Zuo-Guang. Ye Advanced Dielectric Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials790
62. G. Shirane and K. Suzuki, ‘Crystal structure of Pb(Zr-Ti)O
3
’, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 7,
333 (1952).
63. K. Carl and K. H. Hardtl, ‘Origin of the maximum in electromechanical activity in
Pb (Zr
x
Ti
1–x
)O
3
ceramics near morphotropic phase boundary’, Phys. Status Solidi A
Appl. Res. 8, 87 (1971).
64. K. Kakegawa et al., ‘Compositional fluctuation and properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O
3
’,
Solid State Commun, 24, 769 (1977).
65. W. W. Cao and L. E. Cross, ‘Theoretical-model for the morphotropic phase-boundary
in lead zirconate lead titanate solid-solution’, Phys. Rev. B 47, 4825 (1993).
66. S. K. Mishra, D. Pandey and A. P. Singh, ‘Effect of phase coexistence at morphotropic
phase boundary on the properties of Pb(Zr
x
Ti
1–x
)O
3
ceramics’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69,
1707 (1996).
67. T. R. Shrout et al., ‘Dielectric behavior of single-crystals near the (1–X)Pb(Mg
1/3
Nb
2/3
)O
3
–(X) PbTiO
3
morphotropic phase-boundary’, Ferroelectrics Letters Section
12, 63 (1990).
68. S.-E. Park and T. R. Shrout, ‘Ultrahigh strain and piezoelectric behavior in relaxor
based ferroelectric single crystals’, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1804 (1997).
69. G. S. Xu et al., ‘Third ferroelectric phase in PMNT single crystals near the morphotropic
phase boundary composition’, Phys. Rev. B 64, 020102 (2001).
70. Z. G. Ye et al., ‘Monoclinic phase in the relaxor-based piezoelectric/ferroelectric
Pb(Mg
1/3
Nb
2/3
)O
3
–PbTiO
3
system’, Phys. Rev. B 64, 184114 (2001).
71. A. K. Singh and D. Pandey, ‘Structure and the location of the morphotropic phase
boundary region in (1–x)[Pb(Mg
1/3
Nb
2/3
)O
3
]–xPbTiO
3
’, J. Phys. Condensed Matter
13, L931 (2001).
72. B. Noheda et al., ‘Phase diagram of the ferroelectric relaxor (1–x)PbMg
1/3
Nb
2/3
O
3–
x
PbTiO(3)’, Phys. Rev. B 66, 054104, (2002).
73. J. M. Kiat et al., ‘Monoclinic structure of unpoled morphotropic high piezoelectric
PMN-PT and PZN-PT compounds’, Phys. Rev. B 65, 064106 (2002).
74. R. Haumont et al., ‘Cationic-competition-induced monoclinic phase in high
piezoelectric (PbSc
1/2
Nb
1/2
O
3
)(1–x)–(PbTiO
3
)(x) compounds’, Phys. Rev. B 68, 014114
(2003).
75. L. Bellaiche, A. Garcia and D. Vanderbilt, ‘Finite-temperature properties of Pb(Zr
1–x
Ti
x
)O–3 alloys from first principles’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5427(2000).
76. H. Fu and R. E. Cohen, ‘Polarization rotation mechanism for ultrahigh
electromechanical response in single-crystal piezoelectrics’, Nature 403, 281
(2000).
77. Y. Ishibashi and M. Iwata, ‘Morphotropic phase boundary in solid solution systems
of perovskite-type oxide ferroelectrics’, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (Part 2) 37, L985 (1998).
78. Y. Ishibashi and M. Iwata, ‘A theory of morphotropic phase boundary in solid-
solution systems of perovskite-type oxide ferroelectrics’, Jpn J. Appl. Phys. (Part 1)
38, 800 (1999).
79. D. Vanderbilt and M. H. Cohen, ‘Monoclinic and triclinic phases in higher-order
Devonshire theory’, Phys. Rev. B 63, 094108 (2001).
80. X. H. Du et al., ‘Crystal orientation dependence of piezoelectric properties of lead
zirconate titanate near the morphotropic phase boundary’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2421
(1998).
81. D. V. Taylor and D. Damjanovic, ‘Piezoelectric properties of rhombohedral Pb(Zr,
Ti)O
3
thin films with (100), (111), and “random” crystallographic orientation’, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 76, 1615 (2000).
