ALSTOM T&D. Network Protection And Automation Guide (NPAG)
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Index
I-5
x IEC61850-8.1 station bus
24.5.4 24-19
x IEC61850-9.2 process bus
24.5.6 24-20
x redundant communications, principles
24.2.4.3 24-8
Digital transducer technology
22.3 22-3
Direct and quadrature axis values of machines
5.8,
5.11
5-7,
5-8
direct under-reach scheme
12.3.1 12-3
Directional comparison blocking schemes
12.4,
13.5.5
12-6,
13-11
Directional comparison unblocking scheme
12.5 12-8
Directional control of impedance type distance relays
11.7.2 11-6
Directional relays:
x connections
9.17.1 9-18
x earth fault
9.17-
9.19
9-18,
9-20
x overcurrent
9.14 9-12
x phase fault
9.14 9-12
Discrimination:
x by current
9.3.2 9-2
x by time
9.3.1 9-2
x time and current
9.3.3,
9.11
9-2,
9-9
Distance Relay
x acceleration
12.3.3 12-4
x amplitude and phase comparison
11.7.1 11-6
x apparent impedance seen by
13.4.1 13-8
x application example
11.12 11-20
x application of multi-ended feeders
13.5 13-11
x application problems
11.10,
13.4,
14.8
11-17,
13-8,
14-8
x behaviour with earth faults
13.2.2.3 13-2
x behaviour with earth faults on parallel
feeders
13.2.2.4 13-4
x behaviour with single circuit operation
13.2.2.5 13-5
x blocking over-reaching schemes:
12.4 12-6
x characteristics:
11.7 11-6
x comparison of transfer trip and blocking
schemes
12.6 12-9
x current reversal on double circuit lines
13.2.2.1 13-2
x digital types
11.3.2 11-3
x direct under-reach transfer tripping
scheme
12.3.1 12-3
x directional comparison unblocking
12.5 12-8
x earth fault impedance measurement
11.9.2 11-15
x effect of earthing method
11.9 11-15
x effect of source impedance
11.9 11-15
x electromechanical types
11.3.1 11-2
x example setting calculation
11.12 11-20
x features of
11.7,
11.11
11-6,
11-20
x forward reach limitations
11.10.5 11-18
x fully cross-polarised mho
11.7.5 11-10
x implementation
11.8 11-13
x lenticular
11.7.4.3 11-9
x lines using high-speed auto-reclose
14.8 14-8
x minimum length of line
11.10.2 11-17
x minimum voltage at relay terminals
11.10.1 11-17
x multi-ended feeders
13.4 13-8
x multi-ended feeders, application
13.5 13-11
x numerical types
11.3.2 11-3
x of multi-ended feeders
13.3 13-6
x offset mho
11.7.4 11-9
x other
11.7.9 11-12
x other zones
11.6.4 11-5
x over-reach
11.10.4 11-18
x parallel feeders
13.2.2 13-2
x partially cross-polarised mho
11.7.6 11-11
x percentage over-reach
11.10.4 11-18
x percentage under-reach
11.10.3 11-18
x permissive over-reach transfer tripping
12.3.4 12-5
x permissive under-reach transfer tripping
12.3.2 12-3
x permissive under-reaching acceleration
12.3.3 12-4
x phase fault impedance measurement
11.9.1 11-15
x plain feeders
11.6 11-4
x plain impedance
11.7.2 11-6
x power swing blocking
11.10.6 11-19
x principles of
11.2 11-2
x quadrilateral
11.7.7 11-11
x reverse zones
11.6.4 11-5
x Schemes:
12.1-
12.6
12-1,
12-9
x self polarised mho
11.7.3 11-7
x settings:
11.6 11-4
x starters for switched distance protection
11.8.1 11-14
x static types
11.3.1 11-2
x switched distance protection relays
11.8.1 11-14
x transfer trip
12.3 12-3
x under-reach
11.10.3 11-18
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-6
x under-reach on parallel lines
13.2.2.2 13-2
x using zone 1 element
12.4.1.2 12-8
x using zone 2 element
12.4.1.1 12-7
x voltage supervision in
11.10.7 11-19
x weak infeed conditions
12.3.5,
12.4.2
12-6
x zone 1
11.6.1 11-5
x zone 1 extension
12.2 12-2
x zone 2
11.6.2 11-5
x zone 3
11.6.3 11-5
x zones of protection
11.6 11-4
Distribution transformer earthing of generators
17.2,
17.8.2.2,
17-2,
17-10
Disturbance recorder
22.9 22-10
Disturbance recorder function in numerical relays
7.6.4 7-8
DNP3; history
24.2.3.1 24-6
Double busbar substation, application of auto-reclose
14.12.1 14-11
Double circuit lines, current reversal on
13.2.2.1 13-2
Double frequency or broad band trap
8.5.3 8-6
Downed conducer protection, high impedance
9.21 9-31
DPWS (Device Profile for Web Services; applied to
OSI model
24.3 24-11
Dual fed substations, earth fault protection in
