Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

Portuguese

42

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-douro/a

1, 2

-dero/a

-ble (= in the future)

durar (< duro)

duradouro

duradero

durable (= lasting)

pagar

pagadoura

pagadera

payable

-edo

-edo/a

(= group of / many)

árvore

arvoredo

arboleda

(arbor-)

vinha

vinhedo

viñedo

(vine / vini-)

-eiro/a

3

-ero/a

-er

barba

barbeiro

barbero

barber

mão

maneira

manera

manner

-ento/a // -into/a

-iento/a

(= full of)

sede

sedento

sediento

("thirsty")

fome

faminta

hambrienta

(famished)

-esco/a

-esque

pintura

pitoresco

pintoresco

picturesque

-estre

-ester / -estria-

semi

semestre (m)

semester

terra

terrestre

terrestrial

-ez(a) (f) /

-ez(a) (f)

-ty

-ice (stressed i) (f)

pobre

pobreza

poverty

sólido

solidez

solidity

velho

velhice

vejez

("old age")

-fício

-ficio

-fice

sacro

sacrifício

sacrificio

sacrifice

-fico/a

-fic

paz

pacífica

pacific

-ia

-ía

-y

[Greek philos + sophos]

filosofia

filosofía

philosophy

[Greek theos + logos]

teologia

teología

theology

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

EP: Also -doiro/a (see p. 4n4 for details).

2

This suffix derives from the Latin future participle.

3

See p. 46: 3–4 for other groups of words in -eiro/a. Portuguese ei frequently corresponds to

Spanish e (see p. 7: 1 for more examples).

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

43

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-(t)ico/a

-(t)ic(al)

[Latin medicus]

médico

medic(al)

romance

romântica

romántica

romantic

-il (-is)

-il(es)

-il(e)

[Latin civis]

civil

servo

servil

servile

-ina

-ine

doutor (< douto)

doutrina

doctrina

doctrine

-(z)inho/a

1

-(c)ito/a

(= diminutive suffix)

mesa

mesinha

mesita

("little table")

pão

pãozinho

panecito

("[bread] roll")

-io

-ío

(= group of / many)

gente

gentio

gentío

(gent-)

planta

plantio

plantío

(plant-)

-ior

(= comparative suffix)

[Latin inferus]

inferior

[Latin superus]

superior

-ismo

-ism

social

socialismo

socialism

-ista (m/f)

-ist

social

socialista

socialist

-ivo/a

-ive

ato

ativa

activa

active

passo

passivo

pasivo

passive

-lento/a

-lento/a // -lente

-lent

peste

pestilento

pestilente

pestilent

vírus

virulenta

virulent

-(gra)ma (m)

-(gra)m / -ma

[Greek di + lemma]

dilema

dilemma

[Greek tele + gramma]

telegrama

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

EP: Also -(z)ito/a.

Portuguese

44

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-mento

-m(i)ento

-ment

instruir

instrumento

instrument

sentir

sentimento

sentimiento

sentiment

-or(a)

-or / -er

ler

leitor

lector

lecturer

professo

professora

profesora

professor

-ório

-orio

-ory

laborar

laboratório

laboratorio

laboratory

-oso/a

-ose / -ous

fama

famosa

famous

verbo

verboso

verbose

-se (f)

1

-sis (m/f)

-sis

[Greek ana + lysis]

análise

análisis (m)

analysis

[Greek thesis]

tese

tesis (f)

thesis

-ssão (-ssões) (f)

-sión (-siones) (f)

-ssion

impresso

impressão

impresión

impression

professo

profissão

profesión

profession

-tude (f)

-tud (f)

-tude

alto

altitude

altitud

altitude

-udo/a

(= full of)

barba

barbudo

("very bearded")

-ura

-ure

culto

cultura

culture

ler

leitura

lectura

lecture

-uto/a

-ute

menor

minuto

minute

resolver

resoluta

resolute

-vel (-veis)

-ble(s)

-ble

adorar

adorável

adorable

poder

possível

posible

possible

solver

solúvel

soluble

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Exception:

parêntese (m)

paréntesis (m)

parenthesis

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

45

2)

The following are Portuguese suffixes in -nte // -ncia / -nça, with their corresponding

Spanish and English suffixes; these Portuguese and Spanish suffixes, as well as

English ones in -nt // -nce / -ncy, ultimately derive from the Latin present participle

(see p. 211n2 for details).

