Arsenault Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice
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686 Index
McWhorter, Diane, 8, 477
Meany, George, 75
Mecklenburg County, NC, 120, 611
Memphis, TN, 110, 286, 288, 310,
316, 346, 404, 503, 520
Memphis Tri-State Defender, 110
Mencken, H. L., 278
Meredith, Don, 518
Meredith, James, 482, 524
Meridian, MS, 266, 403, 444
Meriwether, Charles, 622
Merton, Thomas, 112
Messer, James, 322
Miami, FL, 30, 82, 89, 100, 314, 502
Miami Herald, 634
Middlesex County, VA, 13–14
Mikeba, Miriam, 446
Miles College, 493, 542
Miller, Janie, 145–46, 614
Minneapolis, MN, 314–15
Mississippi, 3, 5, 19–20, 29, 72–77,
96–97, 103, 106, 132, 168, 172,
187, 205–7, 249–52, 254–301, 305–
17, 323–73, 345–46, 378–91, 395–
407, 414–29, 432–502, 509,
514–20, 524–25, 621, 623, 627–28,
634, 636, 639, 641–42, 645–46, 652
Mississippi Plan, 278
Mississippi State Sovereignty
Commission, 345–46, 636
Missouri, 57, 82–83, 98, 185, 310,
345, 375, 385, 427, 500, 516, 613
Mitchell v. Arkansas, 16
Mitchell, Arthur, 16
Mitchell, J. Douglas, 14
Mitchell, Oscar, 90–91
Mitchell, William, Jr., 538, 544, 620
Mitford, Jessica, 216, 230, 232, 242,
622
Mize, Sidney, 332, 367, 369, 443,
446, 463–64, 467
Mobile, AL, 195, 592, 615–16, 638
Mobley, Marvin, 345
Mondale, Walter, 637
Monroe Nonviolent Action
Committee (MNAC), 408–410
Monroe, LA, 457, 460, 645
Monroe, NC, 81–82, 251, 402–18,
420, 422, 424, 427, 508
Monteagle, TN, 105, 396
Montgomery, AL, 1, 4, 8, 9, 13, 57–
80, 86, 97, 103, 129, 133, 160, 165,
167–70, 172–73, 187–90, 194, 200–
204, 207–62, 266–72, 275–77, 279–
80, 283–302, 305–7, 311, 315,
330–32, 341, 351, 358, 369, 382–
84, 403, 407–8, 420–21, 428–32,
443, 445, 450, 458, 465, 484–85,
493, 512, 518, 600–603, 606–7,
623–27, 646, 651
Montgomery Advertiser, 245, 291
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 3, 7, 57–
80, 87, 178, 206, 215, 225, 230,
603–4
Montgomery County Jail Council,
290, 298
Montgomery Improvement
Association (MIA), 57–9, 61–76,
78–80, 87, 272, 287, 488, 622
Montgomery, G. V. “Sonny,” 265,
266
Moody, John, Jr., 101–3, 108, 224–
25, 229, 255, 266, 388, 422–23, 541
Moore Memorial Trek, 498
Moore, Amzie, 395, 398, 481
Moore, Ivor (Jerry), 128, 149, 156,
192, 536
Moore, Jamie, 137, 154, 173, 188–90,
196, 202, 208, 290, 621
Moore, Douglas, 84
Moore, Russel, 386, 391, 418–22,
427, 432, 481, 639
Moore, William, 496–98
Morehouse College, 72–73, 103, 261,
290, 454
Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia,
14–22, 33–36, 43, 45, 48–54, 93,
97, 106, 110–11, 129, 393, 442,
504, 594
Morgan, Irene, 10, 10–22, 55, 525–
26, 525, 652
Morgan, Joe, 249
Morgan, Joe C., 621
Morgan, Sherwood, 525
Mormon, Natalie, 35
Morris College, 128, 131–32, 612,
617
Morris, Aldon, 72
Morris, Chester, 53
Morris, John B., 433, 582
Morrison, deLesseps, 177, 628
Morse, Wayne, 622
Morsell, John, 80
Morton, David, 315, 417, 552, 580,
641
Morton, Nelle, 45
Moses, Robert, 179, 395–400, 398,
402, 422, 427, 442–43, 448–54,
468, 479–81, 637, 650
Motley, Constance Baker, 312, 387,
443–45, 526, 643
Motor Carrier Act (1935), 292, 393
Moultrie, Mae Frances, 127–28, 127,
141, 167, 536
Mulligan, Hugh, 382–83, 639
Murphy, Rupert L., 644
Murray, Pauli, 35
Murrow, Edward R., 306, 337
Musgrove, David Ronald “Ronnie,”
525, 652
Muste, A. J., 23–24, 26, 32–36, 61,
64, 73, 87
Myers, Charles David, 287, 344–45,
544, 551, 636
Myrdal, Gunnar, 15
Myrtle Beach, SC, 318
Nabrit, James, 305
Nash, Diane, 86, 86–87, 94–95, 179–
87, 190, 198–200, 218, 224–25,
229, 231–32, 234–35, 238, 248–50,
260, 279, 305–6, 328–29, 328, 340–
41, 372–73, 395–98, 405–6, 480–
81, 496, 498, 503, 509–10, 539,
619, 625–26
Nashville, TN, 3, 8, 9, 27, 50, 57, 62,
80, 82, 84, 86–87, 94–95, 99, 104–
6, 108, 135, 179–87, 189–90, 192–
93, 195, 197–200, 202–3, 206, 209,
218, 222, 224–25, 229, 235, 248–
50, 252, 254, 282, 307–8, 312–13,
