Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual
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Portuguese
52
PORT.
SP.
SP.
PORT.
ENG.
ENG.
roxo
1
rojo
1
morado
vermelho
purple
red
ruivo
rubio
pelirrojo
louro
redhead
blond
sobrenome
sobrenombre
apellido
apelido / alcunha / apodo
last name (surname)
nickname
talher
taller
cubierto
oficina
table place-setting / silverware
workshop
todavia
todavía
sin embargo
ainda
however
still / yet
4) Although the Portuguese and the first Spanish word in the following sets are similar in
pronunciation and orthography, they are false cognates because they do not derive from
the same root and therefore differ in meaning; the true Spanish cognate derives from
the same root as the Portuguese word, to which it is similar in meaning.
PORT.
FALSE SP.
TRUE SP.
ENG.
ENG.
barata
barata
cockroach
cheap
cena
cena
escena
scene
supper
ninho
2
niño
nido
2
nest
boy
rato
rato
rata / ratón
mouse / rat
while
trair
traer
traicionar
to betray
to bring
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1
The Eng. partial cognate rouge means Port. ruge / carmim // Sp. colorete.
2
Port. ninho / Sp. nido are partial cognates of Eng. niche (the true cognate of Eng. niche is
Port. / Sp. nicho).
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
Portuguese
54
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES
1) The following are the Portuguese definite articles, which correspond to English "the."
SING.
EXAMPLE
ENGLISH
PLUR.
EXAMPLE
ENGLISH
MASC.
o
o evento
the event
os
os eventos
the events
FEM.
a
a camisa
the shirt
as
as camisas
the shirts
2) The following are the indefinite articles, which correspond to English "a" / "an" (singular)
and "any" / "some" (plural).
SING.
EXAMPLE
ENGLISH
PLUR.
EXAMPLE
ENGLISH
MASC.
um
um evento
an event
uns
uns eventos
any / some events
FEM.
uma
uma camisa
a shirt
umas
umas camisas
any / some shirts
3) Definite and indefinite articles
a) agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify;
1
b) usually precede nouns:
o livro / a camisa / uns anos / umas alunas
exception: a definite article always follows ambos ("both") and may follow
todo ("each" / "every" / "all"):
ambas as professoras
todas as semanas
(= toda semana) (see p. 123 for details)
c) function as pronouns when they take the place of nouns;
this replacement process is called "nominalization," often expressed in English by
"(the) one(s)" / "some":
PORTUGUESE
ENGLISH
o (carro) que custa
the one that costs
um (carro) que custa
one that costs
uns (carros) que custam
some that cost
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike Spanish feminine words beginning in stressed a,
their Portuguese cognates take the feminine definite and indefinite article; compare:
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
a água salgada
el agua salada
uma alma bondosa
un alma bondadosa
Grammatical Categories
55
4) Definite articles are used
a) with specific, concrete nouns and with general, abstract nouns (unlike in English):
Os sábios dizem que o amor é cego.
b) with rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, and continents; many countries;
and cities that incorporate topographical nouns (e.g., rio / porto):
o (rio) Tejo / o (lago) Superior / o (oceano) Pacífico / os (montes) Alpes /
a Europa // o Brasil / os Estados Unidos // o Rio de Janeiro / o Porto
exceptions: Portugal / Angola / Moçambique / Cabo Verde / Timor-Leste /
São Tomé e Príncipe
c) when referring to a person's last name (surname) and title (unlike in English):
O Rodrigues e o doutor Gomes falam bem o inglês.
exceptions: Seu ("Mr.") / Dona ("Lady") / Dom ("Sir"):
Dona Ana e Seu José sabem que Cabral descobriu o Brasil.
5) Definite articles are not used
a) when addressing a person:
Senhor (Moreira), aonde o senhor vai?
b) before an academic subject preceded by a verb:
Ensinamos Português mas também estudamos Árabe.
c) with most cities (with one type of exception: see 4b above):
Lisboa é a capital de Portugal; Brasília é a capital do Brasil.
6) Definite articles are optional with a person's first name; they convey a tone of familiarity
and are frequently used in BP.
(O) João chegou ontem.
7) Indefinite articles are used with a noun modified by an adjective but are often not used
with a nonmodified noun (unlike in English).
