ALSTOM T&D. Network Protection And Automation Guide (NPAG)
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Index
I-15
x definite time
9.9 9-8
x deterioration in service
2.4.5 2-5
x distance
11.7,
11.12
11-6,
11-20
x extremely inverse
9.7 9-7
x features of numerical relays
7.5-
7.6
7-5
x flags
2.10.2 2-9
x generator
17.22 17-27
x grading margins
9.11-
9.12
9-9,
9-11
x IDMT
9.4 9-4
x IEC
9.4 9-4
x induction motor
19.14 19-13
x installation of
2.4.3,
21.16
2-5
x instantaneous
9.5 9-6
x neutral voltage displacement
17.8.1.3,
17.8.2.4
17-8,
17-9
x operation indicators
2.10.2 2-9
x output devices
2.10 2-8
x overcurrent
9.4 9-4
x overcurrent, example of settings
9.20.1 9-23
x overshoot
9.11.3 9-9
x performance, definition for distance relays
11.3 11-2
x production testing
21.8 21-1,
21-15
x relay characteristic angle
9.14.2 9-12
x ring main
9.20.4 9-29
x routine maintenance of
21.15 21-25
x selectivity
2.5 2-6
x self testing
7.5 7-5
x setting study, basic requirements
9.2 9-2
x speed of operation
2.7 2-6
x stability
2.6 2-6
x targets
2.10.2 2-9
x testing and commissioning
7.7.2,
21.9-
21.12
7-10,
22-10
x time grading margin
9.11 9-9
x timing error
9.11.1 9-9
x transformer
16.19 16-20
x transient over-reach
9.5.1 9-6
x trip circuit supervision
2.12 2-10
x tripping circuits
2.11 2-9
x type testing of
21.2-
21.7
21.1
x unit protection
10.12 10-14
x very inverse
9.6 9-7
x voltage setting in busbar protection
15.8.6.3 15-14
Reliability of numerical busbar protection
15.10.1 15-20
Reliability of protection equipment
2.4 2-5
Remanence flux, effect of in a current transformer
6.4.10.2 6-14
Rented pilot circuits and channels
8.5.2 8-4
Requirements of the signalling channel
8.5 8-3
Residual compensation in distance relays
11.9.2 11-16
Residual current
4.6.1 4-12
Residual flux, effect of in a current transformer
6.4.10.2 6-14
Residual voltage
4.6.1 4-12
Residually connected voltage transformers
6.2.6 6-4
Restricted earth fault protection:
x of generators
17.8.3 17-11
x of transformers
16.7 16-7
Reverse faults, maloperation of distance protection
schemes on
13.4.4 13-10
Reverse looking relay setting –distance relay blocking
schemes
12.4.1.1 12-7
Reverse power protection of generators
17.11.2 17-13
Ring mains:
x application of overcurrent relays
9.15 9-13
x example of grading
9.20.4 9-29
x grading of
9.15.1 9-14
Ring topology; substation architecture
25.3.3 25-4
ROCOF relay
17.21.2 17-27
Rogowski coil technology
24.4 24-14
Role based Access; cyber security
24.3.1 24-11,
25-6
Rotor earth fault protection for synchronous generator
17.15.1 17-16
Rotor protection (generator)
17.15 17-16
Routers, hubs and switches; definition of
24.2.4.1 24-7
RS232, RS485 standards
24.2.2.1 24-4
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)
24.2.4.2 24-8
RTU (Remote Terminal Unit), definition of
25.2 25-2
S
Salient pole rotor, synchronous machine
5.5 5-3
Saturation of current transformers
6.4.10 6-12
SCL (Substation Configuration Language); XML based,
IEC61850
24.5.2 24-18,
24-20
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Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-16
Secondary injection test equipment
21.10 21-18
Secondary injection testing
21.11 21-21
Secondary leads
6.2.3 6-3
Secondary winding impedance
6.4.7 6-11
Seismic / shock / bump (mechanical) type test
21.5.5 21-10
