Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual
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Portuguese
272
VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS THAT REQUIRE THE SUBJUNCTIVE
1
CATEGORY
+ SUBJUNCTIVE (aff. / neg.)
ENGLISH (aff. / neg.)
HOPE
esperar que
to wait, hope that
oxalá (que)
hopefully...
tomara que (BP)
hopefully...
JOY / SADNESS
alegrar
2
(+ direct object) que
to make (someone) happy that
estar contente / triste (etc.) que
3, 4
to be happy / sad (etc.) that
REGRET /
lamentar que
4
to regret, be sorry that
SORROW
sentir que
5
to be sorry that
5
FEAR / DREAD
recear que
to fear, dread that
temer que
to fear, dread that
ter / estar com medo (de) que
to fear, be afraid that
ANGER
ter / estar com raiva (de) que
3
to be angry that
IRRITATION
estar chateado que
3
to be annoyed that
SURPRISE
surpreender
2
(+ direct object) que
to surprise (someone) that
DESIRE / WISH
querer que
to want, wish that
desejar que
to desire, want, wish that
APPROVAL
gostar (de) que
to like that
PREFERENCE
preferir que
to prefer that
NEED
precisar que
to need that
DEMAND
exigir que
4
to demand, require that
fazer com que
4
to make (someone / something)...
COMMAND /
mandar que
4
to command, order that
ORDER
dizer (+ indirect object) que
4
to tell (someone) to
INSISTENCE
insistir (em) que
4, 6
to insist that
REQUEST
pedir (+ indirect object) que
4
to request, ask (someone) that
ADVICE
aconselhar (+ indirect object) que
4
to counsel, advise (someone) that
recomendar que
4
to recommend that
sugerir que
4
to suggest that
PERMISSION
permitir que
4
to permit that
deixar que
4
to let, allow, permit that
PROHIBITION
proibir que
4
to prohibit that
HINDRANCE
impedir que
4
to impede, hinder, prevent from
AVOIDANCE
evitar que
to avoid that
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1
The subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
2
Only the 3rd-pers. sing. form (of any tense) may be used.
3
The indicative is occasionally used in the subordinate clause.
4
A personal infinitive often replaces the subjunctive subordinate clause;
in English, "(for +) object + to" often replaces the (subjunctive) subordinate clause.
5
When sentir que means "to feel that," the indicative is used (see p. 273).
6
When insistir (em) que conveys assurance or conviction, the indicative is used.
Verb and Other Grammar Charts
273
CATEGORY
+ SUBJUNCTIVE
ENGLISH
+ INDICATIVE
(neg.)
(neg.)
(aff.)
DISBELIEF
1
não crer que
to not believe that
crer que
não acreditar que
to not believe that
acreditar que
não achar que
to not think, find that
achar que
não pensar que
to not think that
pensar que
não sentir que
to not feel that
sentir que
IGNORANCE
1
não saber que
to not know that
saber que
UNCERTAINTY
1
não estar seguro (de) que
to not be sure that
estar seguro (de) que
não ter certeza (de) que
to not be certain that
ter certeza (de) que
não estar certo (de) que
to not be certain that
estar certo (de) que
não ser certo que
2
to not be certain that
ser certo que
não ser claro que
2
to not be clear that
ser claro que
não ser óbvio que
2
to not be obvious that
ser óbvio que
não ser verdade que
2
to not be true that
ser verdade que
não parecer que
2
to not appear, seem
parecer que
that
+ SUBJUNCTIVE
ENGLISH
+ INDICATIVE
(aff.)
(aff.)
(neg.)
DENIAL
3
negar que
to deny that
não negar que
DOUBT
3
duvidar que
to doubt that
não duvidar que
+ SUBJUNCTIVE
ENGLISH
+ INDICATIVE
(aff. / neg.)
(aff. / neg.)
(aff. / neg.)
ADVERBS OF
talvez
perhaps, maybe
talvez
DOUBT
4
quiçá
perhaps, maybe
quiçá
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1
The indicative is occasionally used in the subordinate clause after a negative verb form;
this mood conveys less disbelief / uncertainty / doubt than the subjunctive.
