Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

Portuguese

32

2) The following patterns regularly correspond between Portuguese, Spanish, and English

consonants.

1

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

z

[z]

z(a / o / u) //

[s]

2

z / c

[z] / [s]

c(e / i)

zero

cero

zero

azálea

azalea

azul

azure

dez

diez

(deci-)

vizinho

vecino

vicinal / (vicinity)

-s-

[z]

-s-

[s]

s

[s] / [z]

caso

case

rosa

rose

-ss-

[s]

-s-

[s]

ss

[s]

possível

posible

possible

professor

profesor

professor

ç

[s]

z

[s]

2

s / c

[s]

caça

caza

chase

dança

danza

dance

-(i)x-

[š]

-j-

[x]

s / x

[s] / [ks]

baixo

bajo

base

eixo

eje

axis

g(e / i)

[ž]

g(e / i)

[x]

g(e / i)

[dž]

general

frágil

fragile

j(a / o / u)-

[ž]

j(a / o / u)-

[x]

j(a / o / u)-

[dž]

jarro / jarra

jar

jornada

journey

junho / julho

junio / julio

June / July

exception:

jardim

jardín

garden

[g]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Although the letter of a particular Portuguese word may be the same in related Spanish and

English words, the sound of the letter may be different.

2

[s] represents Spanish American pronunciation; [θ], Castilian Spanish (= the th in Eng. thin).

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

33

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

-(i)t-

[t]

1

-ch-

[tš]

ct

[kt]

feito

hecho

fact

leite

leche

(lact-)

noite

noche

(noct-)

oito

ocho

(oct-)

exception:

muito

mucho

(multi-)

[lt]

v-

[v]

v- / b-

[b]

v-

[v]

vã

vana

vain

varanda

baranda

veranda

varrer

barrer

("to sweep")

vinho

vino

(vine / vini-)

-v-

[v]

-v- / -b-

[β]

v / b

[v] / [b]

descrever

describir

describe

haver

haber

("to have")

2

lavar

(lav-)

cantava

cantaba

3) The following patterns often correspond between Portuguese, Spanish, and English

consonants.

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

f- (+ vowel)

[f]

h-

[silent]

f-

[f]

fazer

hacer

(fact)

ferro

hierro

(ferro-)

filha

hija

(filial)

ch-

[š]

ch-

[tš]

ch- / sh-

[tš] / [š]

China

choque

shock

ch-

[š]

ll-

[λ]

3

cl- / fl- / pl-

[kl] / [fl] / [pl]

chamar

llamar

(claim / clamor)

chama

llama

flame

cheio

lleno

(plenary / plenti-)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

BP (many dialects): [tš] is a variant of [t] before unstressed word-final e [i].

2

Port. haver / Sp. haber derive from Latin habēre ("to have"); Eng. have is a false cognate since it

derives from Germanic haben, akin to Latin

capere ("to seize") (> Eng. captive).

3

The pronunciation of ll varies widely among Spanish-speaking countries.

Portuguese

34

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

l

[l]

ll

[λ]

1

l

[l]

cavalaria

caballería

cavalry

vila

villa

villa(ge)

-lh-

[λ]

-ll-

[λ]

1

l

[l]

maravilha

maravilla

marvel

milhão

millón

million

-lh-

[λ]

-g- / -j-

[x]

l

[l]

colher

coger

collect

conselho

consejo

council / counsel

no -l-

2

-l-

[l]

l

[l]

animais

3

animales

animals

cor

color

dor

dolor

dolor(ous) / (Dolores)

sair

salir

(salient)

-n-

[n]

-ñ-

[ɲ]

n

[n]

ano

año

(ann-)

ensinar

enseñar

(ensign)

-nh-

[ɲ]

-ñ-

[ɲ]

n

[n]

Espanha

España

Spain

senhor(a)

señor(a)

(senior)

-nh-

[ɲ]

-n-

[n]

n

[n]

dinheiro

dinero

(denarius / dinar)

vinho

vino

(vine / vini-)

no -n-

4

-n-

[n]

n

[n]

lua

luna

Luna(r)

pessoa

persona

person

pôr

poner

(pone) [in card games]

ter

tener

(tenet / -tain)

vir

venir

(venture)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

The pronunciation of ll varies widely among Spanish-speaking countries.

