ALSTOM T&D. Network Protection And Automation Guide (NPAG)

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Appendix C  Typical Standards Applicable to Protection and Control Numerical Devices

C-3

C.14 PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD IMMUNITY

Standard Typical Details

Pulse Magnetic Field Immunity, EN

61000-4-9:1993+A1:2001 Level 5

1000A/m field applied in all planes for the EUT in a

quiescent state

C.15 DAMPED OSCILLATORY MAGNETIC FIELD

IMMUNITY

Standard Typical Details

Damped oscillatory Magnetic Field

Immunity, EN61000-4-

10:1993+A1:2001 Level 5

100A/m field applied in all planes at 100kHz / 1MHz with

burst duration of 2 seconds.

C.16 DAMPED OSCILLATORY TESTS

Standard Typical Details

Damped oscillatory tests, 100 kHz

and 1 MHz, EN 61000-4-18: 2007

2.5kV common mode.

Power supply, relay contacts, CT, VT, opto input,

communications, IRIG-B.

1kV differential mode.

Power supply, relay contacts, CT, VT, opto input.

Damped oscillatory tests, 3MHz,

10MHz, 30MHz, EN 61000-4-18:

2007

Power supply, relay contacts, CT, VT, opto input,

communications, IRIG-B

C.17 POWER FREQUENCY TEST

Standard Typical Details

Power frequency test, EN 60255-22-

7: 2003.

300V rms. common mode. Voltage applied to all non-mains

frequency inputs.

150V rms. differential mode. Voltage applied to all non-mains

frequency inputs.

C.18 ANSI/IEEE SURGE WITHSTAND

CAPABILITY

Standard Typical Details

Oscillatory SWC Test, ANSI/IEEE

C37.90.1 2002

2.5kV, 1MHz - common and differential mode – applied to all

circuits except for terminal block communications, which are

tested common mode only.

Fast Transient SWC Tests,

ANSI/IEEE C37.90.1 2002

4kV crest voltage - common and differential mode - applied to

all circuits except for terminal block communications, which

are tested common mode only.

C.19 OPERATING AND STORAGE

TEMPERATURE

C.19.1 Cold Tests

Typical Details

Standard

Temp.

Type of Test

Duration

EUT

energised

Start – up, EN 60068-2-

1:2007

+20

Functional verification

tests

2 Yes

Intermediate, EN 60068-2-

1:2007

Functional verification

tests

2 Yes

Intermediate, EN 60068-2-

1:2007

-10

Functional verification

tests

2 Yes

Low temp claim, EN 60068-

2-1:2007

-25

Functional verification

tests

96 Yes

Low temp claim, EN 60068-

2-1:2007

-25 Storage 96 No

Cold start, EN 60068-2-

1:2007

-25

(typical)

Operate 2 Yes

Last test, EN 60068-2-

1:2007

+20

Functional verification

tests

2 Yes

C.19.2 Dry Heat Tests

Typical Details

Standard

Temp.

Type of Test

Duration

EUT

energised

Start – up, EN 60068-2-

2:2007

+20

Functional verification

tests

2 Yes

Intermediate, EN 60068-2-

2:2007

+40

Functional verification

tests

2 Yes

High temp claim, EN 60068-

2-2:2007

+70 (typical) Operate 96 Yes

High temp claim, EN 60068-

2-2:2007

+70

(typical)

Storage 96 No

Hot Start, EN 60068-2-

2:2007

+55 Operate 2 Yes

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Network Protection & Automation Guide

C-4

C.19.3 Change of Temperature Tests

Typical Details

Standard

Ambient Temperature

Lower Temperature

High Temperature

Rate of change of temperature

Exposure Time

Change of

Temperature, EN

60068-2-14:2000

+20

C -25

C +55

1°C/min 3 hours

C.20 SIX-DAY CYCLIC TEMPERATURE WITH

HUMIDITY

Standard Typical Details

Damp heat cyclic, EN 60068-2-30:

2005

six (12 + 12 hour cycles) of 55

C 93%

3% RH and

C 93%

3% RH.