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-ante

-ant

1a

constar

constante

constant

importar

importante

important

-ância

-ancia

-ance / -ancy

constante

constância

constancia

constancy

importante

importância

importancia

importance

-ança

2

-anza

2

-ance

2

aliar

aliança

alianza

alliance

vingar

vingança

venganza

vengeance

-ente

-ent

1b

diferir

diferente

different

fluir

fluente

flu(y)ente

fluent

obedecer

obediente

obedient

pre + ser

presente

present

-ência

-encia

-ence

1c

/ -ency

fluente

fluência

fluencia

fluency

obediente

obediência

obediencia

obedience

-ença

-encia

-ence

diferente

diferença

diferencia

difference

presente

presença

presencia

presence

-inte (m/f)

-iente / -yente (m/f)

-ent // -or / -er

ouvir

ouvinte

oyente

auditor

pedir

pedinte

pidiente

petitioner

seguir

seguinte

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Exceptions:

estudar

estudante

estudiante

(a)

student

resistir

resistente

(b)

resistant

resistente

resistência

resistencia

(c)

resistance

2

Port. -ança / Sp. -anza / Eng. -ance also appear in the root of a few nouns:

dança

danza

dance

lança

lanza

lance

Portuguese

46

3)

-eiro/a:

often indicates the person who works with the root word, or the thing

that holds the root word;

-aria / -eria:

often indicates the place where the root word is made, stored, or sold.

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

ROOT WORD

-eiro/a

-ero/a

-er

café

cafeteira

cafetera

("coffee pot")

pão

padeiro

panadero

("bread baker")

pastel

pasteleira

pastelera

("pastry baker")

sapato

sapateiro

zapatero

("shoe maker")

-aria / -eria

-ería

-eria / -(e)ry

café

cafeteria

1

cafetería

cafeteria ("coffee shop")

pão

padaria

panadería

(pantry)

2

("bread bakery")

pastel

pastelaria

pastelería

("pastry shop")

sapato

sapataria

zapatería

("shoe store")

4)

-eiro/a:

often changes the name of a seed, nut, fruit, or flower into the name of

its corresponding plant or tree;

3

-al:

often changes the name of a seed, nut, fruit, or flower into the name of

the field, plantation, or grove where it grows.

4

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

ROOT WORD

-eiro/a

-ero/a

algodão

5

algodoeiro

5

algodonero

("cotton plant")

banana

bananeira

bananero

("banana tree")

noz

nogueira

noguera

("walnut tree")

-al (-ais) (m)

-al(es) (m)

algodão

5

algodoal

5

algodonal

("cotton field")

banana

bananal

("banana plantation")

noz

nogueiral

nogueral

("walnut grove")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

EP: Also cafetaria.

2

In older English, a pantry was the room in which bread was stored.

3

This derived word normally maintains the gender of the root word (unlike in Spanish).

4

Port. (and Sp.) pomar means "orchard," as in pomar de macieiras / pereiras

(Sp. manzanar / peraleda // Eng. "apple / pear orchard").

5

An -ão in the root word changes to -o- in the derived word.

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

47

5)

The following suffixes indicate national origin.

1

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-ano/a

-an

Itália

italiano

Italian

Roma

romana

Roman

-ense

2

(m/f)

-ense (m/f)

-an

Canadá

canadense

3

canadiense

Canadian

Estados Unidos

estad(o)unidense

("American")

-ês / -esa

2

-és / -esa

-ese // -ish

Ingla(terra)

inglês

inglés

English

Portugal

portuguesa

Portuguese

6)

The suffix -mente forms an adverb from an adjective when it is attached to the

(feminine) singular form of the adjective (see p. 75 for details).

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-mente

-ly

4

final

finalmente

finally

perfeita

perfeitamente

perfectamente

perfectly

7)

The following suffixes form verbs from nouns and adjectives.

PORT. ROOT WORD

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

-ar

-ate

lume

iluminar

illuminate

negócio

negociar

negotiate

-ficar

-fy

paz

pacificar

pacify

-izar

-ize

final

finalizar

finalize

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

Less frequently used suffixes are -eiro/a (brasileiro) // -eno/a (chilena) // -ino/a (argentino).

2

-ense and -ês / -esa both derive from the Latin suffix -ensis.

3

EP: canadiano.

4

Unlike -mente, which derives from Latin, the suffix -ly is Germanic in origin (see p. 75n2).

Portuguese

48

DIFFERENCES IN STRESS BETWEEN PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH COGNATES

1) Many Portuguese and Spanish cognates are similar in pronunciation and identical in

orthography (e.g., almirante).

2) Others are pronounced similarly but differ orthographically (e.g., Portuguese filosofia vs.

Spanish filosofía).

1

3) Yet others differ in stress, as seen in the following cognates.