Selectivity of protection equipment
2.5 2-6
Self-testing (of numerical relays)
7.5 7-5
Sensitive earth fault protection:
x of generators
17.8.1.2 17-8
x of motors
19.6 19-6
x overcurrent
9.16.3,
9.17-
9.19
9-17,
9-18,
9-20
x time grading of
9.16.2 9-16
Sensitivity of protection equipment
2.8 2-7
Sequence networks
4.3 4-4
Sequence reactances:
x auto-transformer
5.16 5-13
x cables
5.23 5-23
x induction motor
19.7 19-11
x overhead transmission lines
5.18-
5.22
5-16,
5-22
x synchronous generator
5.8-
5.10
5-7,
5-8
x transformer
5.14-
5.15
5-10,
5-11
Serial communications, protocols
24.2.3.1 24-5
Series compensated lines, protection of
13.6 13-12
Series sealing, relay tripping circuits
2.11.1 2-9
Setting of overcurrent relay
9.10 9-8
SF6 circuit breakers
18.5.6 18-6
SF6 circuit breakers, use in auto-reclose schemes
14.6.3.3 14-7
Shunt fault equations
4.4 4-6
Shunt reinforcing with series sealing, relay tripping
circuits
2.11.3 2-10
Shunt reinforcing, relay tripping circuits
2.11.2 2-10
Sign conventions
3.4.2 3-6
Signalling performance requirements
8.5 8-3
Signalling, protection
8.1-8.7 8-1,
8-8
Single frequency line trap
8.5.3 8-6
Single phase open circuit fault analysis
4.4.5 4-8
Single phase systems
3.4.4 3-7
Single phase to earth fault analysis
4.4.1 4-7
Single shot auto-reclosing
14.4.3,
14.6.6
14-5,
14-8
Single switch substation, auto-reclose applied to
14.12.2 14-13
Single-phase auto-reclosing
14.7 14-8
SOA (Service Oriented Architecture; applied to OSI
model
24.3 24-11
Software type tests
21.6 21-11
Software version control in numerical relays
7.7.1 7-9,
7-10
Speed of protection equipment
2.7 2-6
SSL (Secure Socket Layer); applied to OSI model
24.3 24-11
Stabilising resistance
10.4.1 10-3
Stability of protection equipment
2.6 2-6
Stalling of induction motors
19.4.2 19-5
Standard IDMT overcurrent relays
9.4 9-4
Standards; typically used in protection and control
numerical devices
Appendix C
Standby transformer, auto-close schemes
14.11.1 14-11
Star topology; substation architecture
25.3.3 25-4
Star/delta theorem, Kennelly's
3.5.2.3 3-9
Star-connected winding of a transformer, impedance
earthed
16.2.1 16-2
Star-connected winding of a transformer, solidly
earthed
16.2.2 16-2
Starting protection for induction motors
19.4.1 19-4
Starting relays for switched distance protection
11.8.1 11-14
Static [IGBT] contacts in relays
2.10.1 2-8
Static differential protection systems
10.7 10-5
Static relays
7.3 7-3
Stator protection:
x for generators
17.4-
17.5
17-4,
17-5
x for induction motors
19.3,
19.6
19-2,
19-6
x generators
17.3 17-3
x induction motors
19.3,
19.6
19-2,
19-6
Status, of equipment; functions within a substation
control system
25.4 25-5
Steady-state theory of synchronous machines
5.4 5-2
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
24.2.4.2 24-8
Substation control and automation
x architecture; star and ring
25.3.3 25-4
x bay controller, definition of
25.2 25-2
x functionality
25.2 25-1,
25-4
x HMI, definition of
25.2 25-2
x IED, definition of
25.2 25-2
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-17
x RTU, definition of
25.2 25-2
x system requirements
25.2.2 25-2
x testing and configuration
25.5 25-6
x topology; centralised and distributed
25.2 25-1
x topology; decentralised
25.3.3 25-4
x topology; HMI based
25.3.1 25-3
x topology; RTU based
25.3.2 25-3
Sub-transient reactance of generators
