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•
•
B
3
Π
u
B
2
P (. . . ns
2
np
5
)
2
P
3/2
2
P
1/2
2
P
3/2
−
2
P
1/2
2
•
•
•
•
•
•
• m
• e
• ¯h
c
c = 1
e = 0.0854
1/2
i
∂
∂t
Ψ = H
D
Ψ,
r = x, y, z ct c
∂
∂t
ict
H
D
∂
∂x
∂
∂y
∂
∂z
p p
x
= −i
∂
∂x
p
y
= −i
∂
∂y
p
z
= −i
∂
∂z
H
D
=
x
p
x
+
y
p
y
+
z
p
z
+
.
x y z
E
2
= c
2
p
2
+ m
2
c
4
m
x
= cα
x
x
= cα
y z
= cα
z
= c
2
β
H
D
= c(α
x
p
x
+ α
y
p
y
+ α
z
p
z
) + c
2
β.
α
x
α
y
α
z
α
H
D
= c(α, p) + c
2
β
H
D
2
= c
2
X
η,η
′
α
η
α
η
′
p
η
p
η
′
+ c
3
X
η
(α
η
β + βα
η
) p
η
+ c
4
β
2
(η, η
′
= x, y, z)
c
2
p
2
+ c
4
p
α
η
α
η
′
+ α
η
′
α
η
= 2δ
ηη
′
,
α
η
β + βα
η
= 0,
β
2
= 1.
α
η
β
• Ψ
r t
ζ Ψ = Ψ(r, t, ζ)
•
Ψ =
ψ
1
(r, t)
ψ
2
(r, t)
{b
i
(ζ)}
Ψ(r, t, ζ) =
X
i
ψ
i
(r, t) b
i
(ζ)
ψ
i
(r, t)
p α
η
β H
α
η
β
4 × 4 σ
x
σ
y
σ
z
α
η
=
0 0
0 0
σ
η
σ
η
0 0
0 0
, η = x, y, z, β =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 −1
=
1
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
−1
2
,
σ
x
=
0 1
1 0
, σ
y
=
0 −i
i 0
, σ
z
=
1 0
0 −1
1/2
[σ
x
, σ
y
] = 2iσ
z
, [σ
z
, σ
x
] = 2iσ
y
, [σ
y
, σ
z
] = 2iσ
x