2
Only the 3rd-pers. sing. form (of any tense) may be used in these impersonal expressions
(see p. 220: 2 for details).
3
The subjunctive is occasionally used in the subordinate clause after a negative verb form;
this mood conveys more disbelief / uncertainty / doubt than the indicative.
4
When talvez / quiçá
(a)
precede
the verb, they require the subjunctive
(talvez chova amanhã);
(b)
follow
the verb, they require the indicative
(choveu ontem, quiçá).
Portuguese
274
IMPERSONAL VERBS /
+ SUBJUNCTIVE
ENGLISH
EXPRESSIONS
1, 2, 3
(aff. / neg.)
(aff. / neg.)
bastar que
to be enough that
convir que
to be convenient, fitting, suitable that
poder ser que
to be possible that
ser + adj. / noun que
to be...that
poder ser + adj. / noun que
to be possibly...that
parecer + adj. / noun que
to appear, seem...that
EXAMPLES:
4
ser bom / mau que
to be good / bad that
ser melhor / pior que
to be better / worse that
ser ótimo / péssimo que
to be great, wonderful / awful that
parecer absurdo que
to appear, seem absurd that
ser aconselhável que
to be advisable that
ser conveniente que
to be convenient, fitting, suitable that
ser uma desgraça que
to be a disgrace, unfortunate that
ser essencial que
to be essential that
ser estranho que
to be strange that
poder ser fácil / difícil que
to be possibly easy / difficult that
ser horrível / horroroso que
to be horrible that
ser importante que
to be important that
ser incrível que
to be incredible that
ser interessante que
to be interesting that
ser lamentável que
to be deplorable, regrettable that
ser natural que
to be natural that
poder ser necessário que
to be possibly necessary that
ser (uma) pena que
to be a pity, shame that
parecer possível que
to appear, seem possible that
ser preciso que
to be necessary that
poder ser preferível que
to be possibly preferable that
ser provável que
to be probable that
ser prudente que
to be prudent that
parecer ridículo que
to appear, seem ridiculous that
ser triste que
to be sad that
ser útil que
to be useful that
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1
Only the 3rd-pers. sing. form (of any tense) may be used (see p. 220: 2 for details).
2
If the adjective / noun following the main verb expresses knowledge / belief / certainty,
the indicative is used.
3
A personal infinitive often replaces the subjunctive subordinate clause;
in English, "(for +) object + to" often replaces the (subjunctive) subordinate clause.
4
Any (personal) form of crer / achar / considerar may replace poder ser / parecer / ser.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVES
PERSON / ENG. PORT. PREP.
REFL. REFL. DIR. INDIR. POSSESSIVES
NUMBER
1
SUBJ. SUBJ. OBJ. PREP. OBJ. (IN)DIR. OBJ. OBJ.
PRON. PRON. PRON.
2
PRON.
2
OBJ. PRON. PRON. PRON.
1st sing. (m/f) I eu mim mim me me me meu(s) minha(s)
1st plur. (m/f) we
3
nós nós nós nos nos nos nosso(s) nossa(s)
2nd sing. (m/f) you tu ti ti te te te teu(s) tua(s)
2nd plur. (m/f) you (all) vós vós vós vos vos vos vosso(s) vossa(s)
2nd sing. (m/f) you você você si se o a lhe seu(s) sua(s)
2nd plur. (m/f) you (all) vocês vocês si se os as lhes seu(s) sua(s)
2nd sing. (m) you o senhor o senhor si se o lhe do senhor
2nd sing. (f) you a senhora a senhora si se a lhe da senhora
2nd plur. (m) you (all) os senhores os senhores si se os lhes dos senhores
2nd plur. (f) you (all) as senhoras as senhoras si se as lhes das senhoras
3rd sing. (m) he / it ele ele si se o lhe dele
3rd sing. (f) she / it ela ela si se a lhe dela
3rd plur. (m) they eles eles si se os lhes deles
3rd plur. (f) they elas elas si se as lhes delas
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1
você(s) // o(s) senhor(es) / a(s) senhora(s) are in effect 2nd-pers. pronouns but take 3rd-pers. verbs and correspond to 3rd-pers. object
pronouns (see pp. 85: 2, 86n2 for details).