332–33, 339, 341, 351–53, 361,
369, 396–97, 403, 405, 407, 422,
427–28, 430, 432, 437, 446, 448,
454, 498, 502–3, 508, 522, 606,
617–18, 620, 623–24, 626, 644, 649
Nashville Banner, 635
Nashville Christian Leadership
Council (NCLC), 80, 87, 105–6,
182–84, 249, 254, 282, 510, 604,
609, 620
Nashville Community Relations
Conference, 605
Nashville Movement, 8, 30, 87, 89,
104, 135, 179–90, 192–93, 223–54,
261, 266, 281, 306–7, 341, 363,
365, 366, 405, 447, 502, 624, 649
Nashville Tennessean, 163, 188, 219
Nation of Islam, 81
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP), 5, 6, 9, 12, 14–17, 18–
22, 34, 36–38, 44, 49, 53–54, 57,
62, 69, 73–77, 79–88, 92, 96, 102–
4, 109, 114, 119, 121, 126, 130,
141, 195, 207, 251, 255, 271, 282,
286–87, 310–13, 320–21, 332–35,
346, 366–69, 373–75, 384, 387,
390, 392, 395–96, 399–400, 432,
435–47, 451, 454–56, 463–64, 468,
470–72, 474–85, 495–96, 508, 510,
526, 597, 603, 607, 620, 629, 638,
650; Legal and Educational
Defense Fund, 437, 482, 643;
Youth Councils, 22, 38, 60, 82, 85,
102–4, 374, 468, 454–55
National Baptist Convention, 427
National Civil Rights Museum, 652
National Committee for a Sane
Nuclear Policy (SANE), 101
National Council of Churches, 315
National Freedom Council, 403–5,
407
National Guard, 2, 4, 226, 230, 237–
38, 240, 242–46, 248, 251, 256,
259–71, 284, 290, 305–6, 414
National Negro Congress, 30–31
National States Rights Party (NSRP),
153–57, 189, 221, 615
National Student Association, 97,
192, 282, 328
National Student News, 451
National Urban League, 133, 282,
366, 484
National Youth Administration, 624
NATO, 256
NBC, 159, 212, 272, 282, 436, 493,
518, 635
Nearing, Scott, 23
Negen, Gordon, 318, 535
Nelson, Frank, 466, 560
Nelson, Macdonald, 323
Nelson, Wallace, 39, 41, 41–43, 48,
51, 534, 597
New Orleans, LA, 1, 35–36, 89, 94,
96, 110, 116, 130, 162, 166, 172,
174–79, 182, 187, 192, 197, 199,
206–7, 222, 225, 248–49, 255–56,
267, 271, 276, 282, 286, 291, 295,
307, 309–12, 330–33, 335, 341,
368, 369, 375, 381, 384, 389–90,
419, 421, 423, 433, 457, 464–65,
484–85, 518, 521, 621, 628, 632,
649
New Republic, 306, 520
New South Wales, 511
New World Foundation, 396
New York, NY, 19, 21–22, 24–28,
32–36, 38–39, 44, 53–54, 56, 61–
62, 64–67, 70, 72–75, 80, 83–85,
89, 94–95, 99, 101–2, 107–8, 110–
11, 114, 119, 121, 128, 166, 177,
184–85, 192, 198, 225, 233, 242,
249, 255, 305, 309–13, 315, 321,
323, 327, 332, 336–37, 339, 348,
356, 383–84, 389–91, 394–95, 398,
405, 408, 412, 416–17, 419, , 434,
437, 442, 444, 456, 461, 477, 485,
502, 508, 520, 525, 622, 628, 652
New York Council for Permanent
FEPC, 39
New York Herald Tribune, 474, 628
New York Post, 55, 59, 389
New York Times Magazine, 336, 431
New York Times v. Sullivan, 621
New York Times, 19, 36, 153, 166,
196, 211, 243, 283, 289, 339, 379,
440, 460, 475–76, 486
Newman, I. DeQuincey, 501
Newman, Paul, 499
Newson, Moses, 110, 127, 141, 147,
173, 192, 523, 610
Newsweek, 306
Newtown (Monroe), 411–15
Nicholas, Mike, 315
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 23
Niven, David, 506
Index 687
Nixon, E. D., 62–63, 66, 70, 74
Nixon, Richard, 90–91, 91, 515, 534
Nixon, Sandra, 295, 545
Nonviolence, 3, 5, 7–9, 22–25, 27–
29, 31–35, 37–40, 43–4, 47, 50, 52,
54–57, 59–61, 64–74, 78–84, 87–
89, 98, 101, 104, 106–7, 111, 116,
129, 133–34, 141, 148, 160–61,
167, 174, 179–80, 182, 208, 212,
225, 233, 238, 244, 248, 250, 252,
254–55, 272, 275, 303–9, 312–13,
315, 329, 331, 337–38, 341, 350–
52, 359, 361, 365, 383, 388, 392,
395, 402–5, 407–9, 414, 423, 426–
27, 429, 433, 435, 438–39, 446–48,
456, 462, 468, 472–73, 476, 478,
480–81, 488, 491, 499, 503–13,
515, 520, 595, 602, 618, 624, 639
Nonviolent Action Group (NAG),
102–3, 108, 110 , 224, 229, 255,
261, 266, 287, 301, 304, 312, 351,
407, 523
Nonviolent High, 451
Norfolk, VA, 11–12, 195, 613, 620
Norman, Andy, 366