(RH – ‘Relative Humidity’)

C.21 56-DAY HUMIDITY (IEC 60068-2-3)

Standard Typical Details

Damp heat, steady state, EN 60068-

2-78: 2002

C and 93% relative humidity (RH) +2% -3%,

duration 56 days.

C.22 MECHANICAL TESTS

Standard Typical Details

Vibration test per IEC 60255-21-

1:1996

Response: class 2, Endurance: class 2

Shock and bump immunity per IEC

60255-21-2:1995

Shock response: class 2, Shock withstand: class 1, Bump

withstand: class 2

Seismic test per IEC 60255-21-3:

1995

Class 2

C.23 ENCLOSURE PROTECTION TESTS

C.23.1 Water, Dust and Foreign Object Ingress

Standard Typical Details

IP52, EN 60529:1989

Front face

Protected against vertically falling drops of water with the

product in 4 fixed positions of 15

tilt with a flow rate of

3mm/minute for 2.5 minutes.

Protected against dust, limited ingress permitted.

Standard Typical Details

IP50, EN 60529:1989

Sides of case

Protected against solid foreign objects of 25mm diameter and

greater.

IP10, EN 60529:1989

Connectors of case

Protected against solid foreign objects of 50mm diameter and

greater

C.23.2 Corrosive Environment

Standard Typical Details

IEC60068-2-60: 1995 part 2, test Ke,

method class 3

Industrial environment / poor environment control / mixed

gas flow test. 21 days exposure to elevated concentrations of

S, NO

and SO

at 75% relative humidity and +30°C

C.23.3 Creepage and Clearances

Standard Typical Details

IEC60255-27:2005

Pollution Degree: 3

Overvoltage Category: III

Impulse Test Voltage: 5kV

C.24 EUROPEAN UNION DIRECTIVES

Standard Typical Details

EMC Compliance Per 89/336/EEC:

Compliance to the European

Commission Directive on EMC.

EN50263: 2000

Product Safety Per 73/23/EEC:

Compliance with European Commission

Low Voltage Directive.

Compliance is demonstrated by reference

to generic safety standards:

EN61010-1: 2001

EN60950-1: 2002

2002/95/EC (Restriction on Use of Hazardous Substances

Directive – ‘RoHS’)

All products to be free of lead, mercury,

cadmium, hexavent chromium,

polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and

polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE).

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Alstom Grid D-1

Appendix D

Company Data and Nomenclature

D.1 Alstom Group

D.2 Alstom Grid’s Automation Activities

D.3 Terminology Reference – Protection Relays

D.4 Nomenclature – Protection Relays

D.1 ALSTOM GROUP

Alstom is a global leader in major infrastructure projects. It

has three main activities, championed by sectors which are

expert in their respective domains. Alstom draws on its cutting

edge technologies to ensure performance, environmental

preservation and competitiveness.

D.1.1 Alstom Power

Alstom Power is the Number 1 in turnkey power plants, power

plant service and air quality control systems. The portfolio

includes coal, gas, oil, nuclear, hydro and wind, as well as C0

capture technologies.

D.1.2 Alstom Transport

Alstom Transport is a world-leader in rail equipment and

service provision. It specialises in high-speed and very-high-

speed trains, and also urban transportation.

D.1.3 Alstom Grid

The third sector, Alstom Grid, is the newest to be born in

Alstom. Although a new name, Alstom Grid is more than that.

The name embodies a strong heritage in electrical

transmission, from pioneering the earliest AC and DC power

grids to developing the new technologies of today’s and

tomorrow’s ‘smarter’ grids. Today, Alstom carries with it the

pioneering spirit, technologies and expertise of all of its

ancestors, GEC, Delle, English Electric, Sprecher & Shuh,

AREVA, Cegelec, ESCA, FIR – to name just a few.