5.8,
5.11
5-7,
5-8
Sudden restoration of supply, synchronous motor
protection
19.13.2 19-12
Summation arrangements, unit protection
10.6 10-4
Superposition theorem
3.5.2.1 3-8
Supervision of trip circuits
2.12 2-10
Supply interruptions (power quality)
23.3.8 23-5
Surge immunity test
21.3.6 21-5
Switches, hubs and routers; definition of
24.2.4.1 24-7
Switchgear monitoring; functions within a substation
control system
25.4 25-5
Switch-on-to-fault feature
11.6.4 11-5
Symmetrical component theory
4.3 4-4
Synchronisers
22.8 22-8
Synchronising
22.8 22-8
Synchronism check in auto-reclose schemes
14.9.2 14-10
Synchronism check relay
14.9.2,
22.8
14-10,,
22-8
Synchronous machines:
x armature reaction
5.3 5-2
x asymmetry
5.7 5-6
x cylindrical rotor
5.4 5-2
x direct axis reactances
5.4-
5.11
5-2,
5-9
x negative sequence reactance
5.9 5-8
x quadrature axis reactances
5.5,
511
5-3,
5-9
x reactances
5.4-
5.12
5-2,
5-9
x salient pole rotor
5.5 5-3
x saturation, effect on reactances
5.12 5-9
x steady-state theory of
5.4 5-2
x transient analysis
5.6 5-4
x zero sequence reactance
5.10 5-8
Synchronous motor protection:
x low forward power protection
19.13.2.2 19-13
x out-of step protection
19.13.1 19-12
x protection against sudden restoration of
supply
19.13.2 19-12
x underfrequency protection
19.13.2.1 19-12
Synchrophasor compliance accuracy levels (SIPS)
20.3.3 20-7
Synchrophasors (PMU)
x architecture of device
20.3.5 20-9
x communication; bandwidth
20.3.4 20-7
x definition of synchrophasor
20.3.3 20-6
x IEEE 1344 standard for synchrophasor
20.3.3 20-6
x IEEE C37.118 standard for synchrophasor
20.3.3 20-6
x oscillatory stability detection
20.3.1.1 20-5
x transient stability
20.3.1.3 20-5
x voltage stability
20.3.1.2 20-5
System earthing, effect of on zero sequence quantities
4.6 4-12
System fault studies
4.5 4-10
System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)
x blackouts, cascading failure
20.1.1,
20.2
20-2,
20-3
x cause of, generator load imbalance
20.1.1 20-2
x classification; event led or response led
20.2 20-3
x design criteria
20.2 20-3
x n- contingencies
20.1.2 20-2
x non synchronised schemes
20.4 20-12
x open line detection
20.4.2.1 20-13
x predictive out of step
20.4.3.2 20-16
x remedial action schemes
20.1.2 20-2
x single point special protection schemes
20.4.1 20-12
x special protection schemes
20.1.2 20-2
x system visualisation
20.3.8 20-11
x time synchronisation in schemes
20.3 20-4
x wide area schemes
20.1.2,
20.3.1
20-2,
20-4
System Zo/Z1 ratio
4.6.2 4-13
System ZS/ZL ratio, distance relay performance
11.4 11-3
T
Tank-earth protection (transformers)
16.14 16-14
Targets
2.10.2 2-9
Tariff metering
22.7 22-7
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
24.2.4 24-7
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing); protection
signalling, bandwidth
8.5.5 8-7
Tee'd feeder unit protection schemes
13.3.2-
13.3.4
13-6,
13-7
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-18
Telephone type pilots
8.6.1,
8.6.2
8-4,
8-6
Teleprotection signalling systems
8.3 8-2
Terminology; terms used in protection, control and
automation
Appendix A
Test block
21.10.1 21-18
Test management; functions within a substation
control system
25.5.4 25-6
Test plug
21.10.1 21.18
Test strategy; functions within a substation control
system
25.5.3 25-6