North Carolina, 3, 9–10, 15, 20, 32–
34, 38–39, 43–49, 52–55, 81–82,
84–88, 93–97, 102, 104, 110–11,
118–21, 128, 134–5, 139, 167, 181,
192, 249, 251, 318, 375, 397, 402–
18, 420, 422–24, 427, 457, 500–
502, 508, 510, 598, 611, 649–50
North Carolina A & T College, 39,
46, 84, 119
Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 523
Noyce, Gaylord, 270, 542
Nuclear arms race, 59–60; anti–
nuclear activism, 101, 314;
disarmament, 96; power plants,
314; weapons, 101
Nunnelley, William, 615
Nussbaum, Perry, 634
O’Connor, Claire, 315, 358, 524,
552, 637
O’Connor, James, 323, 555
O’Dea, George, 419
Oberdorfer, Louis, 163, 193, 226–27
Ocala, FL, 322–23, 327, 419
Ochs, Phil, 508, 650
Oklahoma, 330, 456–57, 623
Oldham, Charles, 83–84, 284
Olsen, Anne, 417
Olsen, Vernal, 417
Operation Mississippi, 334
Operation PUSH, 639
Orange County, NC, 54
Orangeburg, SC, 66, 72, 88–89
Orrick, William, 230, 242, 247,
Oshinsky, David, 325
“Our Struggle,” 70
Ouzts, Thurman, 215, 299, 303
Owens, Robert, 387
Oxford, AL, 141
Oxford, MS, 482
Oxford, NC, 43
Pabel, Hilmar, 384, 573
pacifism, 23–29, 31–33, 39, 65–66,
68–69, 72, 81, 101–2, 106, 608
Page, Hubert, 137–38, 153–58, 173
Page, Marion, 470, 472–73, 488
Palm Beach Post, 634
Palmer, H. T., 622
Parchman Prison Farm (MS), 106,
310, 313, 316–17, 325–27, 343,
348–65, 372, 378, 398, 404, 515,
524–25, 632, 634, 638, 652
Parker, Mack Charles, 278, 334
Parker, Mike, 652
Parks, Rosa, 13, 24, 57–58, 58, 75,
418
Pasadena, CA, 61, 83
Patterson, Eugene, 612
Patterson, Joe, 305–6, 312, 348, 444–
46
Patterson, John, 2, 137, 141, 162,
168–72, 189, 193–94, 201–7, 220–
22, 227–30, 228, 236–48, 252, 279,
290, 380–82, 412, 414, 458, 494–
95, 619–20, 622
Patterson, John Olan, 149–50
Patton, Ernest “Rip,” 254, 266, 541,
625
Peace Corps, 269, 314, 336, 635
Pearson, Drew, 622
Peck, George, 631
Peck, James, 24, 28–29, 38–41, 41,
43–49, 53, 56–57, 59, 83, 85, 95–
99,
112, 114, 118–20, 124–27, 127,
132–34, 140, 148–51, 153–60, 162,
166–70, 174–78, 175, 178, 191,
192, 280, 282, 304, 344, 358, 366,
496–97, 502, 517–18, 522, 534,
536, 596, 608
Peck, Samuel, 28
Pegler, Westbrook, 344
People to People tours, 479, 509
Perez, Leander, 484
Perkins, Charles, 511
Perkins, Joseph, 89, 99–100, 120–21,
127, 131, 135, 141, 143, 147–48,
167, 174, 407, 536, 604, 615
Person, Charles, 103, 112, 114, 120,
127, 149–51, 154–56, 159, 175,
192, 523–24, 536, 609–10
Petersburg, VA, 43, 96, 114–17, 119,
255, 610
Petersburg Improvement Association
(PIA), 115
Petway, Alphonso, 383, 573
Petway, Kredelle, 383, 573
Petway, Mathew, 383, 573
Phifer, J. S., 492–93
Philadelphia, MS, 516
Philadelphia, PA, 102, 124, 135, 617,
627
Phipps, T. J., 53
Piedmont, AL, 500–501
Pierce, M. B., 384
Pierson, Robert L., 433, 582
Pike County, MS, 395–96, 399–402,
428, 442
Pine Bluff, AR, 377
Pittsburgh Courier, 40
Plessy v. Ferguson, 16, 19
Pleune, Katherine “Kit,” 313, 347–
48, 551, 636
Poland, Jeff, 322, 324
Poplarville, MS, 334
Potomac Institute, 329
Potter, Paul, 451
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 19, 75
Powell, Rodney, 625–26
Powledge, Fred, 621
prayer pilgrimages, 80, 335, 433–37,
469, 490, 643
Presidential Citizens’ Medal, 525–26
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 521
President’s Committee on Civil
Rights, 37, 45
Price, Elnora, 333, 559
Price, Herman, 245
Prince Edward County, VA, 116,
130, 610
Princeton University, 336, 362, 548
Pritchard, Bill, 196–97
Pritchett, Laurie 455, 468–71, 474–
75, 488–91, 489
Progressive Youth Association, 389
Project Baltimore, 645
Project C, 496
Proxmire, William, 622
Pulaski, TN, 187, 619
Quakers, 23–27, 62, 66, 97, 101, 104,
106, 124, 135, 315, 345
Quarterman, Ola Mae, 487
Quilloin, Carolyn, 607
Rachlin, Carl, 25, 107, 386, 392–93,
419, 434
Radio Free Dixie, 417
railroads, 14–16, 36, 50–52, 54–5, 57,
97, 308, 311–12, 316, 330, 370,
338, 386, 389, 396, 440–41, 443,