18.7.2 18-8
Dual homing star topology
24.2.4.3 24-8
Dynamic validation type testing
21.7 21-12
Earth fault impedance measurement using distance
relays
11.9.2 11-15
E
Earth fault protection for entire generator stator
winding
17.8.4 17-11
Earth fault protection:
x of generators
17.5,
17.8
17-4,
17-11
x of induction motors
19.6 19-6,
19-8
x of transformers
16.6-
16.8,
16.10
16-6,
16-8,
16-11
x on insulated networks
9.18 9-18
x on Petersen Coil earthed networks
9.19 9-20
x sensitive
9.16.3,
9.17
9-17,
9-18
x time grading of
9.16.1 9-15
x using overcurrent relays
9.16-
9.19
9-14,
9-20
x with residually-connected CTs
18.7.1.1 18-8
Earthing arrangements for frame-earth protection
15.6.1 15-4
Earthing of distribution transformers used for
generator earthing
17.8.2.2,
17.8.2.3
17-8,
17-9
Earthing transformer protection
16.11 16-12
Earthing, system, effect of on zero sequence quantities
4.6 4-12
Effect of load current, unit protection schemes
10.11.3 10-11
Effect of:
x cascade type
6.2.8 6-5
x construction
6.2.5 6-3
x errors in
6.2.1 6-2
x protection of
6.2.4 6-3
x residual connection of
6.2.6 6-4
x transient performance
6.2.7 6-4
x voltage factor
6.2.2 6-3
Effective setting of earth fault relays
9.16.1 9-15
Effective setting of electromechanical earth fault relays
9.16.1.2 9-15
EIA232, EIA485 standards
24.2.2.1 24-4
Electrical faults in stator windings
17.3,
19.6
17-3,
19-6
Electrical type tests
21.2 21-2
Electromagnetic compatibility type tests
21.3 21-3
Electromagnetic voltage transformers:
x cascade type
6.2.8 6-5
x construction
6.2.5 6-3
x errors in
6.2.1 6-2
x protection of
6.2.4 6-3
x residual connection of
6.2.6 6-4
x transient performance
6.2.7 6-4
x voltage factor
6.2.2 6-3
Electromechanical relays
7.2 7-1
Electromechanical unit protection systems
10.7 10-5
Electrostatic discharge test
21.3.8 21-6
Embedded generation
17.21 17-25
End zones of a protected feeder (distance protection
schemes)
12.1 12-1
Energy management suite (SIPS)
20.2 20-3
Energy saving; functions within a substation control
system
25.4 25-5
Environmental type tests
21.5 21-9
EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute); IEC61850,
development of
24.5 24-16
Equations and network connections for various types
of faults
4.4 4-6
Equivalent circuits:
x auto-transformer
5.16 5-13
x cables
5.23 5-23
x current transformer
6.4 6-7
x induction motor
19.7 19-10
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-7
x overhead lines
5.22 5-22
x synchronous generator
5.2-
5.10
5-1,
5-8
x transformer
5.14-
5.15
5-10,
5-11
x voltage transformer
6.2 6-1
Errors:
x in current transformers
6.4.1 6-7
x in relays
9.11.2 9-9
x in voltage transformers
6.2.1 6-2
Ethernet standards; IEEE 802.1D ring topology
24.2.4.2 24-8
Ethernet standards; IEEE 802.1W ring topology
(replaces 802.1D)
24.2.4.2 24-8
Ethernet standards; IEEE 802.3
24.2.2.1 24-5
Ethernet; LAN (Local Area Network)
24.2.4 24-6
Ethernet; MAC (Media Addressing Control)
24.2.4 24-6
Event recorder
22.9 22-10
Example relay setting calculations:
x complex transmission circuits
13.7 13-13
x distance
11.12 11-20
x earth fault, overcurrent
9.20.2 9-27
x generator
17.22 17-27
x induction motor
19.14 19-13
x industrial systems
18.12 18-15
x overcurrent
9.20 9-22
x parallel feeders – distance
13.7.1 13-13
x parallel feeders - overcurrent
9.20.3 9-27
x phase fault
9.20.1 9-23
x ring main
9.20.4 9-29
x transformer
16.19 16-20
x unit protection
10.12 10-14
Examples of auto-reclosing schemes
14.12 14-11
Examples of electromechanical unit protection
systems
10.7 10-5
Examples of static unit protection systems
10.7 10-5
Extremely inverse overcurrent relay
9.7 9-7
F
Factors influencing HV auto-reclose schemes
14.4 14-3
Factory (production) tests on relays
21.8 21-15
Failure of the prime mover
17.19.1 17-24
Fast transient test
21.3.5 21-5
Fault calculations
4.2-4.6 4-1
Fault current contribution from induction motors
18.8 18-10
Fault detection and dtarting, unit protection schemes
10.11.5 10-13
Fault detector operating quantities, unit protection
schemes
10.11.9 10-14
Ferro-resonance
6.3.3 6-6