2

Latin intervocalic -l- survived in Spanish and English but often disappeared in Portuguese.

3

The final -l of a Portuguese singular noun / adjective usually disappears in the plural

(animal > animais; see p. 60 for more examples).

4

Latin intervocalic -n- survived in Spanish and English; it occasionally disappeared completely

in Portuguese but frequently nasalized the surrounding vowels (see p. 31 for examples).

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

35

4) The following patterns regularly correspond between Portuguese, Spanish, and English

consonant clusters.

1

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

esp-

sp-

especial

special

est-

st-

estado

state

esc- / esqu-

[k]

esc- / esqu-

[k]

sc(h)-

[k]

escala

scale

esquema

scheme

esqu-

[k

u

]

escu-

[k

u

]

squ-

[k

u

]

esquadra

escuadra

squad(ron)

5) Portuguese eliminated the unpronounced letters c // p // m in the consonant clusters

cç / cc / ct // pç / pc / pt // mn; these letters are still pronounced in Spanish and English,

as well as in a few Portuguese words by some speakers but not by others (in which case

the use of these letters is optional).

2

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

-(c)ç- / -(c)c-

-cc-

ct / cc

ação

acción

action

infe(c)ção

infección

infection

acidente

accidente

accident

-(c)t-

-ct-

ct

correto

correcto

correct

-(p)ç- / -(p)c-

-pc-

pt

exceção

excepción

exception

exce(p)cional

excepcional

exceptional

-(p)t-

-pt-

pt

adotar

adoptar

adopt

-(m)n-

-mn-

mn

coluna

columna

column

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

When native speakers of Portuguese or Spanish pronounce an e before English words

beginning in sp / st / sc(h) / squ, they are transferring the phonetic patterns of their native language.

2

See pp. 13–15: 4 for more details and examples.

Portuguese

36

6) Portuguese -(n)ch- often corresponds to Spanish -(n)ch-.

1

The English cognate may retain

(n)ch if the cognate set does not derive from Latin (e.g., anchovy, which is either Basque or

Greek in origin) or if it derives from Latin via a Romance language. The English cognate

in a set that derives directly from Latin often follows one of the last three patterns

(also seen in less evolved Portuguese synonyms).

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

-(n)ch-

[š]

-(n)ch-

[tš]

(n)ch

[tš] / [š]

anchova / enchova

anchoa

anchovy

cartucho

cartouche / (cartridge)

macho

nicho

niche

c'l

mancha

(= mácula)

mancha

macula

nfl

inchar

(= inflar)

hinchar

inflate

mpl

ancho

(= amplo)

ancho

ample

encher

henchir

(impletion / implement)

7) Portuguese br / fr / pr occasionally correspond to Spanish and English bl / fl / pl,

respectively.

2

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

ENGLISH

br

bl

nobre

noble

obrigado

obligado

obliged / obligated

fr

fl

fraco

flaco

flaccid

frota

flota

fleet

pr

pl

prato

plato

plate

prazer

placer

please / pleasure

empregar

emplear

employ

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Exception: Port. achar corresponds to Sp. hallar (related to Eng. afflatus [= inspiration]).

2

Port. cr // gr corresponds in a few words to Sp. cl // gl (Port. cravo / escravo // igreja to

Sp. clavo / esclavo // iglesia).

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

37

PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH SOUNDS AND LETTERS

1) Spanish -mbr- occasionally corresponds to Portuguese -m-.

1

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

-m-

-mbr-

costume

costumbre

fêmea / fome

hembra / hambre

homem

hombre

lume

lumbre

nome

nombre

2) Portuguese -st- occasionally corresponds to Spanish -str-, and Portuguese -str- occasionally

corresponds to Spanish -st- (que confusão!).