463–65, 469–70, 475, 482, 485,
596, 646
Raines, Curtis, 375, 567
Raleigh, NC, 44, 86–87, 181, 397,
502
Randle, Worth, 39, 41, 41, 534
Randolph, A. Philip, 26, 30–31, 36,
62, 66–68, 70, 73–76, 98, 438, 603
Randolph–Macon Woman’s College,
117
RAPE (Resist All Pressures
Endlessly), 345
Ray, J. L., 271, 285, 295, 312, 379,
433
Rayburn, W. W., 435
Raymond, George, 389, 464–65, 579,
584, 585
Raymond, MS, 333
Reagan, Ronald, 516, 652
Reagon, Cordell, 301, 449, 452, 454–
55, 468–69, 474, 546–47, 583
Reagon, Joy, 301, 538, 546–47
Reape, Harold, 416
Reconstruction, 6, 9, 81, 193, 233,
336, 422, 487, 506
Reed, Stanley, 18, 21
Reese, Jeanette, 63
Reeves, Gene, 155, 157
Reeves, Richard, 4
Reid, Milton A., 610
Reinitz, Janet, 375, 567
religion, 23, 29–31, 33, 39, 44, 47,
49, 52, 66, 69, 71, 86, 96, 99, 112–
15, 128, 154, 179, 181, 198, 307,
315, 318, 320–23, 324, 338–39,
341, 343, 347, 351, 356, 400, 403,
427, 429, 434, 450, 497, 524, 589,
598, 606, 609, 618, 635
Republicans, 16, 18, 79, 258, 393,
507, 522, 626
Reunions, Freedom Rider, 515–19,
522–25, 652
Reuther, Victor, 336
Reverse Freedom Rides, 484–86
Reynolds, Isaac (Ike), 128, 149, 156,
159, 175, 298, 372, 496, 516, 536,
563
Rich, Marvin, 83–85, 100, 178, 281–
82, 300, 364, 366, 389, 425, 437–
38, 456, 459–60, 507, 523, 596
Richardson, Art, 347
Richmond, David, 84
Richmond, VA, 14, 30–31, 34, 41,
43–44, 82, 93, 96, 114–16, 137
Ride for Freedom, 57, 94
Riles, Wilson, 69–70
Ritter, Norman, 212
Rives, Richard, 220, 387, 429, 443,
445–46, 463–64
Roanoke, VA, 378
Robb, Spender, 291
Roberts, Dalford, 425
Robeson, Paul, 101, 115
Robinson, Jackie, 15, 18, 52, 593
Robinson, James, 58, 83–85, 89, 92,
425
Robinson, Reggie, 398
Robinson, Roy, 141, 144
Robinson, Ruby Price, 425
Robinson, Spottswood, 16–17, 38,
41, 380
688 Index
Rock Hill, SC, 85, 89, 94–97, 114,
121–25, 132, 135, 181, 185, 200,
270, 457, 501, 611
Rockefeller, Nelson, 336, 433, 582
Rockwell, George Lincoln, 276–77,
291
Rogers, Janice, 360, 560
Rollins, J. Metz, 99, 104, 183, 195,
620
Roodenko, Igal, 39, 41, 44–46, 51,
53–54, 534
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 75, 507
Roosevelt, Franklin, 16, 26, 74
Ross, Joe, 333, 559
Rostow, Eugene, 298, 336–37, 635
Rostow, Walt, 336
Route 40 campaign, 394–95, 461–62,
475, 496, 501
Rowan Junior High School, 371, 563,
566
Rowan Mill, NC, 120
Rowan, Carl, 503
Rowe, Gary Thomas, 136–38, 151,
153–58, 246, 517–18, 615–16
Roxboro, NC, 54–55
Roy, Ralph, 321–22, 554
Rubinstein, Arthur, 627
Rudd, John, 324–25
Rudolph, Wilma, 185
Ruppenthal, G. J., 211, 299
Rush, Heath, 410, 551, 581, 641
Rush, Johann, 464
Rusk, Dean, 394
Rustin, Bayard, 24–29, 31, 33–41, 41,
43–48, 52–57, 60–68, 63, 70–74,
80, 95–96, 321, 408, 501–502, 501,
522, 534, 597, 599, 601–602, 607,
652
Rustin, Florence, 24
Rustin, Janifer, 24
Rustin, Julia, 24–25
Rutland, John, 154
St. Augustine, FL, 103, 111, 125, 641
St. Louis, MO, 57, 83, 98, 310, 375,
385, 516
St. Petersburg, FL, 318, 323, 629
St. Petersburg Times, 323, 630
Salisbury, Harrison, 153, 196, 207,
339
Salisbury, NC, 104, 120, 611
Saloscin, Robert, 293
Saluda, VA, 12, 14, 17
Sanders, Carl, 487
Sanfield, Steve, 389, 579
Sanford, Terry, 411–12, 502
Sanjuan, Pedro, 394
Sanjuan, Richard, 461
Santa Monica, CA, 384–85
Satyagraha, 74
Savannah, GA, 136, 320, 375, 607
Schakne, Robert, 166
Schar, Irwin, 634
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 607
school desegregation, 3, 4, 20, 54,
104, 110, 163, 195, 382, 436, 441,
458, 460, 482, 484, 495, 500, 512,
589, 611, 630
Scottsboro, AL, 65
Scratch Hill, AL, 262, 265
Schwarzchild, Henry, 331
Seals, Hilton, 47
Searles, A. C., 470
Seay, Solomon S., Jr., 300
Seay, Solomon S., Sr., 218, 224, 231,
233, 235, 240, 281
Second Emancipation Proclamation,
509
Second Reconstruction, 6, 435, 590
Seigenthaler, John, 110, 162–65, 173,
174–76, 175, 182–83, 193, 201–2,
