, 128–29, 130–
37, 139–41, 148–49, 151–54, 174,
185–86, 195, 208, 222, 224, 231,
236–37, 239, 241, 249, 250, 255,
260, 270, 292, 301, 307–9, 314,
320, 331, 337, 339, 341, 345, 366,
369, 375, 394, 398, 402–3, 405–6,
409, 420, 433, 448–49, 452–57,
462, 468–75, 477, 483, 486–91,
498–500, 503, 508–10, 516, 523,
596, 607, 612, 626, 634, 641, 646
Georgia Bureau of Investigation, 346,
613
Giles, Tommy, 218
Gilfoy, J. R., 290, 295, 309, 316
Gilmore, Bob, 62
Gladwell, Malcolm, 512
Glascock, Paul, 376
Glass, Herman, 143
Gleason, Richard, 308–9, 546
Glen Ora, VA, 226
Glickstein, Howard, 445
Gloucester County, VA, 11, 526, 592
Glover, Quinn, 376
Gober, Bertha, 468, 470–71, 471, 584
Goff, Abe McGregor, 644
Golden Rule, 101, 608
Goldman, Eric, 336–37, 635
Goldwater, Barry, 246, 618
Gordon, Bud, 157, 197–98
Gore, Albert, Jr., 651
Gore, Albert, Sr., 502
Graetz, Bob, 69
Graham, Frank Porter, 45, 47
Graham, Henry, 237–42, 245, 251,
261–62, 265, 280, 284, 288
Graham, Rudolph, 537, 620
Graves, John Temple, 196, 620
Graves, Lem, 40
Graves, Ray, 157
Gray, Fred, 248
Gray, James, 473
Great Depression, 10, 12, 23, 25, 28
Green, Steve, 313, 350, 353, 362–63,
524, 551
Greenberg, Jack, 526, 643
Greene, Gwendolyn, 312, 550
Greene, Percy, 333
Greensboro, NC, 3, 9–10, 39, 45–48,
52, 82, 84–85, 93–94, 104, 110,
118–20, 249, 502
Greenslit, H. Vance, 205, 207, 208,
620
Greenville, MS, 459
Greenville, SC, 457
Greenwood, MS, 460, 480, 482, 652
Gregory, Dick, 330, 519
Gregory, Hazel, 622
Gregory, Herbert, 17
Grenada, MS, 459
Greyhound Bus Lines, 11–12, 34, 40–
41, 43–45, 48, 50–51, 86, 96–97,
109–12, 114, 118, 121–24, 132–35,
141–44, 147–49, 151–53, 157–58,
160, 166–67, 169, 171–73, 186–89,
202–9, 211, 214–19, 248, 251, 255,
266–71, 280, 286–88, 298, 310,
313, 320–23, 330, 339, 377–78,
383, 402, 435, 446, 457–58, 463–
66, 477–78, 514, 522–23, 596, 621,
614, 620
Griffin, Emmett J., 416–17
Griffin, Gus, 121, 535
Griffin, Marvin, 487,
Griswold, Richard, 313, 408, 415,
551, 580, 641
Grooms, H. Hobart, 77, 458, 461,
492
Grubbs, Michael, 384, 575
Guthridge, Amos, 486
Guy, George H., 460, 463, 463–65
Hairston, Otis, 119
Halaby, Najeeb, 226
Halberstam, David, 8, 175, 521
Haley, Richard, 89, 295, 308, 370,
423, 492–93, 498–99, 618, 639, 642
Hall v. DeCuir, 16–17
Hall, Blanton, 468, 584
Hall, Carsie, 419
Hall, Grover, Jr., 245
Hamilton, MS, 459
Hammond, James Henry, 131
Hampton Roads, VA, 11
Hanes, Arthur, 137, 154
Hansen, William, 498, 563
Harbour, William, 185, 212, 243,
365, 499, 500, 503, 537–38, 543
Hardge, Arthur L., 317, 321, 324,
553
Hardy, John, 398, 428–29, 467
Harlem (NY), 19, 25–26, 65, 85, 395,
398, 405, 412, 417
Harris, Herman K., 128, 131, 149–
50, 156, 318, 535