Field suppression of synchronous machine
17.15.5 17-18
Fink Carlsen model
20.1.2 20-2
Flags: indication
2.10.2 2-9
Forward reach limitations of distance relays
11.10.5 11-18
Four-switch mesh substation, auto-reclosing applied
to
14.12.3 14-13
Four-wire dual-fed substations
18.7.2 18-8
Frame-earth protection (Howard protection):
x check system
15.6.4 15-6
x scheme for double bus station
15.6.3 15-6
x single busbar
15.6.1 15-4
x with sectioned busbars
15.6.2 15-5
Frequency degradation (SIPS)
20.2 20-3
Frequency shift keyed signals, protection signalling
using
8.7.3 8-9
Frequency variations ) power quality)
23.3.5 23-4
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying); signalling
10.10.1 10-9
Fully cross-polarised mho relay
11.7.5 11-10
Fundamental theory
3.1-3.7 3-1,
3-14
Fundamentals of protection practice
2.1-2.12 2-1
Fuses for use with distribution transformers
16.6.1 16-6
Fusing factor
18.4.3 18-4
Fuzzy logic multi criteria algorithms
20.4.1 20-12,
20-14
Fuzzy logic; definition of
20.4.2.3 20-15
G
Gas and oil surge relay (Buchholz relay) for
transformers
16.15.3 16-14
Gas devices for protection of transformers
16.15 16-14
Generator:
x differential protection of direct-connected
generators
17.5 17-4
x differential protection of generator-
transformer units
17.6 17-6
x diode failure
17.15.4 17-18
x direct axis
5.8,
5.11
5-7,
5-8
x earth fault protection for entire stator
winding
17.8.4 17-11
x earthing
17.2 17-2
x effect of saturation
5.12 5-9
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-8
x embedded generation
17.21 17-25
x examples of protection calculations
17.22 17-27
x failure of prime mover
17.19.1 17-24
x for direct-connected generators
17.20.1 17-24
x generator-transformer units
17.20.2 17-25
x inadvertent energisation
17.13 17-15
x loss of excitation
17.16 17-18
x loss of utility supply
17.21.1 17-26
x loss of vacuum
17.19.3 17-24
x low forward power
17.11.1 17-13
x mechanical faults
17.19 17-24
x negative phase sequence
17.12 17-13
x negative sequence
5.9 5-8
x neutral voltage displacement
17.8.1.3,
17.8.2.4
17-8,
17-9
x overcurrent protection
17.7 17-6
x overfluxing
17.14.1 17-15
x overfrequency
17.14.2 17-16
x overheating
17.18 17-23
x overspeed
17.19.2 17-24
x overvoltage
17.9 17-12
x pole slipping protection
17.17 17-21
x positive sequence
5.8 5-7
x Protection of
17.1-
17.22
7-1,
17-27
x quadrature axis
5.5,
5.8,
5.11
5-3,
5-9
x reverse power
17.11.2 17-13
x rotor earth faults
17.15.1 17-16
x rotor faults
17.15 17-16
x rotor shorted turn protection
17.15.3 17-17
x stator earth fault
17.8 17-8
x stator winding protection
17.4 17-4
x unbalanced loading
17.12 17-13
x underfrequency
17.14.2 17-16
x undervoltage
17.10 17-12
x voltage controlled overcurrent
17.7.2.1 17-7
x voltage restrained overcurrent
17.7.2.2 17-7
x zero sequence
5.10 5-8
Generator-transformer protection
17.6 17-6
GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events;
IEC61850
24.5.1,
15.4
24-17,
15-3
GPS; satellite architecture and antenna (SIPS)
20.3.6 20-10
Grading margins for overcurrent relays:
x earth fault relays
9.16.1 9-15
x fuse to fuse
9.12.2 9-11
x fuse to relay
9.12.3 9-11
x relay to relay
9.12.1 9-10
x sensitive earth fault relays
9.16.2 9-16
Grading of ring mains
9.15,
9.20.4
9-13,
9-23
H
Hall-effect current transformer
6.5.2.1 6-19
Hardware architecture of numerical relays
7.5.1 7-5
Harmonic content of inrush waveform, transformer
16.3.1 16-5
Harmonics (power quality)
23.3.4 23-4
Harmonics in current transformers
6.4.11 6-15
Heating of induction motor windings
19.3,
19.7
19-2,
19-10
High frequency disturbance test
21-5 21-5
High impedance busbar differential protection:
x check feature
15.8.3 15-12
x CT supervision
15.8.4 15-12
x effective setting
15.8.2 15-11
x practical details of
15.8.6 15-13
x primary operating current
15.8.2 15-11
x stability
15.8.1 15-9
High Impedance differential protection (transformer)
17.5.2 17-5
High impedance relays in busbar protection
15.8 15-9
High resistance earthing of generators
17.2 17-2
High speed auto-reclosing:
x on EHV systems
14.6-
14.8
14-5,
14-8