204–6, 208, 211, 213, 215, 220–22,
226, 246, 618, 623
Self, W.W. “Red,” 136, 156–58, 615
Seligson, David, 303, 630
Sellers, Charles G., Jr., 379, 571
Selma, AL, 93, 211, 262, 301, 327,
485, 503, 507, 513, 627
Selma–to–Montgomery march, 327,
507, 627
Sewanee, TN, 433
Shaw University, 86, 318
Shelby County, AL, 209
Shelton, Robert, 136–38, 158, 202,
290, 297, 299, 622
Shepard, Alan B., 116, 125
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 124
Sherrill, Robert, 638
Sherrod, Charles, 95, 114–15, 328–
29, 328, 341, 374, 390, 392, 405–7,
414–15, 417, 419, 448–49, 452–56,
468–72, 488, 490
Shilman, Ken, 356, 415, 546, 581,
641
shoe-in, 120
Shores, Arthur, 195, 248
Shows, Jack, 291
Shreveport, LA, 377, 418–19, 457,
459, 483–85
Shridharani, Krishnaial, 27
Shriver, Sargent, 90, 164
Shull, Linwood, 34
Shuttlesworth, Fred, Jr., 435
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 78, 78, 97, 106,
140, 148, 155, 159–62, 161, 166–
74, 184–86, 188–90, 188, 200, 202–
3, 206–8, 211, 218, 224–25, 229,
231–32, 237–38, 240, 259, 271,
279, 297, 298, 299, 432, 435–36,
492–96, 510, 526, 542–43, 616,
619, 621, 624–25, 634
Shuttlesworth, Patricia, 435
Shuttlesworth, Ricky, 435
Sibley, Celestine, 331
Sikeston, MO, 98
Silver City, MS, 333
Silver, Carol Ruth, 310, 360–62, 524,
548, 652
Simkins, George, Jr., 84–85, 119
Simmons, William, 382
Simon, Howard, 517, 517
Simon, Tobias, 314, 324, 632, 634
Simpson, Etta, 538, 544, 620
Simpson, Floyd, 497–98
Sims, Harry E., 141, 143–44, 146,
613
Sims, Pauline, 389, 579
Singelmann, George, 484–86
Singer, Felix, 325–26, 547
Singleton, Robert, 384–85, 423, 524,
575–76
Singleton, Helen, 384, 525, 575–76
sit-ins, 3, 5, 7–9, 23, 27, 74, 82, 84–
89, 91, 93–94, 99–100, 102, 104–6,
115, 118–20, 123, 128, 132, 154,
178–79, 181, 183, 185, 190, 192,
195, 199, 249, 254, 270, 296, 297,
305, 328, 314, 322, 326, 334, 344,
347, 374, 375, 382, 400, 426, 430–
31, 434, 447, 452, 462, 476–77,
492, 495–96, 502, 509–10, 605,
624, 630
Sitkoff, Harvard, 506
Sitton, Claude, 339–41, 460, 465
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, 493
Sizemore, Ralph, 458
slavery, 10, 81, 258, 267, 526, 589,
592, 618
Smiley, Glenn, 65–73, 87, 601
Smith v. Allwright, 18–19
Smith Woollcott, 384, 567, 574
Smith, “Cotton Ed,” 121, 611
Smith, Carlene, 466
Smith, Doratha, 464–65, 584
Smith, George, 270, 270, 542, 629
Smith, Howard K., 91, 153, 155–56,
159, 165, 196–97, 516, 615, 620
Smith, Jerome, 99, 192, 255, 266,
286, 298, 423, 464–66, 466, 502,
541, 584
Smith, Kelly Miller, 80, 87, 105, 414,
494, 497, 604
Smith, Leslie, 323, 556
Smith, Lillian, 61, 192, 507, 600
Smith, Patricia, 466
Smith, Perry A., 317, 554
Smith, Ruby Doris, 95, 200, 301,
361, 400, 406, 538, 546
Socialism, 23, 36, 30–31, 73–74, 316
South Africa, 201, 408, 511, 620, 650
South Carolina, 34, 48, 66, 72, 74,
83, 85, 88–89, 94–97, 102, 114,
121–35, 139, 167, 179, 181, 185,
200, 270, 292, 295, 305, 318, 320,
325, 457, 501, 510, 611–12, 617,
629, 632
Southern California Boycott
Committee, 385
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC), 59, 80–82, 84,
86, 88, 90, 92, 96–7, 110, 115, 117,
133, 137, 181, 194–5, 211, 225–26,
250, 252, 254, 260, 279, 298, 307,
332, 335, 339–341, 363, 366, 390,
392, 405–407, 414–415, 417, 419,
435, 446, 447, 456, 468, 472–74,
477, 479, 481, 487, 490–96, 499,
508–10, 610–11, 619, 641;
Freedom Corps, 479; Institute on
Nonviolence, 117
Southern Conference Education
Fund (SCEF), 97, 450, 451, 494
Southern Negro Youth Conference,
30
Southern Patriot, 82
Southern Regional Conference, 479,
634
Southern Regional Council, 6, 183,
296, 297, 329, 487, 491, 630, 635
Southern Stages, Inc., 292
Southern University, 261, 295, 421,
483
Southern Workers Defense League,
39, 48
Soviet Union, 4, 5, 26, 62, 164, 306,
315, 347–48, 385–86
Sow, Adam Malik, 394
Sparks, Chauncey, 20
Spartanburg, SC, 457
Special Service Protocol Section