As part of Alstom, “we are shaping the future”: delivering

customer-valued solutions to build smarter, more stable, more

efficient and environmentally-friendly electrical grids

worldwide.

www.alstom.com/grid

D.2 ALSTOM GRID’S AUTOMATION

ACTIVITIES

Alstom Grid provides utilities and operators with the key

software, hardware and expertise required to keep energy

networks operating at maximum efficiency. Mission-critical

solutions are engineered to protect, control & manage electrical

grids and systems.

The portfolio includes:

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Network Protection & Automation Guide

D-2

x Smarter Network Management Solutions

x Substation Automation Solutions

x Generation and load management

x Grid stability solutions

x Protection and control

The strong leadership and cu

stomer support ethos from our

2500 employees continually builds upon our strong brands

such as MiCOM, e

e-terra

, MODULEX and iSTAT – to name just

a few. In rounded terms, such solutions contribute to an

installed base of 200 000 numerical relays, 1 000 digital

control systems, and over a million electromechanical relays.

D.3 TERMINOLOGY REFERENCE –

PROTECTION RELAYS

Many readers of this book may find it convenient to have a

guide to the catalogue of Alstom and its predecessor’s

products, for cross-referencing. Further details for current

products such as MiCOM can be found on the website:

www.alstom.com/protectionrelays

Details for all products, including the legacy installed base, and

the access for general support can be found using the link at:

www.alstom.com/contactcentre

The Alstom Grid Contact Centre is a unique facility - an access

point for the wealth of technical expertise in our Centres of

Excellence, in addition to our local Application specialists.

D.3.1 MiCOM

MiCOM protection relays have a model numbering system

which prefixes the device type with a letter ‘P’. In the same

way, a control device would begin with ‘C’, a measuring device

‘M’, a transducer instrument ‘I’, and a software product ‘S’.

Within the MiCOM protection family, the letter P is followed by

a numerical digit which is used to define the application of an

IED:

x P1** Overcurrent and feeder management devices

x P2** Motor management and protection

x P3** Generator protection, and PCC mains decoupling

x P4** Distance protection

x P5** Line unit protection, including current differential

and phase comparison

x P6** Transformer protection

x P7** Busbar protection

x P8** Breaker fail, reclosing, system integrity protection

or phasor measurement

x P9** Voltage and frequency

** is a wildcard to denote the remaining digits, used to define

the platform upon which a device is built, and the unique

model within the application.

The most common and powerful platform in a utility

environment is the MiCOM P*40 series, with an installed base

of over 100 000 IEDs.

D.3.2 Non-MiCOM Relays

D.3.2.1 MIDOS M & MIDOS K

MIDOS is the family name for the Modular Integrated Draw-

Out System for protective relays from Alstom Grid. Launched

in the 1980’s, this family offers the convenience of

withdrawability, and standard 4U case sizing for ease of

scheme integration. The signature products in this family were

the MCGG22-MCGG82 overcurrent relays, launched in 1982,

which became the world’s first volume-seller microprocessor

digital relays. All such products have a type name beginning

with ‘M’.

Specialist products for traditional applications such as pilot-

wire differential (MBCI) and buswire supervision of high-

impedance schemes (MVTP) continue, however sales of

MIDOS relays today are more prevalent in the hinged

armature market. Tripping and auxiliary relays are still

extremely useful to perform contact multiplication, and to

create a visible, mechanical, lockout.

The type designations of the most common hinged armature

relays are:

x MCAA Current operated auxiliary relays, typically for

series flagging

x MCAG Current-calibrated high impedance busbar or

REF protection

x MFAC Voltage-calibrated high impedance busbar or

REF protection

x MVAA Voltage operated auxiliary relays

x MVAJ Tripping relays

x MVAW Interposing relays

x MVAX Discrete trip circuit supervision relays

In addition to the MIDOS M-series of

relays, the MIDOS K-

series was launched in 1992, bringing numerical applications

into a compact platform. Unique applications on the platform

still include the KVGC202 for voltage regulation (transformer

tap change control).