Harris, Jesse L., 481, 562
Harris, Richard, 248, 251–54, 259–
60, 266, 305
Harris, Rutha, 469
Harrison, Mary, 333, 559
Hart, Philip, 292
Hartmire, Wayne, 324, 553
Hartsfield, William, 90
Harvard University, 28, 101, 298,
362, 394, 398, 478, 538, 541, 548,
555, 569, 571, 574, 582, 632
Harvey, Clarie Collins, 334–35, 634
Harvey, Paul, 486
Haskins, James, 521
Hastie, William, 16–17
Hate Bus, 276–77, 291
Hayden, Casey, 469, 586
Hayden, Tom, 451, 451, 469, 488,
586
Hayes Store, VA, 11–12
Hayes, Carl, 451
Hayes, Curtis, 400
Haygood County, TN, 403–4, 503
Head, Wilson, 34–35
684 Index
Heflin, AL, 141
Heller, Robert, 295, 545
Hemphill, Stanley, 86
Hendrick, Leon, 386–87
Hendricks, Lola, 616
Henley, Claude, 212, 214, 290–91,
299, 493
Henry, Aaron, 334–35, 479
Hermann, Susan, 200, 203, 213–14,
218, 229, 538, 622
Herndon, Angelo, 634
Herring, Clyde E., 644
Hesburgh, Theodore, 4
Higginbotham, A. Leon, 652
High Point, NC, 32, 88, 104, 111,
128, 135
Highlander Folk School, 105, 183,
215, 247, 396–98, 400, 433, 435,
448
Hill, Herbert, 396
Hill, Leslie P., 25
Hill, Oliver, 16
Hillsboro, NC, 53–54
Hinds County, MS, 286, 289, 301,
309–10, 316–17, 332, 357, 359,
361, 369, 391, 414, 419, 423, 432,
480–81, 635; Jail, 286, 289, 296,
301, 310, 317, 357, 359, 361 369,
414, 423; prison farm, 309, 481
Hirschfeld, Elizabeth, 327, 556
Hobson, Julius, 461, 645
Hodge, Henry, 385
Hoffa, Jimmy, 163
Holden, Anna, 82
Hollings, Fritz, 318
Holloway, Frank, 103, 241, 266, 274,
289–90, 295–96, 541
Hollywood, CA, 125, 209, 385
Holmes, Hamilton, 132
Holmes, Roberta, 147
Holt, Billy, 157
Holt, Len, 195, 198, 229, 234, 248,
255–56, 279, 415–17, 620
homosexuality, 25–26, 61–62
Hoover, J. Edgar, 110, 137–38, 164–
65, 246, 247, 412, 492, 506
Hopkins, Archie, 24
Horn, Alvin, 299
Horne, Leon, 313, 541
Horton, Myles, 105, 397
Hoskins, Samuel, 625
Houser, George, 24, 27–28, 31–41,
41, 44–45, 50, 52–54, 57, 95, 97,
523, 533, 554, 597–99, 607
Houston, Charles, 38
Houston, TX, 389, 640
Howard University, 16, 30–31, 93,
100, 102–4, 125, 181, 255, 266,
301, 305, 312, 328, 337, 380, 421–
22
House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC), 346
Huddleston, Michael, 346
Hughes, Genevieve, 89, 99, 111, 118,
122–23, 133, 141, 143–47, 175,
192, 317–18, 535, 608, 619
Hughes, Robert, 64
Hugo, Victor, 431
Humphrey, Hubert, 486
hunger strikes, 196, 199, 279, 284,
290–91, 298, 301, 308, 310, 321,
352, 355–56, 361, 414, 434, 629
Hunt, Franklin, 287, 311, 544
Hunter, Charlayne, 130, 132, 612
Hunter, Larry, 544, 580, 641
Hunter, Stephen, 322, 324
Huntsville, AL, 492
Huntsville Times, 300
Hurley, Ruby, 472, 604
Hurst, E. H., 400, 442–43
Hutchinson, Everett, 644
Hyannis, MA, 485–86
Ickes, Harold, 19
Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride,
520
In Friendship, 74–75
India, 9, 23, 37, 54, 64, 80, 86, 90, 94,
96, 135, 306, 352
Indianola, MS, 278
Indonesia, 384
Initiative on Race and Reconciliation,
520
Interfaith Freedom Ride, 316–25,
515
Interracial Action Institute, 83, 100
Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC), 20, 57, 110, 282, 292–94,
321, 339–40, 367–68, 391–95, 399,
424, 425, 429, 437–42, 444–46,
451–68, 471, 474–78, 481–84, 488,
492, 500, 503–5, 598, 629, 641,
644–46
Israel, Abner, 473
Ivory, C. A., 123
Jack, Homer, 38, 49–51, 53, 533
Jackson, MS, 103, 187, 207, 251,
255–57, 261, 265, 267, 269–82,
284–98, 301, 308–17, 322–23, 325,
327, 330–35, 339–42, 344–47, 356–
57, 364, 368, 370–73, 378–79, 382–
92, 399–403, 407, 416, 418–26,
432–39, 441–46, 449, 452, 455,
459, 460, 464, 466, 475–76, 478–
81, 483, 485, 496, 507, 516, 518–
19, 524, 621, 627, 639, 641–42,
646; city jail, 316–17, 322, 334–35,
344, 356, 402
Jackson Advocate, 333
Jackson Clarion–Ledger, 344, 347
Jackson Daily News, 310, 316, 344,
346–47, 385, 426, 436
Jackson Non-Violent Movement,
370–72, 390, 479, 481, 519
Jackson State College, 334, 357, 370
Jackson, Robert, 18
Jackson, Emory, 66, 188
Jackson, Glenda, 459–60, 583
Jackson, James, 348
Jackson, Jesse, 639
Jackson, Mahalia, 330
Jacksonville, FL, 318, 320, 457, 596
Jail–no bail, 89–94, 111, 181, 279,
286–87, 352, 415
James, Earl, 244
James, W. Lloyd, 116
James, Roy, 495
Javits, Jacob, 277, 280, 292, 485, 622
Jefferson, IN, 615
Jefferson, Thomas, 258
Jemison, AL, 209
Jenkins, Patricia, 291, 538, 620
Jenkins, Tim, 328, 330, 396–97
Jet, 110, 133, 149, 151, 185, 338, 503,
635
Jews, 28, 53, 89, 318, 321, 331, 335,
341, 351, 356, 378, 431, 634
John Birch Society, 346
Johns, Vernon, 115
Johnson C. Smith University, 95,
121, 270, 328
Johnson Publications, 110
Johnson, Andrew, 39, 41, 44–46, 53–
54, 533
Johnson, Bernice, 469
Johnson, Colonel Stone “Buck,” 148
Johnson, Frank, Jr., 194, 227, 245,
248, 290–91, 297–302, 307, 315,
432, 458, 467, 495, 621
Johnson, Gerald, 306
Johnson, Leroy, 487
Johnson, Lyndon B., 337, 515, 635
Johnson, Mordecai, 30
Johnson, Paul, 312
Johnson, Russel, 331
Johnson, Walter, 404
Johnston, Olin D., 292
Jones, Charles, 459, 583
Jones, Charles M., 44–47
Jones, Fred, 317, 325, 355–58, 365
Jones, J. Charles, 95, 121, 270, 270,
328, 330, 396–98, 400, 454, 457,
469–71, 471, 473, 488, 490, 542,
583, 598
Jones, O. T., 141, 143, 614
Jones, Walter B., 206, 216, 228–29,
248, 620
Jordan, Vernon, 454
Journey of Reconciliation, 2, 9, 22–
57, 41, 60, 74, 94–98, 120, 304,
378, 408, 417, 521, 523, 526, 650
Kalamazoo Gazette, 517
Kalamazoo, MI, 517
Kale, Ed, 548, 580, 641
Kannapolis, NC, 120