(SPSS), 394
Spelman College, 95, 200, 634, 538,
545–46, 586
Spencer, James L., 284, 285, 286,
295, 309, 334, 372, 434
Spicer, Mary, 156
Spottswood, Steven 373
stand–ins, 100, 135, 329, 431, 447
Standing Pine, MS, 626
Stanley, Eugene, 39, 46, 534
Stanley, Marvin, 211
Staples, Abram, 17–18
“State of the Race” Conference, 76
states’ rights, 3, 244, 494
Statesville, NC, 48, 502
Stayton, Melton, 467
Steele, C. K., 80, 84
Stegal, Bruce, 411
Stegal, Charles, 411, 416–17
Stegal, Mabel, 411–12, 416–17
Stennis, John, 277
Stephens, Pat, 88–89, 314
Stephens, Priscilla, 314, 322, 324–25
Steptoe, E. W., 399–400, 442
Sterling, Dorothy, 545, 630
Sterling, Peter, 298, 545, 630
Sterling, Philip, 545, 630
Index 689
Stevenson, Adlai, 75
Stevenson, Joe, 389, 579
Steward, Richard, 384, 576
Stewart, Ollie, 40, 52
Stokes, Andrew Jackson, 585
Stone, Harlan Fisk, 18, 594
Stone, Robert J., 317, 324, 554
Stoner, J. B., 153, 615
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 302
Streetcars, 9, 15
Stuckey, Sterling, 403
Student Committee for the
Admission of Negroes (SCAN), 83
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC), 87–90, 95–
98, 102–3, 121, 179, 181, 185–86,
200, 224, 241, 248, 250, 252, 266,
279, 282, 287, 298, 301, 306–7,
314, 318, 328, 330, 332–33, 340–
41, 346, 363, 366, 395–98, 400,
402, 405–6, 414, 438, 442, 448–55,
464, 468–70, 473–74, 477–84, 487,
490–91, 494–95, 498–99, 503, 508–
10, 523, 617, 638, 644, 650
Student Voice, 98, 104
Stuttgart, AR, 634
Sullivan, L. B., 211–12, 215–16, 218–
19, 230, 237, 240, 290, 298, 621
Sullivan, Terry John, 309, 325–26,
547
Sumter County, GA, 314, 473
Sumter, SC, 83, 121, 125–28, 131–
32, 135, 318, 320, 325, 457, 632
Sunflower County, MS, 481, 628
Sutton, Percy, 311–312, 391, 437,
549
Swann v. Charlotte–Mecklenburg Board
of Education, 611
Swift, David, 270, 270, 542
Swomley, John, 62–69, 72
Sylvester, Ray, 47
Taconic Foundation, 329
Taitt, Lenora, 469, 471, 586
Talapoosa, GA, 141
Talbert, Bobbie, 402
Talladega, AL, 495, 648
Talladega College, 495, 648
Talladega National Forest, AL, 141
Tallahassee, FL, 9, 80, 83–84, 88–89,
99, 318, 320–25, 327, 368, 379,
383, 457, 471, 605, 642
Tallahassee Democrat, 634
Tallahassee Ten, 322–24, 368, 379
Talmadge, Eugene, 20
Tampa, FL, 106, 121, 318, 323, 609
Tanganyika, 135
Tarrant City, AL, 189
Task Force Freedom, 508
Tawes, Millard, 461
Taylor, Bayard, 25
Taylor, Gardner, 91
Taylor, Herman, 53
Taylor, Levert, 459–60, 577, 583
Taylorsville, MS, 479
Tennessee, 3, 8–9, 18, 27, 38, 45, 48–
51, 57, 62, 80, 82, 84, 86–87, 94–
95, 99, 104–6, 108, 110, 135, 163,
179–93, 195, 197–204, 206, 209,
218, 222, 224–25, 229, 235, 248–
50, 252, 254, 279, 282, 286, 288,
307–8, 310, 312–13, 316, 332–33,
339, 341, 346, 351–53, 361, 369,
378, 396–97, 403–5, 407, 422, 430,
432–33, 435, 437, 446–48, 454,
457, 496–98, 500, 502–3, 508, 520,
522, 593, 606, 617–20, 623–24,
626, 635, 644, 649
Tennessee A & I State University,
185, 199–200, 248–49, 254, 286,
301, 430, 446, 503, 625
Terrell County, GA, 472, 488–89
Texarkana, TX, 377
Texas, 15, 18, 29–30, 66–67, 72, 185,
333, 345, 377, 389, 456, 500, 593,
640, 652
Thant, U, 511
Thomas, Cecil, 383, 573
Thomas, Clarence, 266, 388, 519,
541
Thomas, Henry (Hank), 103, 111,
125–27, 141, 143, 145–47, 147,
191, 192, 224–25, 255, 260, 301,
353–54, 377–78, 391, 418–22, 429,
492–93, 516, 519, 523, 536, 541,
568, 609, 611, 613, 638
Thomas, Mack, 290, 301, 309
Thomas, Norman, 23, 62, 66, 73, 100
Thomas, Robert, 138
Thomasville, GA, 457
Thompson, Alice, 540, 547, 584
Thompson, Allen, 279, 370–71, 434,
436–37, 444, 459
Thompson, Danny, 316, 408–9, 414–
15, 552, 581, 641
Thompson, Francis, 298
Thompson, Jean, 261, 301, 309, 466,
540, 547, 584–85
Thompson, Shirley, 309, 540, 547,
584
Thoreau, Henry David, 107, 285
Thurman, Howard, 23, 31, 36
Thurman, Lonnie, 384, 576
Thurmond, Strom, 131
Till, Emmett, 110, 165, 278