Associated with all 4U modular products, the MIDOS MMLG

test block can be used as an access point for test switching

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Company Data and Nomenclature

D-3

and periodic secondary injection.

D.3.2.2 Modular Relays

Modular Relays were first manufactured in the late 1970s and

marked the appearance of analogue to digital integrated

circuits and customer-designed application schemes in their

software. Examples are:

Full scheme static distance relays such as the Micromho

SHNB, followed by the Quadramho SHPM101 in the 1980’s.

Modular relays housed in an 80TE – 19” rack, based on a

common hardware architecture, for generator and

transmission applications such as the LGPG, Optimho LFZP

and the LFCB digital / numerical current differential which

became available from the mid 1980s onwards.

D.4 NOMENCLATURE – PROTECTION RELAYS

Many of the products from Alstom Grid and it’s predecessors

were described by a three letter, or four letter system. Those

described with three letters (for example the CDG induction

disc overcurrent relays, still in manufacture today) have no

leading letter to denote the family of the product, meaning that

the device form factor is not the 4U MIDOS standard.

For non-MiCOM products, the following may act as a guide to

the nomenclature:

D.4.1 1

Technology Digit

Where the device type is four alpha (four letters), the first letter

denotes the platform of the device technology, for example:

x K: K-Series MIDOS numerical relays (1992+)

x L: Modular relays occupying a full 19 inch (80TE) rack,

typically for transmission applications (eg. LFZP

Optimho, LFCB digital/numerical current differential -

1986)

x M: MIDOS

series

x S: Static protection (for example the subcycle

Micromho from 1980)

D.4.2 2

Application Digit

In the three alpha system, the first letter denotes the device

primary application, often the energising quantity of the device.

The application letter is the 2

letter under the four-alpha

designation, examples include:

x A: Auxiliary functions

x B: Biased differential (eg. MBCI, KBCH)

x C: Current-operated

x E: Directional

x F: Frequency, or transmission Feeder (eg. LFZP)

x G: Generator (eg. LGPG)

x H: Pilot-wire differential (eg. MHOR)

x I: Communications Interface (eg. KITZ)

x V: Voltage-operated (eg. KVGC)

x W: Power measuring

D.4.3 3

Application Digit

The following digit is used to define the application in more

detail, examples include:

x A: Attracted-armature electromechanical, or auxiliary /

re-closing

x C: Current-operated

x D: Directional-comparison transmission scheme

(LFDC)

x G: General (eg. the KCGG is a general current-operated

feeder relay)

x N: Negative phase sequence

x V: Voltage-operated

x T: Time-delayed

x Z: Distance impedance relay

D.4.4 4

Application Digit

The last letter is used to uniquely define the family, examples

include:

x B: Biased differential

x D: Definite-time

x R: With recording, or reclosing

x S: Check synchroniser

x H: Harmonic restraint

x I: Instantaneous

x U: Inverse-time

x X: Trip circuit supervision

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Network Protection & Automation Guide

D-4

Laboratory validation of a numerical IED

Automated product testing

Factory acceptance testing

Dynamic simulator scheme approval for a numerical IED

Engineering of a turnkey scheme

On-site post delivery services

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Alstom Grid I-1

INDEX

Section Page

a operator, complex number

3.3.2 3-3

A.C ripple on D.C Supply

21.3.2 21-4

Acceleration scheme (distance relays)