Kaplow, Herb, 212
Kaufman, Bob, 389, 578
Keener, AL, 498–99
Kefauver, Estes, 502
Kelley, Asa, 454, 471–74, 488
Kemp, Barrett, 136
Kendall, Marian, 341, 560
Kennedy administration, 92, 129,
131, 162–66, 168–76, 182–83, 193–
94, 201–8, 220–23, 226–30, 233–
48, 251–52, 256–59, 269–77, 279,
281, 292–94, 327–30, 337–39, 367,
369, 374, 380–91, 394–95, 397,
422, 424, 438–39, 441, 460, 477,
488–91, 502, 504–7, 512, 514, 619,
629, 643, 649
Kennedy, Edward, 327, 486
Kennedy, John F., 2, 4–5, 90–92, 91,
110, 154, 162–65, 169, 183, 193–
94, 201, 204–5, 220–23, 226–30,
233, 252, 257–58, 279, 287, 374,
379, 304, 307, 327, 336, 384, 393–
95, 435, 477, 485–86, 490, 495,
497–98, 504, 506–7, 606, 619, 622–
23, 626, 631, 635, 638, 645
Kennedy, Robert, 90, 110–11, 129–
32, 137–38, 151, 154, 162–65, 168–
74, 182–83, 193–94, 201–7,
220–22, 226–27, 229, 233–41, 239,
248, 251–52, 256–57, 269–76, 280,
292–93, 295, 297–98, 305–7, 320,
322, 328–329, 328, 333, 367, 368,
381, 425, 433, 437, 439–40, 445,
382, 414, 463, 469, 473, 486, 495,
505–6, 621, 625, 628, 638, 645
Kentucky, 18, 27, 38, 48, 51, 82, 94–
95, 99–101, 313, 406, 456, 500, 614
King, A. D., 260
King, Coretta, 65, 76, 90–91
King, Ed, 248, 282, 287, 306, 309,
406, 448, 625
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1, 3, 7, 24,
57–59, 61–68, 63, 70–77, 80–90,
92, 98, 105, 115, 133, 137–38, 179,
195, 205, 211, 225–26, 229, 231–
35, 232, 237–41, 247–55, 253, 259–
60, 274–76, 299, 300, 302, 305–6,
329–31, 339, 341, 366, 371–72,
379, 390, 392, 397, 404, 406, 414,
427, 431, 432, 446, 454, 468, 472–
74, 479, 487, 489–91, 489, 493,
495–96, 509–10, 524, 600–602,
606, 626–27
King, Thomas, 137
Klein, Edward E., 75, 628
Index 685
kneel-ins, 347, 409, 431
Knight, Pauline, 281, 286–87, 361,
363, 544
Knox, Preacher, 400
Knoxville, TN, 49–51
Korean War, 83, 86, 102, 269
Kraft, Edward, 428
Krushchev, Nikita, 164, 307
Ku Klux Klan, 3, 16, 20, 24, 44, 69,
78, 81, 106, 121, 135–39, 141, 143–
58, 164, 166–69, 172–74; 187, 189,
194, 196, 199, 202, 212, 214–15,
217, 220–21, 227, 246–47, 297,
299–300, 318, 334, 336, 405–11,
425, 491–98, 503, 613, 619, 621–22
Kunstler, William, 332, 360, 367,
386–87, 391, 416–22, 634, 639
labor, organized, 23, 26, 28–29, 32–
33, 45, 66, 74–76, 83–84, 100–101,
107, 163, 170, 183, 192, 208, 318,
323, 327, 336, 621
Lackey, Drue, 212
Lafayette, Bernard, Jr., 87, 89, 105–6,
135, 179, 200, 203, 214, 229, 236,
261–62, 350, 354, 372–73, 379,
398, 404–5, 457, 503, 509, 516,
537–39, 583, 609, 652
Lafayette, Bernard Sr., 106
Lafayette, LA, 457
Lake City, FL, 320
Lake Erie, 100
Lake Michigan, 375
Lake, Clancy, 157
Lane, E. S., 186
Lane, Mark, 311–312, 391, 437, 549
Langston, Tommy, 155, 157–58, 167,