2
The following contractions of com + prepositional pronouns are obligatory in Portuguese:
com + mim = comigo com + nós = conosco (EP: connosco)
com + ti = contigo com + vós = convosco
com + si = consigo com + si = consigo
3
a gente (= colloquial synonym of nós) and da gente (= possessive) should be avoided in formal Portuguese.
275
Verb and Other Grammar Charts
CONTRACTIONS OF DIRECT WITH INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
1
SUBJECT INDIRECT + DIRECT = CONTRACTIONS ENGLISH
PRONOUN OBJECT OBJECT
PRONOUN PRONOUNS
eu me o(s) / a(s) mo(s) / ma(s) him / her / it / them to me
nós nos o(s) / a(s) no-lo(s) / no-la(s) him / her / it / them to us
tu te o(s) / a(s) to(s) / ta(s) him / her / it / them to you
vós vos o(s) / a(s) vo-lo(s) / vo-la(s) him / her / it / them to you (all)
você lhe o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to you
vocês lhes o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to you (all)
o senhor lhe o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to you
a senhora lhe o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to you
os senhores lhes o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to you (all)
as senhoras lhes o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to you (all)
ele lhe o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to him
ela lhe o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to her
eles lhes o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to them
elas lhes o(s) / a(s) lho(s) / lha(s) him / her / it / them to them
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1
These contractions are used in formal and literary EP.
276
Portuguese
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS, AND CONTRACTIONS
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1
da gente is the colloquial synonym of nosso(s) / nossa(s) and should be avoided in formal Portuguese.
DEMONSTR. ADJ. + OUTRO(S)/A(S):
1
+ DE:
1
+ EM:
1
+ A:
1
este(s)/a(s) estoutro(s)/a(s) destoutro(s)/a(s) nestoutro(s)/a(s)
esse(s)/a(s) essoutro(s)/a(s) dessoutro(s)/a(s) nessoutro(s)/a(s)
aquele(s)/a(s) aqueloutro(s)/a(s) daqueloutro(s)/a(s) naqueloutro(s)/a(s) àqueloutro(s)/a(s)
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1
These contractions are all optional; they are considered somewhat archaic and appear primarily in literary Portuguese.
ENG. MASC. FEM. INVAR. + PREP. = CONTRACTIONS CORRESPONDING CORRESPONDING
ADJ. ADJ. PRON. (= obligatory) ADVERB(S) POSSESSIVE(S)
this / este(s) esta(s) isto de deste(s) desta(s) disto aqui / cá meu(s) minha(s)
these em neste(s) nesta(s) nisto (here) nosso(s)
1
nossa(s)
1
[near speaker]
that / esse(s) essa(s) isso de desse(s) dessa(s) disso aí teu(s) tua(s)
those em nesse(s) nessa(s) nisso (there) vosso(s) vossa(s)
[near listener] seu(s) sua(s)
do(s) senhor(es)
da(s) senhora(s)
that / aquele(s) aquela(s) aquilo de daquele(s) daquela(s) daquilo ali / lá / acolá dele(s)
those em naquele(s) naquela(s) naquilo ([over] there) dela(s)
a àquele(s) àquela(s) àquilo [not near
speaker / listener]
277
Verb and Other Grammar Charts
CONTRACTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS
PREP. + DEF. ARTICLES: + INDEF. ARTICLES: + DEMONSTRATIVES: + PREP. OBJECT PRONOUNS:
(= obligatory) (= optional) (= obligatory) (= obligatory)
a ao(s) à(s) àquele(s) àquela(s) àquilo
de
1, 2, 3
do(s) da(s) dum duma(s) deste(s) desta(s) disto dele(s) dela(s)
(duns) desse(s) dessa(s) disso
daquele(s) daquela(s) daquilo
em
2
no(s) na(s) num numa(s) neste(s) nesta(s) nisto nele(s) nela(s)
(nuns) nesse(s) nessa(s) nisso
naquele(s) naquela(s) naquilo
por pelo(s) pela(s)
para
3, 4
com comigo conosco (EP: connosco)
contigo convosco
consigo consigo
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1
Contractions of de + indefinite articles occur more in EP than in BP; they should be avoided in formal BP.