x on lines using distance relays
14.8 14-8
High voltage capacitor of line coupling equipment
8.5.3 8-6
Hi-Z high impedance downed conducer protection
9.21 9-31
HMI (Human Machine Interface), definition of
25.2 25-2
Howard protection (frame-earth protection)
15.6 15-4
HRC fuse applications
16.6.1,
18.4
16-6,
18-3
HRC fuses
18.4 18-3
HSR (High-availability Seamless Redundancy)
24.2.4.6 24-9
Hubs, switches and routers; definition of
24.2.4.1 24-7
Hybrid transducer
6.5.1.2 6-17
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-9
Hysteresis effect
6.4.10.2 6-14
I
IDMT overcurrent relay
9.4 9-4
IEC relay symbols
Appendix B
IEC60870-5-103; history
24.2.3.1 24-6
IEC61850, benefits
24.5.1 24-17
IEC61850, data model
24.5.3 24-18
IEC61850, structure
24.5.2 24-17
IEC61850-8.1 mapping to a protocol stack
24.5.4 24-19
IEC61850-9.2 benefits
24.5.6 24-20
IEC61850-9.2 NCIT and process bus
24.5.6 24-20
IEC62439-3 Clause 4; PRP redundant
communications
24.2.4.5 24-9
IEC62439-3 Clause 5; HSR redundant
communications
24.2.4.6 24-10
IED (Intelligent Electronic Device), definition of
25.2 25-2
IEEE 1588 time synchronisation standard (SIPS)
20.3,
20.3.6
20-4,
20-9
IEEE 1686; standard for substation IED cyber security
24.3.2.2 24-13
IEEE standards, as used in current transformer
6.4.13 6-15
Impact of power quality problems
23.3 23-1
Impedance notation
3.6 3-12
Impedances:
x direct-axis
5.11 5-9
x negative sequence
5.9,
19.7
5-8,
19-10
x positive sequence
5.8,
5.14,
5.17,
19.7
5-7,
5-10,
5-14,
19-10
x quadrature axis
5.5,
5.11
5-3,
5-9
x transformer
16.2 16-2
x zero sequence
5.10,
5.15,
5.17
5-8,
5-11,
5-14
Implementation of distance relays
11.8 11-13
Incorrect relay operation, reasons for
2.4 2-5
Indicating LEDs in protection schemes
2.10.2 2-9
Indication or flags
2.10.2 2-9
Induction motor characteristics
19.3-
19.7
19-2,
19-10
Induction motor equivalent circuit
19.7 19-10
Induction motor protection:
x bearing failures
19.1 19-1
x earth fault
19.6 19-6
x examples of
19.14 19-13
x fault current contribution from
18.8 18-10
x faults in rotor windings
19.8 19-11
x locked rotor
19.4 19-4
x loss of load
19.12 19-12
x modern relay design
19.2 19-1
x negative phase sequence
19.7 19-10
x overcurrent
19.5 19-6
x stalling
19.4.2 19-5
x starting
19.4.1 19-4
x thermal
19.2 19-1
x undervoltage
19.11 19-12
Industrial and commercial power system protection:
x automatic changeover systems
18.9 18-10
x busbar arrangement
18.2 18-2
x capacitor control
18.11.1 18-12
x co-ordination problems
18.7 18-8
x discrimination
18.4.2 18-4
x discrimination in
18.3 18-2
x effect of ambient temperature
18.4.4 18-4
x examples of protection
18.12 18-15
x fault current contribution from induction
motors
18.8 18-10
x fuse characteristics
18.4.1 18-3
x fusing factor
18.4.3 18-4
x HRC fuses:
18.4 18-3
x motor power factor correction
18.11.2 18-13
x power factor correction
18.11 18-12
x protection against overvoltage
18.10 18-11
x protection against reverse phase sequence
18.10 18-11
x protection against undervoltage
18.10 18-11
x protection of cables by
18.4.3 18-4
x protection of capacitors
18.11.3 18-13
x protection of motors by
18.4.5 18-4
Industrial circuit breakers
18.5 18-4
Industrial consumers, auto-reclosing requirements
14.4.1.2 14-4
Initial commissioning tests
21.9 21-15
Injection test equipment, secondary
21.10 21.18
Injection tests, primary
21.12 21-22
Injection tests, secondary
21.11 21-21
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-10
Instantaneous overcurrent relays, characteristics of
9.5 9-6
Instrument transformers:
x capacitor voltage
6.3 6-5
x current
6.4 6-7
x electromagnetic voltage
6.2 6-1
x non conventional (NCIT)
6.5 6-16
Insulated networks, earth fault protection of
9.18 9-18
Insulation tests on protection schemes during
commissioning
21.9.1 21-15
Interference and noise, effect on protection signalling
8.6 8-4
Interlocked overcurrent busbar Schemes
15.11 15-19
Intertripping:
x blocking scheme, performance
requirements
8.5.3 8-3
x blocking scheme, signalling
8.4.3 8-3
x by d.c. signal on separate pilots
8.7.1 8-9