189, 615
Lankford, Tom, 157, 197–98, 216
Laue, James, 512–13, 651
Laurel, MS, 480
Laursen, Per, 469, 488, 586
Lawrence, Charles, 61–62, 72
Lawson, James, 84, 86–87, 89, 95,
105, 107–8, 124, 135, 179–82, 185,
198, 224, 249, 252, 254–55, 261–
63, 263, 265, 282, 285, 305–6, 308,
328–29, 328, 349, 383, 404, 447–
48, 497, 504, 509–10, 539, 605,
609, 652
Le Figaro, 63, 65–6, 601
Leake, George, 317, 553
Lebanon, TN, 503
Ledbetter, Huddie (Leadbelly), 26
Lee County, GA, 489
Lee, Bernard, 250, 279, 282, 310,
340, 435, 469, 471, 543, 586
Lee, Harper, 310, 631
Lee, Herbert, 442–43, 446–47, 644
Lee, Norvell, 54, 599
Lee, Robert E., 115
Leesburg, FL, 110
Leflore, MS, 481
Lehman, Herbert, 19
Leonard, Frederick, 214, 288, 288,
353, 354, 407, 503, 518, 538, 543,
546, 580, 620, 624, 641
Leonard, Margaret Burr, 331, 558,
634
Leonard, Margaret Long, 331
Leonard, Ned, 45–46
Lester, Muriel, 25
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” 496
Lever, Constance, 408, 410, 414
Levine, Eugene, 330, 556
Levison, Stanley, 74–76
Levy, Moe, 212
Lewallyn, Cecil “Goober,” 144, 297,
425
Lewis, Anthony, 475
Lewis, Ike, 402, 449
Lewis, Joe, 466, 585
Lewis, John, 87, 99, 101, 104–6, 108,
112–14, 116, 118, 121, 123–24,
128, 135, 179–83, 185–87, 190,
198–200, 203–4, 203, 209, 211–12,
214, 216–18, 217, 224, 229, 233,
239, 243, 248–50, 252–53, 253,
266, 273, 308, 325–26, 349, 350,
352, 362–63, 365, 396–97, 404,
406, 430, 446, 498–99, 503, 509,
513, 516, 518–21, 523, 536, 538,
541, 609, 613, 617
Lexington County, SC, 131
Lexington, KY, 94–95, 101
Liberation, 70, 81
Liberty, MS, 399–400, 442–43
Lichtenberger, Arthur C., 434
Lieberman, Joseph, 514, 651
Life, 212, 283, 305
Lillard, Kwame Leo, 199–200, 286–
87, 620
Lincoln, Abraham, 95, 258, 626
Linden, TN, 457
Lippman, Walter, 296
Little Freedom Ride, 98
Little Rock, AR, 4, 79, 110, 130, 154,
162, 165, 193, 302, 376, 378, 403,
485, 629–30, 638; Central High
School, 79
Little Rock Arkansas Gazette, 376
Little, Mary, 331–32
Litwack, Leon, 635
Liuzzo, Viola, 518
Logan, Rayford, 396
Lomax, Louis, 436
Lombard, Rudy, 19, 291
Los Angeles, CA, 62, 192, 329–30,
341, 384–85, 389, 478, 613
Louisiana, 1, 16, 20, 35–36, 77, 89,
96, 108, 110, 116, 130, 153, 162,
166, 172, 174–79, 182, 187, 192,
197, 199, 206–7, 222, 225, 248–49,
255–56, 267, 271, 276, 282, 286,
291, 295, 307–12, 330–33, 335,
341, 368–69, 375, 377, 381, 384,
389–90, 418–23, 433, 457, 459–60,
464–66, 476, 483–86, 500, 518,
522, 621, 628, 632, 645, 647, 649
Louisiana Weekly, 37
Louisville, KY, 27, 50–51, 100, 614
Lowe, David, 159, 196
Lowery, Joseph, 195, 619
Lowry, John, 416–17, 563, 580, 641
Lucy, Autherine, 67, 75
Lumpkin, Annie, 376, 566
Lung, Van, 108