WPNL2204
Symmetry engineering and size effects in ferroelectric thin films 791
82. B. Noheda et al., ‘A monoclinic ferroelectric phase in the Pb(Zr
1–x
Ti
x
)O
3
solid
solution’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2059 (1999).
83. B. Noheda et al., ‘Tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transition in a ferroelectric
perovskite: the structure of PbZr0
.52
Ti
0.48
O
3
’, Phys. Rev. B 61, 8687 (2000).
84. B. Noheda et al., ‘Stability of the monoclinic phase in the ferroelectric perovskite
PbZr
1–x
Ti
x
O
3
’, Phys. Rev. B 63, 014103 (2001).
85. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, Part 1, 3rd ed. (Pergamon Press,
New York, 1980).
86. A. M. Glazer, S. A. Mabud and R. Clarke, ‘Powder profile refinement of lead
zirconate titanate at several temperatures. 1. PbZr
0.9
Ti
0.1
O
3
’, Acta Crystallographica
Section B, 34, 1060 (1978).
87. S. Teslic, T. Egami and D. Viehland, ‘Local atomic structure of PZT and PLZT
studied by pulsed neutron scattering’, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 57, 1537 (1996).
88. D. L. Corker et al., ‘A neutron diffraction investigation into the rhombohedral phases
of the perovskite series PbZr
1–x
Ti
x
O
3
’, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10, 6251 (1998).
89. R. R. Ragini, S. K. Mishra and D. Pandey, ‘Room temperature structure of Pb(Zr
x
Ti
1–
x
O
3
) around the morphotropic phase boundary region: a Rietveld study’, J. Appl.
Phys. 92, 3266 (2002).
90. A. M. Glazer et al. ‘Influence of short-range and long-range order on the evolution
of the morphotropic phase boundary in Pb(Zr
1–x
Ti
x
)O
3
’, Phys. Rev. B 70 184123
(2004).
91. W. Dmowski et al., ‘Structure of Pb(Zr, Ti)O
3
near the morphotropic phase boundary’,
in Fundamental Physics of Ferroelectrics 2001, edited by H. Krakauer, AIP Conf.
Proc. 582 (AIP, Melville, New York, 2001), pp. 33–44.
92. D. Cao et al., ‘Local structure study of the off-center displacement of Ti and Zr
across the morphotropic phase boundary of PbZr
1–x
Ti
x
O
3
(x = 0.40,0.47,0.49,0.55)’,
Phys. Rev. B 70, 224102 (2004).
93. A. G. Souza et al., ‘Monoclinic phase of PbZr
0.52
Ti
0.48
O
3
ceramics: Raman and
phenomenological thermodynamic studies’, Phys. Rev. B 61, 14283 (2000).
94. I. Grinberg, V. R. Cooper and A. M. Rappe, ‘Relationship between local structure
and phase transitions of a disordered solid solution’, Nature 419, 909 (2002).
95. I. Grinberg, V. R. Cooper and A. M. Rappe, ‘Oxide chemistry and local structure of
PbZr
x
Ti
1–x
O
3
studied by density-functional theory supercell calculations’, Phys. Rev.
B 69 144118 (2004).
96. Z. Wu and H. Krakauer, ‘First-principles calculations of piezoelectricity and polarization
rotation in Pb(Zr
0.5
Ti
0.5
)O
3
’, Phys. Rev. B 68, 014112 (2003).
97. J. M. Kiat et al., ‘Anharmonicity and disorder in simple and complex perovskites: a
high energy synchrotron and hot neutron diffraction study’. J. Phys. Condensed
Matter 12, 8411 (2000).
98. C. Malibert et al., ‘Order and disorder in the relaxor ferroelectric perovskite PbSc
1/2
Nb
1/2
O
3
(PSN): comparison with simple perovskites BaTiO
3
and PbTiO
3
’, J. Phys.
Condensed Matter 9, 7485 (1997).
99. A. K. Singh and D. Pandey, ‘Evidence for M
B
and M
C
phases in the morphotropic
phase boundary region of (1–x)[Pb(Mg
1/3
Nb
2/3
)O
3
]–xPbTiO
3
: a Rietveld study’, Phys.
Rev. B 67, 064102 (2003).
100. R. Haumont et al., ‘Cationic-competition-induced monoclinic phase in high
piezoelectric (PbSc
1/2
Nb
1/2
O
3
)(1–x)–(PbTiO
3
)(x) compounds’, Phys. Rev. B 68, 014114
(2003).