x direct tripping, signalling
8.4.1 8-2
x for multi-terminal lines
13.5 13-11
x for transformers
16.17 16-18
x intertripping, performance requirements
8.5.1 8-3
x permissive tripping, performance
requirements
8.5.2 8-3
x permissive tripping, signalling
8.4.2 8-3
x signalling for
8.4 8-2
x typical applications
8.4 8-2
Interturn fault protection for the generator stator
winding
17.3.3 17-3
Interturn faults in power transformers
16.2.5 16-3
Inverse overcurrent relays:
x extremely inverse
9.7 9-7
x IDMT
9.4 9-4
x very inverse
9.6 9-7
IP (Internet Protocol)
24.2.4 24-7
IRIG (Inter Range Instrumentation Group); timing
Standards
24.4.1.1 24-15
IRIG-B00x demodulated signals
24.4.1.1 24-16
IRIG-B12x modulated signals
24.4.1.1 24-16
J
Junction law
3.5.1 3-8
K
Kalman Filters
20.4.1 20-12,
20-14
Kennelly's star/delta theorem
3.5.2.3 3-9
Kirchhoff's first law
15.7 15-7
Knee-point voltage of current transformers
6.4.4 6-9
L
LAN (Local Area Network)
24.2.4 24-6
Large power swings (SIPS)
20.2 20-3
LCD: information and indication
2.10.2 2-9
LED: indication
2.10.2 2-9
Lenticular characteristic of distance relay
11.7.4.3 11-9
Line attenuation, power line carrier communications
8.5.3 8-6
Line charging current
9.18.2,
9.19
9-19, 9-20
Line trap
8.5.3 8-6
List of ANSI device numbers
Appendix B
List of IEC protection symbols
Appendix B
Live line reclosing
14.9.1 14-9
Load management; functions within a substation
control system
25.4 25-5
Lock-out in auto-reclosing schemes
14.6.6,
14.10.7
14-7,
14-10
Logic systems
7.6.6 7-9
Loss of excitation protection for generators
17.16 17-18
Loss of excitation protection for synchronous motors
19.13.1 19-12
Loss of life; transformers
16.20.1 16-23
Loss of synchronisation (SIPS)
20.2 20-3
Loss of vacuum in turbines
17.19.3 17-24
Low forward power protection of generators
17.11.1 17-13
Low impedance biased differential protection type
MBCZ
15.9.6 15-17
Low impedance differential protection (biased):
x Busbars:
15.9 15-15
x check feature
15.9.3 15-16
x CT supervision
15.9.4 15-16
x effective setting
15.9.2 15-15
x for generators
17.5.1 17-4
x for transformers
16.8 16-7
x primary operating current
15.9.2 15-15
x stability
15.9.1 15-14
Low speed (delayed) auto-reclosing
14.9 14-9
M
MAC (Media Addressing Control)
24.2.4 24-6
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-11
Machine reactances (synchronous machines)
5.4-5.12 5-2,
5-9
Machine reactances, effect of saturation
5.12 5-9
Magnetically polarised armature relays
7.2.1 7-2
Magnetisation curve of a current transformer
6.4.4 6-9
Magnetising inrush in power transformers
16.3 16-4
Magneto-optic effect sensor
6.5.1.1 6-16,
24-14
Maintenance of protection equipment
21.15 21-25
Maloperation with reverse faults, distance relays,
13.4.4 13-10
Manipulation of complex quantities
3.3 3-2
Manual closing of circuit breakers, auto-reclosing
schemes
14.10.8 14-11
Margins, grading for overcurrent relays
9.11-
9.12
9-9,
9-11
Maximum torque angle of relay – see relay
characteristic angle
9.14.2,
11.7.3
9-12,
11-11
Measurement centres
22.6 22-6
Measurements:
x disturbance recorders
22.9 22-10
x general characteristics
22.2 22-1
x measurement centres
22.6 22-6
x synchronisers
22.8 22-8
x tariff metering
22.7 22-7
x transducer selection
22.5 22-4
x using analogue transducers
22.4 22-4
x using digital transducers
22.3 22-3
Measuring transformers:
x capacitor voltage
6.3 6-5
x current
6.4 6-7
x electromagnetic voltage
6.1.1 6-1
x Non Conventional
6.5 6-16,
24-14
Measuring transformers:
6.1-
6.5
6-1,
6-5
Mertz Price principles, multi-zone; busbar
15.7 15-7
Merz-Price protection systems
10.1 10-1
Mesh corner substations, application of unit protection
systems
10.8.2 10-8
Mesh law
3.5.1 3-8
Mesh substation, four-switch, auto-reclosing applied
to
14.12.3 14-13
Metering, tariff
22.7 22-7
Methods of protection signalling
8.6 8-8
Mho relay:
x fully cross-polarised
11.7.5 11-10
x lenticular
11.7.4 11-9
x offset mho
11.7.4 11-9
x partially cross-polarised
11.7.6 11-11
x self-polarised
11.7.3 11-7
Microprocessor-based portable test sets
11.7.5 11-10