Lynchburg, VA, 96, 117–18, 192, 610
Lynn, Conrad, 39, 43–44, 48, 417,
533–34
Lynne, Seybourne H., 475
Macon, GA, 457, 486, 641
Maddox, Lester, 487
Madeiros, Angela, 652
Magnolia, MS, 398–99, 428, 449, 451
Maguire, John, 270, 270, 275, 284,
499, 524, 542, 627
Mahoney, William, 287, 351, 356,
407, 415, 544, 580, 641
Malcolm X, 81
Mallory, Mae, 405, 411–12, 641
Malone, Bliss Anne, 376, 567
Manchester Guardian, 63, 65, 597
Mangram, John D., 625
Mann, Floyd, 141, 170, 205–11, 215,
218, 221, 230, 233, 236, 240, 244,
623
Mansion, The, 325
Mantinband, Charles, 634
March (Move) on Mississippi, 449,
479, 644
March on Washington (1941), 74,
438, 452; (1963), 507
Mariana, FL, 457
Marion, SC, 83
Maris, Roger, 436
Marks, Alex, 434–35
Marshall, Burke, 92, 193, 169–70,
182–83, 187, 194, 201, 215, 220–
21, 226, 237, 246, 252, 256–57,
293, 302, 393–95, 429, 440, 468,
473, 492, 505
Marshall, Thurgood, 6, 16–9, 21, 29–
30, 36–38, 80–81, 88, 98, 274, 380,
424, 437–38, 519, 596, 619, 638–
39, 643
Marshville, NC, 411
Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for
Nonviolent Social Change, 516,
524
Martin, Martin A., 16
Martin, Louis, 164
Maryland, 10–14, 21, 57, 99, 102,
110–11, 258, 312, 394, 396–98,
412, 419, 456, 461–62, 496, 500–
502, 526, 645
Mason, Bob, 341, 560
massive resistance, 59, 68, 78, 82,
116, 139, 224, 226, 395, 501, 589,
603, 617
Matheson, George, 630
Mathews, Zeke, 488–89
Matthews v. Southern Railway, 36
Mauney, A. A., 411–12
Maxwell Air Force Base, 221, 226,
230, 233, 236–37, 240, 245
May, Elaine, 315
Mayfield, Julian, 405, 412
Maynor, Dorothy, 45
McAlester, OK, 457
McBride, Ernest, 478
McCabe v. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa
Fe Railroad, 16
McCain, Franklin, 84
McCain, James, 83, 85, 88–9, 125–28,
131, 291, 341, 357, 377, 501, 632
McCarthy, Joseph, 5, 56, 60, 65, 73,
100, 343, 590
McClellan, John, 368
McCloud, John, 291
McCollum, Salynn, 185, 187–88,
188, 197–98, 200, 454–55, 538,
583, 619
McComb, MS, 395–403, 423–24,
427–29, 442–43, 446, 448–52, 454,
459–68, 474, 483, 509, 516, 639,
645
McComb Enterprise–Journal, 398, 467
McConnell, Paul, 330, 557
McCoy, Charles, 379
McDew, Chuck, 89, 328, 328, 396,
406, 448, 450–51, 454, 483
McDonald, Jimmy, 101–2, 108, 123,
133, 141, 144, 147, 178, 536, 608
McDonald, Joe, 546, 580, 641
McGehee, Dan, 19–20
McGill, Ralph, 130, 337–38, 487,
612, 635
McGirt, William, 47–48
McKinney, Petty D., 321, 324, 554
McKinnie, Lester, 288, 480, 503,
543, 624
McKissick, Floyd, 38, 84
McMillan, James B., 611
McNamara, Robert, 394
McNeil, Joseph, 84, 119
McNichols, Steve, 389, 578
McPhatter, Clyde, 291
McPherson, Donald P., 644
McPherson, James, 258
McReynolds, David, 102
McShane, James, 221, 226, 233, 237