A Inês é uma pessoa muito interessante; é antropóloga.
Portuguese
56
CONTRACTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS WITH ARTICLES
1) The following contractions of the prepositions a / de / em / por with definite articles are
obligatory in Portuguese.
1, 2
a
+
o(s)
=
ao(s)
(Eu vou ao mercado.)
a
+
a(s)
=
à(s)
(Ele vai às lojas.)
de
+
o(s)
=
do(s)
(Nós somos do Brasil.)
de
+
a(s)
=
da(s)
(Elas são da França.)
em
+
o(s)
=
no(s)
(Eu penso no almoço.)
em
+
a(s)
=
na(s)
(Ela pensa nas tarefas.)
por
+
o(s)
=
pelo(s)
3
(Você anda pelo centro.)
por
+
a(s)
=
pela(s)
3
(Nós andamos pelas ruas.)
2) The following contractions of the prepositions de / em with indefinite articles are optional.
4
de
+
um
=
dum
(Somos dum país pobre.)
de
+
uns
=
duns
(Gosto duns filmes velhos.)
de
+
uma(s)
=
duma(s)
(Preciso dumas camisas.)
em
+
um
=
num
(Esteve num cinema sujo.)
em
+
uns
=
nuns
(Viajei nuns trens velhos.)
em
+
uma(s)
=
numa(s)
(Estão numa área bonita.)
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Portuguese has many more contractions than Spanish.
2
The following contractions of the preposition para + definite articles occur in colloquial
Portuguese but should be avoided in formal Portuguese:
para
+
o(s)/a(s)
=
pro(s)
/
pra(s)
In archaic Portuguese:
para
+
o(s)/a(s)
=
pero(s)
/
pera(s)
3
pelo(s) / pela(s) derives from Latin:
per
+
o(s)/a(s)
In archaic Portuguese:
por
+
o(s)/a(s)
=
polo(s)
/
pola(s)
4
Contractions of de + indefinite articles occur more in EP than in BP; they should be avoided in
formal BP.
Grammatical Categories
57
ADJECTIVES
1) Adjectives in Portuguese agree in number with the nouns and pronouns that they modify
(unlike in English); many adjectives also agree in gender.
Elas são americanas.
2) An adjective functions as a pronoun when it takes the place of a noun and is preceded by
an article, which represents the replaced noun; this replacement process is called
"nominalization."
o (menino) tímido
(the timid one)
umas (meninas) tímidas
(some timid ones)
3) Adjectives ending in -oso change from closed o [o] in the masculine singular to open o [ɔ]
in the masculine plural as well as the feminine singular and plural.
delicioso [o]
deliciosos [ɔ]
deliciosa [ɔ]
deliciosas [ɔ]
4) A few adjectives have abbreviated forms.
a)
São:
(< Santo ["Saint"]), used before masculine names beginning in a consonant;
compare:
São Pedro / São Paulo
Santo Antônio / Santo Inácio
b)
grão (m) / grã (f):
1
(< grande ["grand" / "great"]), used only in certain titles and placenames:
Grão-Mestre
(Grand Master)
Grã-Bretanha
(Great Britain)
c)
mor:
(< maior ["greater" / "larger" / "major"]), used in archaic titles and words:
Capitão-mor
(Captain-general)
o mordomo
(majordomo / butler)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Although Port. grão / grã is a cognate of Sp. gran, it is not normally
used to express "great," for which Port. uses grande, placed before the noun (uma grande pessoa)
(see p. 68: 3 for details).
Portuguese
58
PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
1) Most nouns in Portuguese have a plural form, as do most adjectives (unlike in English).
2) -s is the ending (= plural marker) that differentiates a plural from a singular
(pro)noun or adjective.
3) There are various patterns of plural formation. In most patterns, s or es is added to the
singular form; however, the singular ending sometimes undergoes a phonetic change.