WPNL2204
Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials792
101. R. Haumont et al., ‘Morphotropic phase boundary of heterovalent perovskite solid
solutions: experimental and theoretical investigation of PbSc
1/2
Nb
1/2
O
3
–PbTiO
3
’,
Phys. Rev. B 71, 104106 (2005).
102. Z. G. Ye, ‘Crystal chemistry and domain structure of relaxor piezoerystals’, Current
Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 6, 35 (2002).
103. B. Noheda et al., ‘Polarization rotation via a monoclinic phase in the piezoelectric
92% PbZn
1/3
Nb
2/3
O
3
–8% PbTiO
3
’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3891 (2001).
104. B. Noheda et al. ‘Electric-field-induced phase transitions in rhombohedral
Pb(Zn
1/3
Nb
2/3
)(1–x)Ti
x
O
3
’, Phys. Rev. B 65, 224101 (2002).
105. K. Ohwada et al., ‘Neutron diffraction study of the irreversible R–M
A
–M
C
phase
transition in single crystal Pb[(Zn
1/3
Nb
2/3
)
(1–x)
Ti
x
]O
3
’ J. Phys. Soc. Jap 70, 2778
(2001).
106. L. Bellaiche, A. Garcia and D. Vanderbilt, ‘Electric-field induced polarization paths
in Pb(Zr
1–x
Ti
x
)O
3
alloys’, Phys. Rev. B 64, 060103 (2001).
107. E. H. Kisi et al., ‘The giant piezoelectric effect: electric field induced monoclinic
phase or piezoelectric distortion of the rhombohedral parent’, J. Phys. Condensed
Matter 15, 3631 (2003).
108. M. Davis, D. Damjanovic and N. Setter, ‘Electric-field-, temperature-, and stress-
induced phase transitions in relaxor ferroelectric single crystals’, Phys. Rev. B 73,
014115 (2006).
109. Y. M. Jin et al., ‘Conformal miniaturization of domains with low domain-wall
energy: monoclinic ferroelectric states near the morphotropic phase boundaries’,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 197601 (2003).
110. Y. M. Jin et al., ‘Adaptive ferroelectric states in systems with low domain wall
energy: tetragonal microdomains’, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 3629 (2003).
111. W. F. Rao and Y. U. Wang, ‘Domain wall broadening mechanism for domain size
effect of enhanced piezoelectricity in crystallographically engineered ferroelectric
single crystals’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 041915 (2007).
112. D. Damjanovic, F. Brem and N. Setter, ‘Crystal orientation dependence of the
piezoelectric d
(33)
coefficient in tetragonal BaTiO
3
as a function of temperature’,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 652 (2002).
113. M. Budimir, D. Damjanovic and N. Setter, ‘Piezoelectric anisotropy-phase transition
relations in perovskite single crystals’, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 6753 (2003).
114. M. Budimir, D. Damjanovic and N. Setter, ‘Large enhancement of the piezoelectric
response in perovskite crystals by electric bias field antiparallel to polarization’,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2890 (2004).
115. M. Budimir, D. Damjanovic and N. Setter, ‘Enhancement of the piezoelectric response
of tetragonal perovskite single crystals by uniaxial stress applied along the polar
axis: a free-energy approach’, Phys. Rev. B 72, 064107 (2005).
116. Z. Kutnjak, J. Petzelt and R. Blinc, ‘The giant electromechanical response in
ferroelectric relaxors as a critical phenomenon’, Nature 441, 956 (2006).
117. M. Davis, ‘Picturing the elephant: giant piezoelectric activity and the monoclinic
phases of relaxor-ferroelectric single crystals’, J. Electroceramics 19, 25–47 (2007).
118. Z. Wu and R. E. Cohen, ‘Pressure-induced anomalous phase transitions and colossal
enhancement of piezoelectricity in PbTiO
3
’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 037601 (2005).
119. Sani et al., ‘High-pressure phases in highly piezoelectric PbZr
0.52
Ti
0.48
O
3
’, Phys.
Rev. B 69, 020105 (2004).
120. J. Rouquette et al., ‘Pressure-induced rotation of spontaneous polarization in
monoclinic and triclinic PbZr
0.52
Ti
0.48
O
3
’, Phys. Rev. B 71, 024112 (2005).