Testing; functions within a substation control system
25.5.2 25-6
Tests:
x commissioning
21.9 21-15
x dynamic validation
21.7 21-12
x electrical
21.2 21-2
x electromagnetic compatibility
21.3 21-3
x environmental
21.5 21-9
x equipment, secondary injection tests
21.10 21-18
x maintenance
21.15 21-25
x primary injection
21.12 21-22
x product safety
21.4 21-8
x production
21.8 21-1,
21-15
x protection scheme logic
21.13 21-24
x secondary injection
21.11 21-21
x software
21.6 21-11
x tripping and alarm annunciation
21.14 21-24
x type:
21.2-
21.7
21.1
Theorems, circuit
3.5.2 3-8
Theory:
x current transformer
6.4 6-7
x synchronous machine
5.2-
5.12
5-1,
5-9
x transformer
5.14-
5.16
5-10,
5-11
x voltage transformer
6.2 6-2
Thermal overloading (SIPS)
20.2 20-3
Thermal protection:
x of generator
17.18 17-23
x of motor
19.3 19-2
x of transformer
16.4,
16.18
16-6,
16-8,
16-11
Thévenin's theorem
3.5.2.2 3-9
Three terminal lines, protection of
13.3 13-6
Three-phase auto-reclosing
14.3,
14.6,
14.9
14-2,
14-5,
14-9
Three-phase fault analysis
4.4.4 4-8
Three-phase fault calculations
4.2 4-1
Through fault monitoring; transformers
16.20.2 16-23
Time grading of earth fault relays
9.16.1 9-15
Time grading of sensitive earth fault relays
9.16.2 9-16
Time multiplier setting (TMS)
9.4 9-4
Time Synchronisation (GPS) in schemes
20.3,
20.3.6
20-4,
20-9
Time synchronisation in numerical relays
7.6.5,
10.8.1
7-9,
10-7
Time synchronisation methods for differential relays
10.8.1 10-6
Time/current characteristics of overcurrent relays
9.4 9-4
TLS (Transport Layer Sercurity); applied to OSI model
24.3 24-11
Topology of substation control and automation
systems
25.2 25-1,
25-3
Transactor
10.5 10-4
Transducers:
x analogue
22.4 22-4
x digital
22.3 22-3
x measurement centres
22.6 22-6
x selection of
22.5 22-4
Transfer trip distance protection schemes:
x direct under-reach scheme
12.3.1 12-3
x permissive over-reach scheme
12.3.4 12-5
x permissive under-reach scheme
12.3.2 12-3
x permissive under-reaching acceleration
scheme
12.3.3 12-4
x weak infeed conditions
12.3.5 12-6
Transformer inrush; second harmonic detection
10.8 10-6
Transformer supervision; functions within a substation
control system
25.4 25-5
Transformer:
x asset management
16.20 16-23
x Buchholz relay
16.15.3 16-14
x capacitor voltage
6.3 6-5
x combined differential and earth–fault
16.10 16-11
x condition monitoring
16.18 16-19
x core faults
16.2.6 16-3
x current
6.4 6-7
x delta/star connected
16.8 16-7
x delta-connected windings
16.7 16-7
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-19
x differential
16.8-
16.10
16-9,
16-10
x electromagnetic voltage
6.2 6-2
x equivalent circuits
5.14-
5.15
5-10,
5-11
x examples of
16.19 16-20
x faults, nature and effect
16.1 16-1
x filtering of zero sequence currents
16.8.4 16-8
x impedances
5.17 5-14
x inrush detection blocking - gap detection
technique
16.9.3 16-10
x Instrument:
6.1-6.5 6-1,
6-5
x intertripping
16.17 16-18
x loss-of-life
16.20.1 16-23
x magnetising inrush
16.3 16-4
x non conventional
6.5 6-16,
24-13
x oil and gas devices
16.15 16-14
x overcurrent
16.6 16-6
x overfluxing
16.13 16-13
x overheating
16.4 16-3
x overload conditions
16.2.8.1 16-3
x overload protection
16.2.8.1 16-3
x overvoltage conditions
16.2.8.3 16-4
x positive
5.14, 5.17 5-10,
5-14
x positive sequence equivalent circuit
5.14 5-10
x protection