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH

endings:

-ocracia

burocracia

democracia

-ocrata

-ócrata

burocrata

burócrata

democrata

demócrata

-emia

2

-emia

2

academia

anemia

epidemia

-io / -ia

2

-io / -ia

2

alergia

elogio

histeria

magia

nostalgia

soberbia

terapia

isolated words:

herói

héroe

limite

límite

nível

nivel

polícia

policía

sintoma

síntoma

telefone

teléfono

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

The i of the ending is stressed in both Portuguese (filosofia / teologia / biologia) and

Spanish (filosofía / teología / biología), but Spanish marks the stressed vowel with an acute accent.

2

The i of the ending is stressed in Portuguese, whereas the vowel in the next-to-last syllable is

stressed in Spanish.

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

49

TRUE, PARTIAL, AND FALSE COGNATES

The words in the following sets are cognates since they derive from the same root.

1

1) The Portuguese and Spanish words in each set are similar in meaning and are therefore

true cognates; the English word differs in meaning and is therefore a partial cognate.

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

PORT.

aluno

alumno

alumnus

pupil / student

ex-aluno

apologia

apología

apology

vindication / defense

desculpa

apontar (para)

apuntar (a)

appoint

to take note // point (at / out) //

nomear

aim (at)

assistir (a)

asistir (a)

assist

to assist // attend / be present (at)

assistir / ajudar / atender

(Port.: to watch [TV, etc.])

atender (a)

attend

to (at)tend / be attentive (to) /

assistir / frequentar

assist // answer (door / telephone)

atual

actual

present-day / current

verdadeiro / real

barraca

barrack(s)

stall (in fair) / hut

alojamento / quartel

caução

caución

caution

bail

cuidado / cautela

colégio

colegio

college

high school

faculdade / escola superior

comodidade

comodidad

commodity

comfort / convenience

mercadoria

costume

costumbre

costume

custom / habit / usage

traje / fantasia

dece(p)ção

decepción

deception

disappointment

engano / fraude

desgosto

disgusto

disgust

displeasure

asco / nojo

êxito

éxito

exit

success / outcome

saída

fábrica

fabric

factory

tecido

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

In their lists of cognates, Ulsh (From Spanish to Portuguese 80) and Frederick C. H. Garcia

(A Handbook of Portuguese Grammar 107–108) do not distinguish between partial and false ones.

Portuguese

50

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

PORT.

leitura

lectura

lecture

reading

conferência / palestra

licor

liquor

liqueur / cordial

bebida alcoólica

notícia

noticia

notice

news

aviso / anúncio

parente(s)

pariente(s)

parent(s)

relative(s)

pai(s)

pretender

pretend

to intend / aspire to

fingir / fazer (de) conta

pupilo

pupil

ward

aluno

realizar(-se)

realizar(se)

realize

to achieve / accomplish

dar-se conta

(to take place / happen)

simpático

sympathetic

nice / likeable

compassivo / compreensivo

tutor

guardian

professor particular

2) The Spanish and English words in each set are similar in meaning and are therefore

true cognates; the Portuguese word differs in meaning and is therefore a partial cognate.

PORT.

SP.

ENG.

SP.

PORT.

ENG.

esquisito

exquisito

exquisite

raro

delicioso / delicado

strange / odd

novela

novel

novela corta

romance

novella / short novel

oficina

office

taller

escritório

workshop

prejuízo

prejuicio

prejudice

daño / perjuicio

preconceito

damage / loss

subscrição

suscripción

subscription

prenda / donativo

assinatura

pledge / donation

Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates

51

3) The Portuguese and Spanish words in each set differ in meaning and are therefore partial

cognates.

PORT.

SP.

PORT.

ENG.

acordar

acordarse

despertarse

lembrar(-se)

to wake up / awaken

to remember

apelido

1

apellido

1

sobrenombre / apodo / mote

sobrenome

nickname

last name (surname)

assinatura

asignatura

suscripción / firma

matéria (escolar)

subscription / signature

subject (academic)

aula

clase (académica)

sala

class (academic)

classroom

borracha

borracha (f)

goma

bêbeda (f)

rubber

drunk

cadeira

2

cadera

2

silla

quadril / anca

chair

hip

enquanto

en cuanto

mientras

assim que / logo que

while

as soon as

escova

escoba

cepillo

vassoura

brush

broom

escritório

escritorio

oficina / despacho

escrivaninha / secretária

office

desk

largo

3

largo

3

ancho

comprido / longo

wide

long

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

EP: apelido is a true cognate of Sp. apellido: both mean "last name."

2

Port. cadeiras (plur.) also means quadris / ancas // Sp. caderas and sillas

(Eng. "hips" and "chairs").

3

The Eng. partial cognate large means Port. / Sp. grande.

Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual

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