12.3.3 12-4

Accuracy of current transformers

6.4.1 6-7

Additional features of numerical relays

7.6 7-8

Air circuit breakers (ACBs), use in auto-reclose

schemes

14.6.3.2 14-6

Algebra, vector

3.2 3-2

All-optical transducer

6.5.1.3 6-17

Alstom; company activities and scope

Appendix D

Alstom; product terminology and nomenclature

Appendix D

Analogue transducers

22.4 22-4

Analysis, symmetrical component

4.3 4-4

Annunciator testing

21.14 21-24

ANSI relay numbers

Appendix B

Anti-pumping devices, auto-reclose schemes

14.10.5 14-11

Apparent impedance seen by distance relays, multi-

ended feeders

13.4.1 13-8

Application of auto-reclosing

14.2 14-3

Application of directional overcurrent relays

9.14.3 9-13

Application of unit protection systems to mesh corner

substations

10.8.2 10-8

Application of unit protection to breaker and a half

substations

10.8.2 10-8

Arc resistance formula

11.7.3 11-8

Armature reaction, of synchronous machines

5.3 5-2

Arrangement of busbar protection schemes

15.7 15-7

Arrangement of CT connections:

x in high impedance busbar protection

15.8.5 15-13

x in low impedance busbar protection

15.9.5 15-16

Asset management; transformers

16.20 16-23

Asymmetry of synchronous machine

5.7 5-6

Asynchronous running

17.16 17-18

Attracted armature relays

7.2.1 7-2

Auto-close circuits

14.11 14-11

Automatic changeover systems for

industrial/commercial networks

18.9 18-10

Automation; Alstom activities and scope

Appendix D

Auto-reclosing:

x anti-pumping devices

14.10.5 14-11

x application of

14.2 14-3

x circuit breaker characteristics

14.4.1.3,

14.6.3

14-3,

14-7

x dead time

14.4.1,

14.6.4,

14.9

14-3,

14-7,

14-9

x de-ionisation of fault path

14.4.1.4,

14.6.2

14-4,

14-7

x delayed

14.9 14-9

x high-speed

14.8 14-8

x initiation of

14.10.1 14-9

x lock-out

14.10.7 14-11

x multi-shot

14.10.9 14-11

x number of shots (attempts)

14.4.3,

14.6.6

14-5,

14-7

x on EHV lines

14.5-

14.9

14-5,

14-9

x on HV distribution networks

14.3-

14.4

14-2,

14-3

x operating features

14.10 14-10

x reclaim time

14.4.2,

14.10.6

14-4,

14-11

x reclosing impulse

14.10.4 14-11

x reset time

14.4.1.5 14-4

x single-phase

14.7 14-8

x single-shot

14.6.6 14-8

x system stability and synchronism

14.4.1.1 14-3

x three-phase

14.3,

14.6,

14.9

14-2,

14-5,

14-9

x type of fault; semi/permanent

14.1 14-1

x type of fault; transient

14.1 14-1

x type of load

14.4.1.2 14-4

x use with blocking schemes

14.8.1 14-9

x use with transfer trip protection schemes

14.8.1 14-9

x use with zone 1 extension scheme

14.8.2 14-9

Auto-reclosing:

14.1-

14.12

14-1,

14-12

Auto-synchroniser

22.8.2 22-9

Auto-transformer:

x equivalent circuits

5.16 5-13

x positive sequence equivalent circuit

5.16.1 5-13

x protection

16.12 16-13

x special conditions of neutral earthing, zero

sequence reactance

5.16.3 5-14

x zero sequence equivalent circuit

5.16.2 5-13

Back-up protection

2.9,

20.5

2-6,

2-7

Balanced voltage system, unit protection

10.5 10-3

Balanced voltage unit protection scheme for tee’d

feeders

13.3.1 13-6

copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

Network Protection & Automation Guide

I-2

Bar primary current transformers

6.4.5.2 6-9

Basic circuit laws, theorems and network reduction

3.5 3-8

Bay controller, definition of

25.2 25-2

Bearing failures on motors

19.1 19-1

Behaviour of distance relays with earth faults

13.2.2.3 13-2

Behaviour of distance relays with earth faults on

parallel feeders

13.2.2.4 13-4

Behaviour of distance relays with single circuit

operation

13.2.2.5 13-5

Bias in unit protection systems

10.4.2 10-3

Biased differential relays

10.4.2 10-3

Blocking schemes, distance protection:

x multi-ended feeders

13.5.3 13-11

x using zone 1 element

12.4.1.2 12-8

x using zone 2 element

12.4.1.1 12-7

x weak infeed conditions

12.4.2 12-8

Blocking schemes, distance protection:

12.4 12-6

Boundary characteristic of distance relay

11.2 11-2

Branch law

3.5.1 3-8

Breaker and a half substations, application of unit

protection

10.8.2 10-8

Breaker fail protection in busbar schemes

15.9.6.6 15-18

Breaker operating times

14.4.1.3 14-4

Broken delta connection of voltage transformers

6.2.6 6-4

Buchholz protection

16.15.3 16-14

Buchholz relay

16.15.3 16-14

Busbar:

x blocking schemes

15.11 15-20

x differential

15.7-

15.11

15-7

15-20

x faults

15.2 15-2

x frame-earth (Howard)

15.6 15-4

x high impedance

15.8 15-9

x interlocked overcurrent schemes

15.11 15-20

x low impedance

15.9 15-15

x mesh corner

15.7.2.1 15-9

x numerical

15.10 15-18

x principles (Mertz Price)

15.7 15-7

x protection:

15.3-

15.11

15-3,

15-20

x schemes

15.5 15-3

x speed

15.3.1 15-2

x stability

15.3.2 15-2

x types of protection system

15.4 15-3

Bushing current transformers

6.4.5.2 6-9

Cable circuits

5.18 5-16

Cable data:

5.24 5-24

Cable gland insulation in frame-earth protection

schemes

15.6.1 15-4

Calculation of overcurrent relay settings

9.13 9-11

Calculation of series impedance (overhead lines and

cables)

5.19 5-16

Calculation of shunt impedance (overhead lines and

cables)

5.20 5-17

Calculations, fault

4.2,

4.4-

4.6

4-1

Capacitive current compensation (with), unit

protection schemes

10.11.8 10-14

Capacitive current compensation (without), unit

protection schemes

10.11.7 10-14

Capacitor control

18.11.1 18-12

Capacitor protection

18.11

18-12

Capacitor voltage transformers:

x ferro-resonance

6.3.3 6-6

x transient behaviour

6.3.2 6-6

x voltage protection of

6.3.1 6-6

Capacitor voltage transformers:

6.3 6-5

Carrier channels:

8.5.3 8-6

Carrier unit protection systems

10.9 10-8

Cascade voltage transformers

6.2.8 6-5

CDC (Common Data Classes); IEC61850

24.5.2 24-18

CE marking

21.4.5 21-9

Characteristic angle of a relay

9.14.2 9-12

Characteristic time/current curves of IDMT relays

9.4 9-4

Characteristics:

x earth fault protection

9.16 9-14

x of circuit breakers

14.4.1.3 14-4

x of distance relays

11.7 11-6

x of generators

5.2-5.6 5-1,

5-7

x of motors

19.2-

19.7

19-1,

19-11

x of overcurrent relays

9.4-9.8,

9.14

9-4,

9-12

Check feature for frame-earth busbar protection

15.6.4 15-6

Check synchroniser

14.9.2,

22.8.1

14-9,

22-8

Check system:

x for frame-earth protection

15.6.4 15-6

x for high impedance busbar protection

15.8.3 15-11

copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

Index

I-3

x for low impedance protection

15.9.3 15-15

Choice of dead time, use in auto-reclose schemes

14.6.4 14-7

Choice of harmonic (transformer protection)

16.9.2 16-10

Choice of reclaim time

14.6.5 14-7

CIP (Critical Infrastructure Protection); cyber security

standards

24.3.2.1 24-12

Circuit breakers:

18.5.3 18-5

x air circuit breakers (ACBs)