WPNL2204
Symmetry engineering and size effects in ferroelectric thin films 793
121. J.-P. Locquet, J. Perret, J. Fompeyrine, E. Machler, J. W. Seo and G. Van Tendeloo,
‘Doubling the critical temperature of La
1.9
Sr
0.1
CuO
4
using epitaxial strain’, Nature
394, 453 (1998).
122. G. Rijnders, S. Curras, M. Huijben, D. H. A. Blank and H. Rogalla, ‘Influence of
substrate-film interface engineering on the superconducting properties of YBa
2
Cu
3
O
7
’,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1150 (2004).
123. S. Jin, T. H. Tiefel, M. McCormack, R. A. Fastnacht, R. Ramesh and L. H. Chen,
‘Thousandfold Change in Resistivity in Magnetoresistive La-Ca-Mn-O Films’, Science
264, 413 (1994).
124. G. Catalan, R. M. Bowman and J. M. Gregg, ‘Metal-insulator transitions in NdNiO
3
thin films’, Phys. Rev. B 62, 7892–7900 (2000).
125. G. A. Rossetti, L. E. Cross and K. Kushida, ‘Stress induced shift of the Curie point
in epitaxial PbTiO
3
thin films’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2524 (1991).
126. N. A. Pertsev, A. G. Zembilgotov and A. K. Tagantsev, ‘Effect of mechanical
boundary conditions on phase diagrams of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films’. Phys.
Rev. Lett. 80, 1988–1991 (1998).
127. K. J. Choi, M. Biegalski, Y. L. Li, A. Sharan, J. Schubert, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y.
B. Chen, X. Q. Pan, V. Gopalan, L.-Q. Chen, D. G. Schlom and C. B. Eom,
‘Enhancement of ferroelectricity in strained BaTiO
3
thin films’, Science 306, 1005
(2004).
128. C. L. Canedy, Hao Li, S. P. Alpay, L. Salamanca-Riba, A. L. Roytburd and R.
Ramesh, ‘Dielectric properties in heteroepitaxial Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films: Effect
of internal stresses and dislocation-type defects’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1695 (2000).
129. L. J. Sinnamon, R. M. Bowman and J. M. Gregg, ‘Thickness-induced stabilization
of ferroelectricity in SrRuO
3
/Ba
0.5
Sr
0.5
TiO
3
/Au thin film capacitors’, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 81, 889 (2002).
130. J. H. Haeni et al., ‘Room-temperature ferroelectricity in strained SrTiO
3
’, Nature
430, 758 (2004).
131. F. He, B. O. Wells and S. M. Shapiro, ‘Strain phase diagram and domain orientation
in SrTiO
3
thin films’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 176101 (2005).
132. J. Wang, J. B. Neaton, H. Zheng, V. Nagarajan, S. B. Ogale, B. Liu, D. Viehland, V.
Vaithyanathan, D. G. Schlom, U. V. Waghmare, N. A. Spaldin, K. M. Rabe, M.
Wuttig and R. Ramesh, ‘Epitaxial BiFeO
3
multiferroic thin film heterostructures’,
Science 299, 1719 (2003).
133. J. Li, J. Wang, M. Wuttig, R. Ramesh, N. Wang, B. Ruette, A. P. Pyatakov, A. K.
Zvezdin and D. Viehland, ‘Dramatically enhanced polarization in (001), (101), and
(111) BiFeO
3
thin films due to epitiaxial-induced transitions’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84,
5261 (2004).
134. G. Catalan, A. Janssens, G. Rispens, S. Csiszar, O. Seeck, G. Rijnders, D. H. A.
Blank and B. Noheda, ‘Polar domains in lead titanate films under tensile strain’,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 127602 (2006).
135. H. Bea, M. Bibes, S. Petit, J. Kreisel and A. Barthelemy, ‘Structural distortion and
magnetism of BiFeO
3
epitaxial thin films: a Raman spectroscopy and neutron
diffraction study’, Phil. Mag. Letters 87, 165–174, (2007).
136. J. R. Teague, R. Gerson and W. J. James, ‘Dielectric hysteresis in single crystal
BiFeO
3
’, Solid State Commun. 8, 1073 (1970).
137. D. Lebeugle, D. Colson, A. Forget and M. Viret, ‘Very large spontaneous electric
polarization in BiFeO
3
single crystals at room temperature and its evolution under
cycling fields’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 22907 (2007).
