Alex Hughes. Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

CONTEMPORARY

FRENCH CULTURE

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

CONTEMPORARY

FRENCH CULTURE

Edited by

Alex Hughes and

Keith Reader

London and New York

First published 1998

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.

or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,

now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in

any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing

from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of contemporary French culture/edited by

Alex Hughes and Keith Reader

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. France—Civilization—1945–—Encyclopedias. 2. France—Popular

culture—Encyclopedias. I. Hughes, Alex. II. Reader, Keith.

DC33.7.E53 1998 97–31879 CIP

944.08’03–dc21

ISBN 0-203-00330-6 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-20475-1 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0-415-13186-3 (Print Edition)

Contents

Editorial team vi

List of contributors vii

Preface x

Introduction xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Classified contents list xiv

Encyclopedia 1

Index 574

General editors

Alex Hughes

University of Birmingham, UK

Keith Reader

University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Consultant editors

David Bradby

Royal Holloway, University of London, UK

Verena Ande rmatt Conley

Miami University, USA

Susan Hayward

University of Exeter, UK

Nicholas Hewitt

University of Nottingham, UK

Brian Nelson

Monash University, Australia

Ian Pickup

University of Birmingham, UK

Steve Ungar

University of Iowa, USA

Jan Windebank

University of Sheffield, UK

Michael Worton

University College London, UK

Editorial team

vii

List of contributors

Elza Adamowicz

Queen Mary and Westfield College London

Dennis Ager

Aston University

Robert Aldrich

University of Sydney

Laurence Bell

University of Surrey

Jennifer Birkett

University of Birmingham

Michael Bishop

Dalhousie University

Craig Blunt

University of Birmingham

Sophie Boyron

University of Birmingham

William C.Calin

University of Florida

Kay Chadwick

University of Liverpool

Susan Collard

University of Sussex

Tom Conley

Harvard University

Martyn Cornick

University of Birmingham

Béatrice Damamme-Gilbert

University of Birmingham

Hugh Dauncey

University of Newcastle upon Tyne

Richard Derderian

University of North Carolina

Philip Dine

Loughborough University

David Drake

Middlesex University

David Ellison

University of Miami

Elizabeth Ezra

University of Stirling

Patrick ffrench

University College London

Jill Forbes

University of Bristol

Cathy Fowler

Southampton Institute

Johnnie Gratton

University College Dublin

Vérène Grieshaber

University College London

Renate Günther

University of Sheffield

Ron Hallmark

University of Birmingham

Seán Hand

Oxford Brookes University

Linda Hantrais

Loughborough University

Peter Hawkins

University of Bristol

Susan Hayward

University of Exeter

Owen Heathcote

University of Bradford

Nicholas Hewitt

University of Nottingham

Lynn A.Higgins

Dartmouth College (USA)

List of contributorsviii

Gill Howie

Liverpool University

Alex Hughes

University of Birmingham

Simeon Hunter

United Kingdom

Laïla Ibnlfassi

London Guildhall University

Kate Ince

University of Birmingham

Brian Jenkins

University of Portsmouth

Christopher Johnson

Keele University

Roger Kain

University of Exeter

Debra Kelly

University of Westminster

Michael Kelly

University of Southampton

William Kidd

University of Stirling

Eleonore Kofman

Nottingham Trent University

Raymond Kuhn

Queen Mary and Westfield College

David Looseley

University of Leeds

Lucy McKeever

Sunderland University

Mark McKinney

Miami University

Jean Mainil

University of Nottingham

Margaret Majumdar

University of Glamorgan

John Marks

Loughborough University

Bill Marshall

University of Southampton

Ann Miller

Leicester University

Pam Moores

Aston University

† Peter Morris

Aston University

François Nectoux

Kingston University

Patrick O’Donovan

University College Cork

George Paizis

University College London

Alan Pedley

University of Exeter

Ian Pickup

University of Birmingham

Gérard Poulet

University of Exeter

Phil Powrie

University of Newcastle upon Tyne

Keith Reader

University of Newcastle upon Tyne

† Jo Reed

University of Birmingham

Mireille Rosello

University of Nottingham

Gerard Paul Sharpling

University of Birmingham

Michael Sheringham

Royal Holloway, University of London

Max Silverman

University of Leeds

Annie Sparks

Royal Holloway, University of London

Judith Still

University of Nottingham

ixList of contributors

Walter A.Strauss

Case Western Reserve University

Anthony Sutcliffe

University of Leicester

Valerie Swales

University of Portsmouth

Joe Szarka

University of Bath

Carrie Tarr

Thames Valley University

Ursula Tidd

University of Salford

Chris Tinker

University of Birmingham

D.A.Trotter

University of Wales, Aberystwyth

Steven Ungar

University of Iowa

Joëlle Vitiello

Macalester College, Saint Paul

Khursheed Wadia

University of Wolverhampton

Peter Wagstaff

University of Bath

Fiona Warne

University of Birmingham

Colville Wemyss

MA, University of St Andrews

Steve Wharton

University of Bath

Nicola White

Kingston University

Carol Wilcox

South Kent College

James Williams

University of Kent at Canterbury

Jan Windebank

University of Sheffield

Michael Worton

University College London