Microprocessor-based simulation equipment
11.7.4 11-9
Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs)
11.7.4 11-9
Minimum length of line for distance protection
11.7.6 11-11
Minimum voltage at relay terminals
11.7.3 11-7
MMS (Manufacturing Messaging Specification);
IEC61850
21.10.2 21-19
MODBUS; history
21.7.2 21-13
Modulating quantity, unit protection schemes
18.5.1 18-4
Motor currents during stall conditions
11.10.2 11-17
Motor currents during starting conditions
11.10.1 11-17
Motor power factor correction
18.11.2 18-13
Motor protection
19.1-
19.14
19-1,
19-13
Motor windings, heating of
19.2 19-1
Moulded case circuit breakers (MCCBs)
18.5.2 18-5
MU (Merging Units); definition
24.4.1 24-14
MU (Merging Units); time synchronisation
24.4.1.1 24-15
Multi-ended feeders protection of
13.3–
13.5
13-5,
13-11
Multi-shot auto-reclosing
14.10.9 14-11
Mutual compensation
13.2.1 13-2
Mutual coupling, effect of on unit and distance
protection schemes
13.2 13-1
N
Nature and effect of transformer faults
16.1 16-1
NCIT (Non Conventional Instrument Transformers)
6.5
24.4
6-16,
24-14
NCIT (Non Conventional Instrument Transformers);
advantages
24.4 24-14
Negative phase sequence protection of generators
17.12 17-13
Negative phase sequence protection of motors
19.7 19-10
Negative sequence network
4.3.2 4-5
Negative sequence reactance:
x induction motor
19.7 19-11
x synchronous generator
5.9 5-8
NERC (North American Electric Reliability
Corporation)
24.3.2 24-12
NERC CIP Standards
24.3.2.1 24-12
Network connections for various types of fault
4.4 4-6
Network reduction
3.5.3 3-9
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-12
Neutral voltage displacement relay (NVD)
17.8.1.3,
17.8.2.4
17-8,
17-9
Noise and interference in protection signalling systems
8.6 8-4
Nomenclature; Alstom product terminology and
definition
Appendix D
Non-linear resistor, use in busbar protection schemes
15.8.6.7 15-13
Non-unit transformer-feeder protection schemes
16.16.1 16-15
Notation, impedance
3.6 3-8
Number of shots, auto-reclosing schemes
14.4.3,
14.6.6,
14.10.9
14-5,
14-7,
14-11
Numeric relays
7.5 7-4
Numerical busbar protection
15.10 15-20
Numerical busbar protection, reliability considerations
15.10.1 15-20
Numerical devices, typical standards
Appendix C
Numerical differential protection system
10.8 10-6
Numerical relay considerations
7.7 7-9
Numerical relay software
7.5.2 7-7
O
Offset mho distance relay
11.7.4 11-9
Ohm distance relay
11.7.2 11-6
Oil and gas devices for transformer protection
16.15 16-14
Oil circuit breakers (OCBs)
18.5.4 18-6
Open line detection (SIPS)
20.4.2.1 20-13
Opening time of circuit breakers
14.4.1.3 14-4
Operating features of auto-reclose schemes
14.10 14-10
Operation indicators
2.10.2 2-9
Operation of induction motors with unbalanced
voltages
19.7 19-10
Optical fibre channels
8.5.5 8-7
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layers
24.2.1 24-2
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of
communications
24.2.1 24-2
Out-of-step tripping for generators
11.7.8,
17.17
11-12,
17-21
Output devices, of relays
2.10 2-8
Overcurrent protection
9.1-
9.21
9-1,
9-31
Overcurrent relay:
x 90° quadrature connection
9.14.2 9-12
x calculation of settings
9.13,
9.16
9-11,
9-14
x definite time
9.9 9-8
x directional earth fault
9.17 9-17
x directional phase fault
9.14 9-12
x earth fault protection
9.16 9-14
x extremely inverse
9.7 9-7
x grading margin
9.11-
9.12
9-9,
9-11
x hi-Z high impedance downed conducer
Protection
9.21 9-31
x instantaneous
9.5 9-6
x inverse definite minimum time
9.4 9-4
x other characteristics
9.8 9-8
x timing error
9.11.1 9-9
x transient over-reach
9.5.1 9-6
x very inverse
9.6 9-7
Overcurrent starters for distance relays
11.8.1 11-14
overfluxing in generators
17.14.1 17-15
Overfluxing in power transformers
16.2.8.3,
16.2.8.4,
16.13
16-4,
16-13
Overhead lines:
x calculation of impedances
5.19-
5.20
5-16,
5-17
x data
5.24 5-24
x equivalent circuits
5.21-
5.22
5-18,
5-22
x with or without earth wires
5.21 5-18
Overheating of generators
17.18 17-23
Overheating of power transformers