16.5-
16.15
16-5,
16-14,
16-23
x ratio Correction
16.8.5 16-9
x reduced system frequency
16.2.8.4 16-4
x restricted earth fault
16.7 16-7
x tank-earth
16.14 16-14
x thermal
16.4,
16.18
16-6,
16-8,
16-19
x through fault monitoring
16.20.2 16-23
x zero
5.15,
5.17
5-11,
5-14
x zero sequence equivalent circuit
5.15 5-11
Transformer-feeder protection of
10.12.2,
16.16
10-15,
16-16
Transformers with multiple windings
16.8.7 16-10
Transient analysis of synchronous machines
5.6 5-4
Transient factor of a current transformer
6.4.8 6-11
Transient fault in auto reclose applications
14.1 14-1
Transient instability (SIPS)
20.1.2 20-2
Transient instability in unit protection systems
10.4.1 10-3
Transient over-reach of a relay
9.5.1 9-6
Transient reactance of generator
5.6,
5.8.2
5-4,
5-7
Transient response:
x of a capacitor voltage transformer
6.3.2 6-6
x of a current transformer
6.4.10 6-12
x of a voltage transformer
6.2.7 6-4
Transients (power quality)
23.3.10 23-5
Translay balanced voltage electromechanical unit
protection system
10.7.1 10-5
Translay 'S' static circulating current unit protection
10.7.2 10-5
Transmission line with or without earth wires
5.21 5-18
Transmission lines:
x data
5.24 5-24
x equivalent circuit
5.18-
5.22
5-16,
5-22
x series impedance
5.19,
5.22
5-16,
5-22
x shunt impedance
5.20,
5.22
5-17,
5-22
Transmission media interference and noise:
x optical fibre channels
8.5.5 8-7
x power line carrier communications
techniques
8.5.3 8-5
x private pilot wires and channels
8.5.1 8-4
x radio channels
8.5.4 8-6
x rented pilot wires and channels
8.5.2 8-4
Trip circuit supervision
2.12 2-10
Tripping and alarm annunciation tests
21.14 21-24
Tripping circuits
2.11 2-9
Turns compensation of a current transformer
6.4.1.2 6-8
Turns compensation of a voltage transformer
6.2.1 6-2
Type testing of relays:
x dynamic validation
21.7 21-12
x electromagnetic compatibility
21.3 21-3
x environmental
21.5 21-9
x product safety
21.4 21-8
x software
21.6 21-11
Types of busbar protection systems
15.4 15-3
Typical examples of time and current grading,
overcurrent relays
9.20 9-22
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-20
U
UCA (Utility Communications Architecture);
IEC61850, development of
24.5 24-17
Unbalanced loading (negative sequence protection):
x of generators
17.12 17-13
x of motors
19.7 19-10
Under voltage protection of generators
17.10 17-12
Underfrequency protection of generators
17.14.2 17-16
Under-power protection of generators
17.11.1 17-13
Under-reach of a distance relay
11.10.3 11-18
Under-reach of distance relay on parallel lines
13.2.2.2 13-2
Undervoltage (power quality)
23.3.9 23-5
Unit protection schemes:
x current differential
10.4,
10.10
10-2,
10-5
x examples of
10.12 10-14
x multi-ended feeders
13.3 13-6
x parallel feeders
13.2.1 13-2
x phase comparison
10.10.1,
10.11
10-9,
10-10
x signalling in
8.2 8-1
x tee’d feeders
13.3.2-
13.3.4
13-6,
13-7
x Translay
10.7.1,
10.7.2
10-4,
10-5
Using carrier techniques
10.9 10-8
Unit protection systems, principles of
10.1 10-1
Unit protection:
x balanced voltage system
10.5 10-3
x circulating current system
10.4 10-2
x digital protection systems
10.8 10-6
x electromechanical protection systems
10.7 10-5
x numerical protection systems
10.8 10-6
x static protection systems
10.7 10-5
x summation arrangements
10.6 10-4