2
The following contractions of de / em + outro are optional; those of de + outro occur more in EP than in BP:
doutro(s) / doutra(s)
noutro(s)
/
noutra(s)
3
de / para + você(s) = docê(s) / procê(s) in colloquial BP; these contractions should be avoided in formal BP.
4
The following colloquial contractions of para + definite articles should be avoided in formal Portuguese:
pro(s) / pra(s)
278
Portuguese
Verb and Other Grammar Charts
279
RELATIVE WORDS
MASC.
FEM.
INVARIABLE
ENGLISH
GRAM. CAT.
cujo(s)
cuja(s)
whose
adj.
onde
where
adv.
para onde
to where
[longer stay]
adv. phrase
aonde
to where
[shorter stay]
adv.
de onde (EP: donde)
from where
adv. phrase
o qual
a qual
which, who(m)
pron.
(os quais)
(as quais)
quanto
all that, however much
pron.
quanto(s)
quanta(s)
all that, all who(m)
pron.
que
that, which, who(m)
pron.
o que
what, that which
pron.
o(s) que
a(s) que
(s)he / those who(m),
pron.
the one(s) that
quem
whom, (s)he / those who(m)
pron.
Portuguese
280
INTERROGATIVE WORDS
GENDER-
INVARIABLE
ENGLISH
GRAM.
VARIABLE
CAT.
como?
how? what...like?
adv.
onde?
where?
adv.
para onde?
to where?
[longer stay]
adv. phrase
aonde?
to where?
[shorter stay]
adv.
de onde? (EP: donde)
from where?
adv. phrase
qual? (quais?)
which?
adj. / pron.
quando?
when?
adv.
quanto/a?
how much?
adj. / pron.
quantos/as?
how many?
adj. / pron.
quanto?
how much?
adv.
a quanto?
(+ estar)
how much?
[= a que preço / a como]
adv. phrase
que?
(+ noun)
what? which? what kind of?
adj.
[begins sentence / clause]
(o) que?
(+ verb)
what?
[begins sentence / clause]
pron.
(o) quê?
what?
[stands alone]
pron.
o quê?
what?
[ends sentence]
pron.
de que?
(+ verb)
what...made of?
adj. phrase
[begins sentence / clause]
de quê?
of what?
[ends sentence]
adj. phrase
para que?
for what purpose?
adv. phrase
por que? (EP: porque)
why?
[begins sentence / clause]
adv. phrase
por quê? (EP: porquê)
why?
[stands alone / ends sentence]
adv. phrase
quem?
who(m)?
pron.
de quem?
whose? of whom?
adj. phrase
para quem?
for whom?
adv. phrase
por quem?
by / because of whom? on whose behalf?
adv. phrase
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
AFFIRMATIVE ENGLISH NEGATIVE ENGLISH GRAM. CAT.
sim yes não no, not adverb
com with sem without preposition
também also também não / tampouco
1
neither adverb
(ou...) ou (either...) or (nem...) nem (neither...) nor conjunction
alguém anyone, someone ninguém no one invar. pron.
algo anything, something nada nothing invar. pron.
algo somewhat nada not (at all), in no way adverb
algum(a) a(n), any, some nenhum(a) no(ne), not...any var. adj. / pron.
algures / em algum lugar / somewhere, nenhures / em nenhum lugar / nowhere, adverb (phrase)
em alguma parte in some place em nenhuma parte in no place adverb phrase
de algum jeito / modo // by any / some means, de nenhum jeito / modo // by no means, adverb phrase
de alguma forma / maneira (in) any / some way / de nenhuma forma / maneira (in) no way / adverb phrase
manner manner
alguma vez ever, at any / some time nenhuma vez / nunca / jamais never, at no time adverb (phrase)
sempre always nem sempre not always adverb
ainda still, yet já não no longer adverb
já already, yet ainda não still not, not...yet adverb
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1
EP: Written tão-pouco.
281
Verb and Other Grammar Charts