16.4 16-5
Overload protection:
x of generators
17.18 17-23
x of motors
19.3 19-2
x of transformers
16.2.8.1,
16.4
16-4,
16-6
Over-reach of a distance relay
11.10.4 11-18
Over-reach, transient, of a relay
9.5.1 9-6
Overshoot of overcurrent relays
9.11.3 9-9
Overspeed of generators
17.14.2 17-16
Overvoltage protection of generators
17.9 17-12
Overvoltaqes (power quality)
23.3.3 23-4
P
Parallel feeders, distance protection of
13.2.2 13-2
Parallel feeders, overcurrent protection of
9.14.3 9-13
Parallel feeders, unit protection of
13.2.1 13-2
Parallel operation with utility network
17.21 17-25
Partially cross-polarised mho relay
11.7.6 11-11
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation); protection signalling
8.5.5 8-8
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Index
I-13
Peak voltage developed by current transformers
6.4,
15.8.6.7
6-7
15-13
Percentage under-reach of distance relays
11.10.3 11-18
Performance of distance relays
11.3 11-2
Periodic maintenance tests
21.15 21-25
Permanent (semi) fault in auto reclose applications
14.1 14-1
Permissive intertrip over-reaching scheme
12.3.4 12-5
Permissive intertrip under-reaching scheme
12.3.2 12-3
Permissive under-reaching acceleration
12.3.3 12-4
Petersen Coil, protection of networks earthed using:
9.19 9-20
Phase comparison protection schemes
10.10.1,
10.11
10-9,
10-10
Phase comparison protection schemes for tee’d
feeders
13.3.2 13-6
Phase fault impedance measurement using distance
relays
11.9.1 11-15
Phase fault overcurrent relay settings
9.13 9-11
Phase reversal protection
18.10 18-11
Phase shift due to system (shunt) capacitance
10.11.1 10-10
Phase unbalance relays
19.7 19-11
Phase-phase fault analysis
4.4.2 4-7
Phase-phase-earth fault analysis
4.4.3 4-7
Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC)
20.3.7 20-10
Plain impedance relay
11.7.2 11-6
Plain tone signals, protection signalling using
8.7.2 8-9
Pole slipping of generators
17.17 17-21
Polyphase systems
3.4.4 3-7
Positive sequence equivalent circuits:
x auto-transformer
5.16 5-13
x cables
5.23 5-23
x induction motor
19.7 19-10
x overhead transmission lines
5.22 5-22
x synchronous machine
5.8 5-7
x transformer
5.14 5-10
Positive sequence network
4.3.1 4-4
Positive sequence reactance of synchronous machine
5.4, 5.8 5-2, 5-7
Power conventions
3.4.3 3-7
Power factor correction
18.11 18-12
Power frequency interference test
21.3.7 21-5
Power frequency magnetic field tests
21.3.11 21-8
Power line carrier communications (PLCC) technique
8.5.3 8-5
Power line carrier unit protection phase comparison
schemes
13.3.2 13-7
Power Quality:
x causes
23.3 23-2
x classification
23.2 23-1
x impact of
23.3 23-2
Power swing blocking
11.10.6 11-19
Power system plant
5.1 5-1
Power transformer - see Transformer
6.2 6-1
Power/angle curve
14.5 14-5
Predictive out of step (SIPS)
20.4.3.2 20-16
Primary injection testing
21.12 21-22
Primary protection
2.9 2-7
Prime mover, failure of
17.19.1 17-24
Principles of distance relays
11.2 11-2
Principles of time/current grading
9.3 9-2
Private pilot wires and channels
8.5.1 8-4
Production testing of relays
21.8 21-1,
21-15
Programmable scheme logic in numerical relays
7.6.6 7-9
Protection against:
x asynchronous operation for generators
17.16 17-18
x loss of Utility supply
17.21.1 17-26
x pole slipping for generators
17.17 17-21
x power swings –distance relays
11.7.8 11-12
x sudden restoration of supply
19.13.2 19-12
Protection and control numerical devices; typical
standards
Appendix C
Protection equipment, definition of
2.2 2-3
Protection of:
x busbars
15.1-
15.11
15-1,
15-20
x capacitors
18.11.3 18-13
x complex transmission circuits
13.1-
13.8
13-1,
13-12
x generators
17.1-
17.21
7-1,
17-26
x motors
19.1-
19.13
19-1,
19-12
x multi-ended feeders – distance protection
13.4,
13.5
13-8,
13-11
x multi-ended feeders – unit protection
13.3 13-6
x parallel feeders
13.2 13-1
x phase reversal
18.10 18-11
x series compensated lines
13.6 13-12
x synchronous motors
19.13 19-12
x transformer-feeders
16.16 16-15
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.