Unit transformer protection (for generator unit
transformers)
17.6.2 17-6
V
Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs)
18.5.5 18-6
Van Warrington formula for arc resistance
11.7.3 11-8
Variation of residual quantities
4.6.3 4-14
Vector algebra
3.2 3-2
Very inverse overcurrent relay
9.6 9-7
Vibration (mechanical) type test
21.5.5 21-10
Voltage and phase reversal protection
18.10 18-11
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection
17.7.2.1 17-7
Voltage degradation (SIPS)
20.2 20-3
Voltage dependent overcurrent protection
17.7.2 17-7
Voltage dips (power quality)
23.3.1 23-3
Voltage distribution due to a fault
4.5.2 4-12
Voltage factors for voltage transformers
6.2.2 6-3
Voltage fluctuations (power quality)
23.3.6 23-5
Voltage limit for accurate reach point measurement
11.5 11-4
Voltage restrained overcurrent protection
17.7.2.2 17-7
Voltage spikes (power quality)
23.3.2 23-4
Voltage transformer:
x capacitor
6.3 6-5
x cascade
6.2.8 6-5
x construction
6.2.5 6-3
x errors
6.2.1 6-2
x High Rupturing Capacity Fuse (HRC)
6.2.4 6-3
x Miniture Circuit Breaker (MCB)
6.2.4 6-3
x phasing check
21.9.4.3 21-17
x polarity check
21.9.4.1 21-17
x ratio check
21.9.4.2 21-17
x residually-connected
6.2.6 6-4
x secondary leads
6.2.3 6-3
x supervision in distance relays
11.10.7 11-19
x supervision in numerical relays
7.6.2 7-8
x transient performance
6.2.7 6-4
x voltage factors
6.2.2 6-3
Voltage transformer:
6.2-6.3 6-2, 6-3
Voltage unbalance (power quality)
23.3.7 23-5
Voltage vector shift relay
17.21.3 17-27
W
Warrington, van, formula for arc resistance
11.7.3 11-8
Wattmetric protection, sensitive
9.19.2 9-22
weak infeed conditions
12.3.5 12-6
Wound primary current transformer
6.4.5.1 6-9
Z
Zero sequence equivalent circuits:
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-21
x auto-transformer
5.16.2 5-13
x synchronous generator
5.10 5-8
x transformer
5.15 5-11
Zero sequence network
4.3.3 4-5
Zero sequence quantities, effect of system earthing on
4.6 4-12
Zero sequence reactance:
x of cables
5.24 5-24
x of generator
5.10 5-8
x of overhead lines
5.21,
5.24
5-18,
5-24
x of transformer
5.15,
5.17
5-11,
5-14
Zone 1 extension scheme (distance protection)
12.2 12-2
Zone 1 extension scheme in auto-reclose applications
14.8.2 14-8
Zones of protection
2.3 2-4
Zones of protection, distance relay
11.6 11-4
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-22
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND
LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES
No information, recommendation, advice or other content included in this book
shall constitute warranties of any kind (either expressly or implied), or
commitments that are not expressly stated in an applicable written contract.
All information and technical data herein are believed to be valid at the moment of
publication and its use is under the sole responsibility of the reader and they should
independently evaluate the accuracy and the completeness of information and the
usefulness to their particular needs of any product or services. Technical data are
often only approximate values.
Alstom Grid reserves the right to modify, change and update the technical data
and information contained in this book without notice.
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copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.