WPNL2204
Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials794
138. C. Ederer and N. A. Spaldin, ‘Influence of strain and oxygen vacancies on the
magnetoelectric properties of bismute ferrite’, Phys. Rev. B 71, 224103 (2005).
139. O. Diéguez, S. Tinte, A. Antons, C. Bungaro, J. B. Neaton, K. M. Rabe and D.
Vanderbilt, ‘Ab initio study of the phase diagram of epitaxial BaTiO
3
’, Phys. Rev.
B 69, 212101 (2004).
140. C. Bungaro and K. M. Rabe, ‘Epitaxially strained [001]-(PbTiO
3
)
1
–(PbZrO
3
)
1
superlattice and PbTiO
3
from first principles’, Phys. Rev. B 69, 184101 (2004).
141. O. Diéguez, K. M. Rabe and D. Vanderbilt, ‘First-principles study of epitaxial
strain in perovskites’, Phys. Rev. B 72, 144101 (2005).
142. B.-K. Lai, I. A. Kornev, L. Bellaiche and G. J. Salamo, ‘Phase diagrams of
epitaxial BaTiO
3
ultrathin films from first principles’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 132904
(2005).
143. C. Lichtensteiger, M. Dawber, N. Stucki, J.-M. Triscone, J. Hoffman, J.-B. Yau, C.
H. Ahn, L. Despont and P. Aebi, ‘Monodomain to polydomain transition in ferroelectric
PbTiO3 thin films with La
0.67
Sr
0.3
MnO
3
electrodes’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 052907
(2006).
144. D. H. A. Blank, G. Koster, G. J. H. M. Rijnders and H. Rogalla, ‘In-situ monitoring
by RHEED during pulsed laser deposition’, Appl. Surface Sci. 138, 17 (1999).
145. S. K. Streiffer, J. A. Eastman, D. D. Fong, Carol Thompson, A. Munkholm, M. V.
Ramana Murty, O. Auciello, G. R. Bai and G. B. Stephenson, ‘Observation of
nanoscale 180° stripe domains in ferroelectric PbTiO
3
thin films’, Phys. Rev. Lett.
89, 067601 (2002).
146. M. D. Biegalski, J. H. Haeni, S. Trolier-McKinstry, D. G. Schlom, C. D. Brandle,
A. J. Ven Graitis, ‘Thermal expansion of the new perovskite substrates DySCO
3
and GdSCO
3
’, J. Mat. Res. 20, 952 (2005).
147. A. H. G. Vlooswijk, B. Noheda, G. Catalan, A. Janssens, B. Barcones, G. Rijnders
and D. H. A. Blank, ‘Smallest 90 degrees domains in epitaxial ferroelectric films’,
Applied Physics Letters 91, 112901 (2007).
148. J. S. Speck, A. Seifert, W. Pornpe and R. Ramesh, ‘Domain configurations due to
multiple misfit relaxation mechanisms in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films. II.
Experimental verification and implications’, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 477 (1994).
149. J. S. Speck, A. C. Daykin, A. Seifert, A. E. Romano and W. Pompe, ‘Domain
configurations due to multiple misfit relaxation mechanisms in epitaxial ferroelectric
thin films. III. Interfacial defects and domain misorientations’, J. Appl. Phys. 78,
1696 (1995).
150. J. Slutsker, A. Artemev and A. L. Roytburd, ‘Engineering of elastic domain structures
in a constrained layer’, Acta Materialia 52, 1731 (2004).
151. A. Artemev, J. Slutsker and A. L. Roytburd, ‘Phase field modeling of self-assembling
nanostructures in constrained films’, Acta Materialia 53 3425 (2005).
152. Y. L. Li, S. Y. Hu and L. Q. Chen, ‘Ferroelectric domain morphologies of (001)
PbZr
1–x
TixO
3
epitaxial thin films’, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 034112 (2005).
153. F. D. Morrison, L. A. Ramsay and J. F. Scott, ‘High-aspect-ratio piezoelectric
strontium–bismuth–tantalate nanotubes’, J. Phys.: Cond. Matter 15, 527 (2003).
154. Y. Luo, I. Szafraniak, N. D. Zakharov, V. Nagarajan, M. Steinhart, R. B. Wehrspohn,
J. H. Wendorff, R. Ramesh and M. Alexe, ‘Nanoshell tubes of ferroelectric lead
zirconate titanate and barium titanate’, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 440 (2003).