Tillman, Ben, 121, 131, 611
Time, 19, 212, 305, 465
Tjokroadisumarto, Widjonarko, 384,
574
To Kill a Mockingbird, 310, 631
Todd, Curtiss, 49, 53
Tolson, Melvin, 30
Totalitarianism, 23, 28
Tougaloo Southern Christian
College, 332–34, 370, 379, 389–90,
428, 433, 466, 518, 629
Townsend, Vincent, 159
Trailways Bus Lines, 29, 40–45, 48–
9, 93, 96, 109–118, 122–26, 132,
134, 148–62, 168–69, 179, 255,
259–60, 267, 271–72, 276, 279,
287–88, 297–98, 301, 309–10, 333,
370, 390, 419, 433, 454–59, 468,
471, 475, 488, 521, 641
Travis, Brenda, 402, 449
Travis, Jack, 284–85, 332, 386, 419–
21, 427
Trillin, Calvin, 212
Troy, AL, 104, 159
Trumpauer, Joan, 312, 550
Tubman, Harriet, 267
Tucker, William H., 393, 440, 644
Tucson, AZ, 102
Tuggle, Kenneth H., 644
Tupelo, MS, 443, 459
Tuscaloosa, AL, 136, 138, 244, 494
Tushnet, Mark, 21
Tuskegee Institute, 97, 327, 634
Tuttle, Elbert P., 313, 332, 369, 463,
490, 634
Tylertown, MS, 428
Tyson, Deputy, 326, 353–55
Uhrbrock, Don, 212
Union County, NC, 408, 410, 416–
17, 423
Union Theological Seminary, 33,
269, 321
Uniontown, AL, 262
United Church of Christ, 518, 624,
648; Commission for Racial
Justice, 652
United Nations, 100, 337, 384, 394,
511, 524
United Press International, 200
U. S. Air Force, 79, 171, 230, 482
U. S. Army, 81, 99, 154, 162, 194,
230, 236, 240, 245, 251
U. S. Border Patrol, 193–94, 262
U. S. Circuit Courts of Appeals, 302,
313, 367, 387, 429, 432, 436–37,
463, 468, 638
U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, 4,
79, 380, 634
U. S. Constitution, 18, 21, 36, 94,
148, 236, 243–44, 246, 248, 257,
323, 329, 332, 336–37, 363, 391,
407, 417, 424, 431, 443, 445, 455,
463–64, 476, 478, 499, 505–6;
Amendments, 21, 77, 79, 297, 621
U. S. Department of Urban Affairs,
505
U. S. Information Agency (USIA),
306, 337
U. S. Institute for Peace, 516
U. S. Justice Department, 20, 90,
110, 129, 130, 137–38, 162–64,
169–70, 172, 175–76, 182, 186,
193–94, 201–2, 204, 207–9, 211,
222, 226–27, 230, 236–37, 242,
246–48, 252, 256, 280, 282, 287,
290, 292, 293, 297–98, 301, 302,
306, 318, 328, 330, 332, 339–340,
367–69, 381, 387, 392–96, 399,
404, 422, 426, 428–29, 435, 440,
441, 445, 452, 456, 458–68, 473–
77, 481–83, 490, 499, 503, 507,
511, 607, 616, 628–29, 645–46, 650
U. S. Marshal Service, 1, 162, 193–4,
221–22, 226–30, 232–8, 244–47,
251–52, 256, 280, 338, 368, 387,
464, 619
U. S. News and World Report, 306
U. S. Senate, 18, 163, 325, 346, 368,
421, 486, 517, 638–39
U. S. State Department, 5, 56, 62,
337, 384, 394, 461–62
U. S. Supreme Court, 2, 4–5, 17–21,
36, 39, 44, 54, 77, 93, 122, 129,
193, 302, 320, 367, 369, 384, 476,
478, 481, 487, 493, 519, 526, 607,
611, 621
Unity Tour, 518–19
University of Alabama, 67, 330
University of Georgia, 129–132
University of Michigan, 89, 100, 451
University of Minnesota, 314–15
University of Mississippi, 330, 482,
505, 524, 652
Uphoff, Eugene, 315, 552
Valdosta, GA, 457
Vance, Earl, 371, 563
Vandiver, Ernest, 129, 131, 471
Vicksburg, MS 433, 459
Vietnam War, 418, 515, 519, 627,
642
Viorst, Milton, 512, 607
Virginia, 10–22, 29–32, 34, 38, 41,
43–44, 48, 51, 53–54, 74, 82, 93,
96–97, 102, 110, 112, 114–19, 121,
130, 134, 137, 139, 192, 195, 226,
237, 255, 328, 378, 394, 412, 456,
495, 500, 522, 525–26, 599, 610–
11, 613, 620
Virginia Christian Leadership
Conference, 610
Virginia Union College, 43, 95, 114–
16, 137, 310, 328
Vivian, C. T., 183, 249, 261, 265,
266, 279, 285, 290, 295, 301, 494,
540
Voice of America, 293
Voice of the Movement, 609
Volpe, John, 486
690 Index
Voter Education Project (VEP), 479–
81, 501, 507, 513
voting rights, 18, 76, 79–80, 83, 211,
314, 327–30, 335, 339, 368, 395–
405, 426–29, 442, 446, 448–52,
454, 467, 480, 482, 488, 490, 500,
503, 507, 514, 640; Voting Rights
Act (1965), 513
wade-ins, 431
Wadesboro, NC, 375, 457
Wagner, Norma, 384, 390, 574, 577,
640
Wagner, Richard, 419