Network Protection & Automation Guide
I-14
x transformers
16.1-
16.10
16-1,
16-11
x voltage transformers
6.2.4 6-3
Protection performance
2.4.6 2-5
Protection requirements for busbars
15.3 15-2
Protection reset time, auto-reclose schemes
14.4.1.5 14-4
Protection scheme, definition of
2.2 2-3
Protection signalling:
x effect of interference
8.6 8-4
x effect of noise on
8.6 8-4
x for unit protection schemes
8.2 8-1
x Frequency shift keyed signals, protection
signalling
8.7.3 8-9
x intertripping
8.4 8-2
x methods
8.6 8-8
x performance requirements
8.5 8-3
x Plain tone signals, protection signalling
8.7.2 8-9
x signalling methods
8.6 8-8
x transmission media
8.6 8-4
Protection signalling:
8.1-8.7 8-1,
8-8
Protection system, definition of
2.2 2-3
PRP (Parallel Redundancy Protocol)
24.2.4.5 24-9
Pull-out protection for synchronous motors
19.13.1 19-12
Q
Quadrature axis machine impedances
5.5, 5.11 5-3,
5-9
Quadrature connected relays
9.14.2 9-12
Quadrilateral relay
11.7.7 11-11
Quiescent PLC (Blocking Mode), unit protection
schemes
10.11.6 10-14
R
Radio channels, protection signalling
8.5.4 8-6
RBAC (Role Based Access Control); model for cyber
security
24.3.1 24-11
Reactances:
x auto-transformer
5.16,
5.17
5-11,
5-14
x cables
5.18-
5.20,
5.23,
5-16,
5-17,
5-22
x data
5.24 5-24
x induction motor
19.7 19-10
x overhead transmission lines
5.18-
5.22,
5.24
5-16,
5-22,
5-24
x synchronous machine
5.4, 5.8-
5.12
5-2,
5-9
Reaction, armature, of synchronous machines
5.3 5-2
Reclaim time in auto-reclosing
14.4.2,
14.6.5,
14.10.6
14-4,
14-7,
14-11
Reclosing:
x delayed
14.9 14-8
x high speed in EHV networks
14.6 14-5
x high-speed
14.6-14.8 14-6,
14-8
x of EHV networks
14.5 14-5
x of HV networks
14.3 14-3
x of live lines
14.9.1 14-9
Recommended grading margins
9.12 9-10
Recorders, event and disturbance
22.9 22-1,
22-10
Redundant communications; principle
24.2.4.3 24-8
Relay types:
x differential
10.4-
10.11
10-2,
10-10
x digital
7.4 7-3
x directional
9.14,
9.17
9-12,
9-18
x distance
11.7 11-6
x earth fault
9.16 9-14
x electromechanical
7.2 7-1
x numeric
7.5 7-4
x numerical
7.5, 7.6 7-4,
7-7
x overcurrent
9.4 9-4
x ROCOF
17.21.2 17-27
x static
7.3 7-3
x voltage vector shift
17.21.3 17-27
Relay:
x ANSI
9.4 9-4
x application of directional overcurrent
9.14.3 9-13
x bias (of differential relays)
10.4.2 10-3
x characteristic angle (RCA)
9.14.2,
11.7.3
9-12,
11-11
x connections for directional elements
9.14,
9.17.1
9-12,
9-18
x Considerations with numerical relays
7.7 7-9
x contact systems
2.10.1 2-8
x current setting
9.10 9-8
x custom
9.8 9-8
x data management in numerical relays
7.7.2 7-9,
7-10
© 2011 Alstom Grid. Single copies of this document may be filed or printed for personal non-commercial use and must include this
copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.