155. J. E. Spanier, A. M. Kolpak, J. J. Urban, I. Grinberg, L. Ouyang, W. Soo Yun, A. M.
Rappe and H. Park, ‘Ferroelectric phase transition in individual single-crystalline
BaTiO
3
nanowires’, Nano Letters 6, 735 (2006).
WPNL2204
Symmetry engineering and size effects in ferroelectric thin films 795
156. A. Schilling, R. M. Bowman, J. M. Gregg, G. Catalan and J. F. Scott, ‘Ferroelectric
domain periodicities in nanocolumns of single crystal barium titanate’, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 89, 212902 (2006).
157. I. I. Naumov, L. Bellaiche and H. X. Fu, ‘Unusual phase transitions in ferroelectric
nanodisks and nanorods’, Nature 432, 7018 (2004).
158. G. Catalan, A. Schilling, J. F. Scott and J. M. Gregg, ‘Domains in three-dimensional
ferroelectric nanostructures: theory and experiment’, J. Phys.: Cond. Matter 19,
132201 (2007).
159. http://www.itrs.net/Links/2005ITRS/PIDS2005.pdf
160. I. Szafraniak, C. Harnagea, R. Scholz, S. Bhattacharyya, D. Hesse and M. Alexe,
Ferroelectric epitaxial nanocrystals obtained by a self-patterning method’, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 83, 2211 (2003).
161. M. Dawber, I. Szafraniak, M. Alexe and J. F. Scott, ‘Self-patterning of arrays of
ferroelectric capacitors: description by theory of substrate mediated strain interactions’,
J. Phys.: Cond. Matter. 15, L677 (2003).
162. M. Alexe, J. F. Scott, C. Curran, N. D. Zakharov, D. Hesse and A. Pignolet, ‘Self-
patterning nano-electrodes on ferroelectric thin films for gigabit memory applications’,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1592 (1998).
163. P. R. Evans, X. Zhu, P. Baxter, M. McMillen, J. McPhillips, F. D. Morrison, J. F.
Scott, R. J. Pollard, R. M. Bowman and J. M. Gregg, ‘Toward self-assembled
ferroelectric random access memories: hard-wired switching capacity arrays with
almost Tb/in
2
densities’, Nano. Letters 7, 1134–1137 (2007).
164. M. Mostovoy, ‘Ferroelectricity in spiral magnets’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 067601
(2006).
WPNL2204
Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials796
WPNL2204
Part VII
Novel processing and new materials
797
WPNL2204
Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials798
WPNL2204
799
26.1 Enhancement of piezoelectric properties of
perovskite-structured ceramics by texture
formation
The physical properties of sintered ceramics are determined not only by
composition but also by microstructure. The methods to enhance the physical
properties of ceramics include (1) the search for new materials, (2) the
selection of additives and (3) the optimization of microstructure. The
development of texture is a technique belonging to category (3). The orientation
of each grain in sintered compacts determines the physical properties of the
compacts, because many physical properties are tensors and depend on the
direction of measurement with respect to the crystal axes (Newnham, 2005).
Texture engineering intends to enhance the performance of ceramics by
controlling grain orientation. The constants that describe piezoelectric properties
are third rank tensors. Therefore, the magnitude of piezoelectric properties
depends on the orientation of grains composing sintered compacts.
The enhancement of piezoelectric properties by texture formation has
been reported for several compounds belonging to bismuth layer structure,
tungsten bronze and perovskite families (Kimura, 2006). Among these families,
the former two have a highly anisotropic crystal structure and spontaneous
polarization is restricted along a specific direction (Jaffe et al., 1971). Therefore,
the formation of texture enhances the piezoelectric properties of compounds
belonging to these families by aligning the direction of spontaneous polarization
(Takenaka and Sakata, 1980; Granahan et al., 1981).
The perovskite structure is relatively isotropic and has many equivalent
directions of spontaneous polarization: 6 for tetragonal, 12 for orthorhombic
and 8 for rhombohedral, and the benefit of texture is thought to be not so
great. However, large increases in the piezoelectric constants have been
reported (Table 26.1). The possible origins of these increases are explained
as follows:
26
Processing of textured piezoelectric and
dielectric perovskite-structured ceramics
by the reactive-templated grain
growth method
T KIMURA, Keio University, Japan
WPNL2204