Wahlstrom, James, 347–48, 385, 423,
548, 576, 636
Walker, David, 519
Walker, Martin, 47
Walker, Matthew, Jr., 86, 254, 261,
306, 422, 540
Walker, Theresa, 331, 558
Walker, Wyatt Tee, 115–16, 133,
195, 225, 229, 233, 237, 248, 250,
253, 259, 271, 279, 299, 306, 328–
29, 328, 331–32, 340, 349, 390–91,
415–17, 423, 432, 435, 447, 472–
73, 510, 543, 558, 610, 646
Wall Street Journal, 629
Wallace, George C., 494–95, 498
Wallace, Henry, 101, 546
Wallace, Mike, 628
Walrath, Lawrence, K., 644
Walthall County, MS, 399, 428, 442
WAPI, 157, 159
War Resisters League, 29, 61, 96,
102
Ward, Jimmy, 344
Warner, A. McRaven (Mack), 317,
324, 554
Warren, Earl, 20, 60, 154, 432, 594
Washington, DC, 14, 17, 26, 31, 34–
35, 39–41, 48, 51, 74, 76, 87, 94,
96, 99, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110,
112, 117, 129, 133–34, 138, 147,
151, 163, 167, 173, 178, 179, 182,
186–87, 192–93, 200, 211, 222,
224, 227, 230, 233, 237, 248–49,
251, 255, 269, 271, 276, 280–81,
287, 292, 294, 301, 312, 316–18,
327, 330, 336, 351, 369, 374, 392,
394, 399, 421, 424, 439, 442–43,
461, 477, 484, 506–9, 516–23, 619,
645
Washington Evening Star, 110
Washington Post, 110–11, 166, 530
Washington Project, 438, 442
Washington, Robin, 652
Watkins, Hezekiah, 371, 563
Watkins, Hollis, 400
Watkins, Tom, 445
We Challenged Jim Crow, 52
Weathersbee, Mr., 402
Weaver, Malcolm, 458
Weaver, Robert, 505
Webb, Charles, 644
Webb, George, 155–58, 167, 189
Webb, James, 90
Weber, Ernest, 309, 548
Welch, Robert 346
Wesby, Robert, 550, 639
West Virginia, 82, 100, 456, 596
West, Ben, 27, 181
West, Don, 397
White Citizens’ Council, 66, 69, 75,
78, 124, 177, 251, 257, 278, 334,
346–47, 370, 382, 403, 422, 432,
441, 478, 500, 628
White, Byron “Whizzer,” 137, 193–
94, 201, 220, 226–230, 228, 233,
236–37, 242, 244–45, 256–57
White, Edward, 16
White, Josh, 26, 75
White, Walter, 20–21, 34, 37
Whitesell, Calvin, 297, 302
Whitfield, Henry, 53
Who Speaks for Birmingham, 153, 196
Wickley, Vann, 415
Wilbur, Susan, 200, 203, 213–14,
218, 229, 538, 622
Wilentz, Sean, 520
Wilkins, Roy, 6, 38, 54, 75–76, 80,
92–93, 109, 130, 282, 287, 310–11,
334, 373–74, 385, 424, 438, 493,
502, 510, 597, 603
Williams, Aubrey, 624
Williams, Mabel, 411
Williams, Robert, 81–82, 251, 404–
18, 413, 422, 427, 533, 641
Williams, Thaddeus, 376
Wilmington, NC, 318
Wilson, Frances, 288
Wilson, Fred, 408, 414
Wilson, Pat, 265
Wilson, Woodrow, 410
Winborne, Stanley, 20
Winchell, Walter, 348
Winnsboro, SC, 124–27, 132, 501
Winona, MS, 482
Winston–Salem, NC, 48–49
Winter, William, 519–20
Wisdom, Minor, 367
Wofford, Harris, 90, 92, 164, 275–
76, 367, 394, 598, 635
Wolff, Harold, 594
Wolff, Mrs. Harold, 594
women’s suffrage, 336
Womanpower Unlimited (WU), 335,
634
women in the movement, 35, 98–99,
357–62, 637
women’s rights, 512
Wood, John, 428
Woodard, Isaac, 34–35, 596
Woods, Lowell, 313, 552
Woolworth’s, 84–85, 100, 385, 400,
449
Word, Leslie, 547, 640
Workers Defense League News
Bulletin, 29
World War II, 9–11, 14, 23, 34, 39,
66, 74, 108, 227, 269, 444, 452
Worthy, William, 39, 50–51, 62–63,
65–67, 71, 97, 408, 417, 523, 534,
598, 607, 634, 650
Wright, A. G., 427
Wright, Clarence M., 288, 538, 544,
620
Wright, John, 251
Wright, Julia, 629
Wright, LeRoy, 254, 266, 541, 581,
641
Wright, Nathan, 39, 50–51, 534
Wright, Richard, 44
Wyche, Thomas, 121
Wyckoff, Elizabeth, 332, 367, 547
Yale University, 193, 226, 269, 270,
276, 289, 298, 310, 313, 336, 362,
542, 548, 570
York County, SC, 95
You Don’t Have to Ride Jim Crow, 39
Young Communist League, 26
Young, Aurelia, 335
Young, J. Will, 445
Young, Jack, 284, 289, 311, 335, 361,
367, 386, 419
Younge, Gary, 521
Zellner, Bob, 216, 450, 451, 469, 484,
488, 495, 498, 586, 622
Zimmerman, Bob (Bob Dylan), 315
Zinn, Howard, 88, 452
Zwerg, Jim, 185, 187, 197, 200, 204,
207, 212, 214, 216–18, 217, 224,
229, 358, 365, 446, 450, 538, 619,
622–24, 651