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

-st-

-str-

madrasta / padrasto

madrastra / padrastro

rosto

rostro

-str-

-st-

balastro

balasto

orquestra

orquesta

3) The following patterns occasionally correspond between Portuguese and Spanish vowels

and diphthongs (the cognates that follow the first pattern are commonly used words).

2

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

o / a

io / ia

espaço

espacio

estudo / estudar / estudante

estudio / estudiar / estudiante

limpo / limpar

limpio / limpiar

nervo / nervoso

nervio / nervioso

vowel + i + consonant + o / a

vowel + consonant + io / ia

aipo

apio

bairro

barrio

raiva

rabia

noivo / noiva

novio / novia

ruivo / ruiva

rubio / rubia

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Exceptions: Sp. hombro / sombra / timbre // muchedumbre correspond to

Port. ombro / sombra / timbre // multidão, respectively.

2

Ulsh discusses the second pattern in his From Spanish to Portuguese 77.

Portuguese

38

4) The following patterns occasionally correspond between Portuguese and Spanish vowels

(the first two patterns affect the conjugation of commonly used verbs).

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

e

i

arrepender(-se)

arrepentir(se)

bater

batir

derreter

derretir

eleger

elegir

encher

henchir

escrever

escribir

ferver

hervir

gemer

gemir

morrer

morir

ocorrer

ocurrir

perceber / receber

percibir / recibir

sofrer

sufrir

viver

vivir

i

e

corrigir

corregir

emergir

emerger

ensinar

enseñar

expelir / repelir

expeler / repeler

idade

edad

isto / isso / aquilo

esto / eso / aquello

língua

lengua

vingança

venganza

vizinho

vecino

o

u

cobrir

cubrir

gostar / gosto

gustar / gusto

jogar / jogo

jugar / jugo

ocorrer

ocurrir

ponto / pontual

punto / puntual

rota / rotina

ruta / rutina

sofrer / sofrimento

sufrir / sufrimiento

u

o

custar / custo

costar / coste

suportar

soportar

surdo / surdez

sordo / sordera

surpreender / surpresa

sorprender / sorpresa

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

39

PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH AND ENGLISH PREFIXES

Most Portuguese, Spanish, and English prefixes derive directly from Greek or Latin and are

therefore similar in form. The following are the most common Portuguese prefixes.

1

PORT. PREFIX

MEANING

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

ab-

away / from

absolver

absolve

ad-

to(ward) / at / near

admirar

admire

an- / a-

not / without / "un-"

anarquia

anarquía

anarchy

ante-

before / prior to

antecedente

antecedent

anti-

against

antitoxina

antitoxin

auto-

self

automóvel

automóvil

automobile

circum- / circun-

around

circumpolar

com- / con-

with / together

confusão

confusión

confusion

contra-

against / counter

contravir

contravenir

contravene

de-

away from / off

deformar

deform

des-

not / "un-"

descobrir

descubrir

discover

dis-

separate / apart

dissolver

disolver

dissolve

ex-

forth / from / out //

extorsão

extorsión

extortion

former

ex-presidente

ex-president

extra-

outside / beyond

extradição

extradición

extradition

in- / im-

not / "un-" / "non-"

insuficiente

insufficient

in- / im- // en- / em-

in(to) / within / on

informar

inform

inter- // entre-

between / among

interceder

intercede

multi-

much / many

multiforme

multiform

não-

not

não alinhado

no alineado

non-aligned

ob-

to(ward) / against

obstruir

obstruct

per-

through / thoroughly

perceber

percibir

perceive

pos- / pós-

2

after

pospor

posponer

postpone

pre- / pré-

2

before / prior to

preceder

precede

pro- / pró-

2

for(ward) / in favor of

proceder

proceed

re-

back // again / anew

restaurar

restore

semi-

half / partially

semicírculo

semicircle

sub- / sus- // so-

under / beneath / below

submarino

submarine

super- // sobre-

over / above / on top of

sobrenatural

supernatural

trans- / tras-

across / beyond

transformar

transform

uni-

one

uniforme

uniform

vice- / vis-

in the place of / under

vice-rei

virrey

viceroy

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

A short Portuguese prefix sometimes drops its final consonant before another consonant

(emitir [< ex-]). The r / s is doubled between an abbreviated prefix and a root word beginning in

r / s (irregular [< in-] / assistir [< ad-]), as well as between a prefix ending in a vowel and a root

word beginning in r / s (extrarregular / antissemita).