The following are the patterns that determine the plural form of a singular word.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PATTERN
DETAILS
ENDING
ENDING
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
vowel
vowel + s
camisa
camisas
add s
má
más
irmã
irmãs
órfã
órfãs
grande
grandes
você
vocês
pé
pés
pequeno
pequenos
avô
avôs
avó
avós
júri
júris
peru
perus
stressed
stressed
vowel + s
vowel + ses
add es
ananás
ananases
drop ´
português
portugueses
drop ˆ
país
países
keep ´
(to maintain
hiatus)
oral
oral
diphthong
diphthong + s
pai
pais
add s
rei
reis
pau
paus
seu
seus
céu
céus
herói
heróis
Grammatical Categories
59
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PATTERN
DETAILS
ENDING
ENDING
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
-ão
three possible endings:
1
-ão
-ões
decisão
decisões
-ão > -ões
most common ending
2
discussão
discussões
lição
lições
limão
limões
padrão
padrões
solteirão
solteirões
-ão
-ãos
cidadão
cidadãos
add s
less common ending
3
irmão
irmãos
mão
mãos
órfão
órfãos
órgão
órgãos
-ão
-ães
alemão
alemães
-ão > -ães
least common ending
cão
cães
capitão
capitães
pão
pães
-ãe
-ães
mãe
mães
add s
-m
-ns
bom
bons
-m > -ns
fim
fins
homem
homens
um
uns
-r
-res
flor
flores
add es
melhor
melhores
motor
motores
-z
-zes
feliz
felizes
add es
luz
luzes
rapaz
rapazes
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
Note to Spanish Speakers: To form the correct plural of a noun ending in -ão (mão), drop the -n-
of the Spanish plural (manos), then place a tilde (˜) over the preceding vowel (mãos)
(the tilde indicates the nasal residue of the [disappeared] Latin intervocalic -n-).
2
-ão > -ões in all augmentatives and most nouns ending in -ção / -são (exception: bênçãos).
3
-ão > -ãos in many monosyllabic words (chãos / grãos / sãos / vãos) (exceptions: cães / pães).
Certain nouns alternate between the ending -ãos (often the etymologically correct one) and -ões
(cortesão > cortesãos / cortesões // verão > verãos / verões // vilão > vilãos / vilões, etc.).
Portuguese
60
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PATTERN
DETAILS
ENDING
ENDING
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
-l
-is
-l
>
-is
no -l- in plural:
stressed:
stressed:
-al
-ais
capital
capitais
-al
>
-ais
1a
-ul
-uis
azul
azuis
-ul
>
-uis
1b
-ol
-óis
espanhol
espanhóis
-ol
>
-óis
1c
ó in plural
-el
-éis
cruel
cruéis
-el
>
-éis
é in plural
-il
-is
barril
barris
-il
>
-is
unstressed:
unstressed:
-el
-eis
agradável
agradáveis
-el
>
-eis
-il
-eis
fácil
fáceis
-il
>
-eis
4)
Nouns and adjectives ending in the following letters are invariable in number
(i.e., the singular and plural forms are the same); also invariable are colors that are really
nouns, as well as the words o(s) cais ("wharf[s]") and mais / menos
2
("more" / "less").
ENDING
EXAMPLES
-x
o(s) clímax
o(s) tórax
unstressed vowel + s
o(s) lápis
o(s) ônibus
o(s) pires
simples
3
(pessoa simples / indivíduos simples)
COLORS (cor-de-):
laranja
(caderno laranja / camisas laranja)
rosa
(sapato rosa / sofás rosa)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
Exceptions:
(a)
mal
>
males
(b)
cônsul
>
cônsules
(c)
gol
>
gols
2
Although mais / menos often function as quantifying adjectives (mais amor / menos brigas),
they remain invariable in number and gender.
3
Note to Spanish Speakers: Port. simples (sing. / plur.) corresponds to Sp. simple / simples.
Grammatical Categories
61
5) The plural form of a noun or an adjective is used to refer to both a singular and a plural
(pro)noun.
1
Ana e os seus filhos são médicos e muito simpáticos.
6) When a singular subject is followed by a prepositional phrase with a plural object,
the subject may take either a singular or a plural verb.
A maioria dos países importa petróleo?
A maioria dos países importam petróleo?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
As seen in the example, the masculine form of a gender-variable noun / adjective
(médicos / simpáticos) is used to refer to (pro)nouns of both genders (Ana / filhos);
i.e., plural / masculine prevail over singular / feminine in determining grammatical agreement.