18.5.3 18-5

x closing time

14.4.1.3 14-4

x dead time

14.6.4 14-7

x for auto-reclose schemes

14.4.1.3,

14.6.3,

14-3,

14-7

x interrupting time

9.11.1,

14.4.1.3

9-9,

14-3

x miniature circuit breakers (MCBs)

18.5.1 18-4

x monitoring in numerical relays

7.6.3 7-8

x moulded case (MCCB)

18.5.2 18-5

x oil circuit breakers (OCBs)

18.5.4 18-6

x opening time

14.4.1.3 14-4

x SF6 circuit breakers

18.5.6 18-6

x Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs)

18.5.5 18-6

Circuit laws

3.5.1 3-8

Circuit quantities and conventions

3.4 3-3

Circuit theorems

3.5.2 3-8

Circuit variables

3.4.1 3-5

Circulating current system, spill current

10.4 10-2

Circulating current system, unit protection

10.4 10-2

Class PX (IEC 60044) current transformers

6.4.4 6-9

Class X (BS3938) current transformers

6.4.4 6-9

Classification of power system disturbances

23.2 23-1

Closing impulse time

14.10.4 14-11

Closing time of circuit breakers

14.4.1.3 14-4

Combined differential and restricted earth fault

protection of

16.10 16-11

Combined I.D.M.T. and high set instantaneous

overcurrent relays

9.5 9-6

Commissioning tests

21.9 21-1,

21-15

Communication links

8.1,

24.2

8-1,

24-2

Communications: definition

24.2 24-2

Communications: OSI model

24.2.1 24-2

Comparison of transfer trip and blocking schemes

12.6 12-9

Complex quantities

3.3 3-2

Complex transmission circuits, protection of

13.1-

13.7

13-1,

13-12

Complex variables

3.3.1 3-3

Composite error of current transformers

6.4.2 6-8

Condition monitoring (transformers)

16.18,

24.5.1

16-19,

25-5

Conditions for direction comparison, unit protection

10.3 10-2

Conducted and radiated emissions tests

21.3.9 21-6

Conducted and radiated immunity tests

21.3.10 21-7

Configuration; functions within a substation control

system

25.5.1 25-6

Connections for directional relays

9.14,

9.17.1

9-12,

9-18

Considerations with numerical relays

7.7 7-9

Contact systems for relays

2.10.1 2-8

Convention of direction of current flow, unit protection

10.2 10-2

Co-ordination of earth fault relays in three-phase four

wire systems

18.7.2 18-8

Co-ordination of relays with fuses

9.12.3 9-11

Co-ordination problems in industrial and commercial

networks

18.7 18-7

Co-ordination procedure for overcurrent protection

relays

9.2 9-2

Core faults:

x in generators

17.3 17-3

x in power transformers

16.2.6 16-3

Core-balance current transformers (CBCT)

6.4.5.3 6-10

Cross country fault analysis

4.4.6 4-9

CT supervision in high impedance busbar schemes

15.8.4 15-12

CT supervision in low impedance busbar schemes

15.9.4 15-16

Current differential protection scheme

10.8,

10.10

10-7,

10-8

Current distribution due to a fault

4.5 4-10

Current distribution factors

4.5.1 4-10

Current polarisation of directional earth fault relays

9.17.1.2 9-18

Current reversal on double circuit lines, distance

protection

13.2.2.1 13-2

Current setting of a relay

9.10 9-8

Current transformers:

x accuracy

6.4.1 6-7

x accuracy class

6.4.2 6-8

x accuracy limit current

6.4.3 6-8

x air gap

6.4.5.5 6-10

x all-optical transducer

6.5.1.3 6-17

x anti-remanence

6.4.6.2 6-10

x bar primary

6.4.5.2 6-9

x bushing

6.4.5.2 6-9

x C Class

6.4.13 6-15

x class PX (IEC 60044-1)

6.4.4 6-9

x class X (BS 3938)

6.4.4 6-9

copyright notice but may not be copied or displayed for commercial purposes without the prior written permission of Alstom Grid.