2

An acute accent is used if the root word is an adjective / noun and is preceded by a hyphen

(pós-natal / pré-natal / pró-América).

Portuguese

40

PORTUGUESE AND CORRESPONDING SPANISH AND ENGLISH SUFFIXES

1

Most Portuguese and Spanish suffixes, as well as a majority of English ones, derive from Greek

or Latin; however, those suffixes that came into English via French are not always similar in form

to their Portuguese or Spanish counterparts. The following patterns frequently correspond

between Portuguese, Spanish, and English suffixes.

1)

The following suffixes form nouns and/or adjectives from the same or other

grammatical categories.

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-ada

-ade

marmelo

2

marmelada

mermelada

marmalade

-ada

(= group of / many)

pássaro

passarada

pajarada

("flock of birds")

-ada

(= strike / blow)

punho

punhalada

puñalada

("fist punch")

-ado

-y

conde

condado

county

-ado/a (past part.)

-ate

doutor (< douto)

doutorado

doctorado

doctorate

-agem (f)

3

-aje (m)

4

-age

via

viagem

viaje

voyage

-(i)al (-ais)

5

-(i)al(es)

-(i)al

fim

final

ofício

oficial

official

-ão (m) / -ona (f)

-ón (m) / -ona (f)

(= augmentative suffix)

solteiro

solteirão

solterón

("old bachelor")

solteira

solteirona

solterona

("old maid")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

The Portuguese root word represents the evolved form of the original root word.

An italicized English word in parentheses is a partial cognate: although it derives from the same

root, it differs in meaning and/or grammatical category from its Spanish and Portuguese cognates.

2

Eng. marmalade derives from marmelo ("quince"); it bears no etymological relation to an orange.

3

personagem / selvagem are masculine when referring to a male.

4

Exceptions:

imagem

imagen (f)

image

vantagem

ventaja (f)

(ad)vantage

5

See p. 46: 4 for another group of words in -al.

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

41

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-ar

alto

altar (m)

altar

círculo

circular

-aria

1

-ería

-ry

cavalo

cavalaria

caballería

cavalry

infante

infantaria

infantería

infantry

-ário/a

-ario/a

-arium / -ary

água

aquário

acuario

aquarium

segundo

secundária

secundaria

secondary

-ção (-ções) (f)

2a, 2b

-ción (-ciones) (f)

2b

-tion

abolir

abolição

abolición

abolition

acentuar (< acento)

acentuação

acentuación

accentuation

durar (< duro)

duração

duración

duration

pontuar (< ponto)

pontuação

puntuación

punctuation

-cida (m/f)

-cidal

homem

homicida

homicidal

-cídio

-cidio

-cide

homem

homicídio

homicidio

homicide

-cracia

3

-cracia

3

-cracy

[Greek demos]

democracia

democracy

-crata

3

(m/f)

-crata

3

(m/f)

-crat

[Greek demos]

democrata

demócrata

democrat

-dade / -tade (f)

-dad / -tad (f)

-ty

feliz

felicidade

felicidad

felicity

livre

liberdade

libertad

liberty

maior

majestade

majestad

majesty

-do/a (past part.)

-ed (past part.)

prometer

prometida

promised

usar

usado

used

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

See p. 46: 3 for a related group of words in -aria.

2

Exceptions:

(a)

bênçãos

bendiciones

benedictions

(b)

coração (m)

corazón (m)

(= heart)

3

Note the difference in stress between Sp. and Port. cognates (see p. 48: 3 for examples).

Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

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