Network Protection & Automation Guide

I-4

x construction

6.4.5 6-9

x current or ratio error

6.4.1.1 6-8

x equivalent circuit

6.4 6-7

x errors

6.4.1 6-7

x Hall-effect

6.5.2.1 6-19

x harmonics in

6.4.11 6-15

x hybrid

6.5.1.2 6-17

x IEEE standards

6.4.13 6-15

x knee-point voltage

6.4.4 6-9

x line current

6.4.6.3 6-10

x linear

6.4.6.3 6-10

x magnetisation curve

6.4.4 6-9

x non Conventional

6.5 6-16

x open circuit secondary voltage

6.4 6-7

x optical Instrument transducer

6.5.1 6-16,

24-13

x optical sensor concept

6.5.1.1 6-16,

24-14

x phase error

6.4.1.2 6-8

x polarity check

21.9.3.1 21-17

x rated short-time current

6.4.9 6-12

x ratio check

21.12.2 21-23

x saturation

6.4.10 6-12

x secondary current rating

6.4.8 6-11

x secondary winding impedance

6.4.7 6-11

x summation

6.4.5.4 6-10

x supervision in numerical relays

7.6.2 7-8

x test windings

6.4.12 6-15

x tests

21.9.3,

21.12

21-17

x transient response

6.4.10 6-12

Cyber security; principles of

24.3 24-10

D.C interupt test

21.3.1 21-4

D.C. ramp tests

21.3.3 21-4

D.C. voltage signalling

8.7.1 8-9

DANH (Doubly Attached Node running HSR)

24.2.4.6 24-10

DANP (Doubly Attached Node running PRP)

24.2.4.5 24-9

Dead line charging

14.9.2,

22.8.1

14-9,

22-8

Dead time in auto-reclose schemes

14.4.1,

14.6.4,

14.9

14-3,

14-7,

14-9

Definite time overcurrent relay

9.9 9-8

Definition of:

x protection equipment

2.2 2-3

x protection scheme

2.2 2-3

x protection system

2.2 2-3

Definitions of terms used in protection, control and

automation

Appendix A

De-ionisation of fault path

14.4.1.4,

14.6.2

14-4,

14-7

De-ionisation of fault path, auto-reclose schemes

14.4.1.4 14-4

Delayed auto-reclose scheme

14.9 14-9

Delta/star transformer overcurrent protection

16.6 16-6

Delta-connected winding of a transformer

16.3,

16.7

16-5,

16-7

DeltaP; rate of change of power (SIPS)

20.4.2.1 20-13

Design for maintenance of protection schemes

21.16 21-25

Determination of sequence currents

4.4 4-6

Device numbers, list of ANSI

Appendix B

Differential protection:

x digital systems

10.8 10-6

x electromechanical systems

10.7 10-5

x for sectionalised and duplicate busbars

15.7.1 15-8

x numerical systems

10.8 10-6

x of busbars

15.7-

15.11

15-7

15-20

x of direct connected generators

17.5 17-4

x of generator-transformers

17.6 17-6

x of parallel feeders

13.2.1 13-2

x of transformer feeders

10.12.2 10-15

x static systems

10.7 10-5

x using analogue techniques

10.10 10-8

x using high impedance relays

10.5 10-4

x using low impedance relays

10.4 10-2

x using optical fibre signalling

10.8.1 10-6

Digital current differential protection systems

10.8 10-6

Digital relays

7.4 7-3

Digital Substation

x current and voltage; digital transformation

24.4 24-13

x cyber security; need for

24.3 24-10

x cyber security; Standards

24.3.2 24-12

x definition of

24.1 24-1

x enablers

24.1 24-1

x Ethernet devices

24.2.4.1 24-7

x Ethernet topologies; star and ring

24.2.4.2 24-7

x IEC61850 Ethernet based

communications, benefits of

24.5.1 24-17

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