Yung Y.L., DeMore W.B. Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres
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446
Notes
and
Bibliography
Tables 9.2, 9.3,
and 9.4 are
taken
from
Fegley,
B.,
Jr.,
"Properties
and
Composition
of
the
Terrestrial Oceans
and of the
Atmospheres
of the
Earth
and
Other
Planets,"
in
Global Earth Physics,
J. A.
Thomas,
ed.
(AGU Reference Shelf
1;
Washington, D.C.:
American
Geophysical Union), 320.
Table
9.5 is
taken
from
Rambler,
M. B. et
al.,
eds., 1987, Global Ecology:
Towards
a
Science
of the
Biosphere (New York: Academic
Press).
Table
9.6 is
taken
from
Holland,
H. D.,
1978,
The
Chemistry
of the
Atmosphere
and
Oceans (New York: Wiley).
Table
9.7 is
taken
from
Intergovernmental Panel
on
Climate Change
(1990,
1992),
cited
earlier.
Chapter
10
10.1
Introduction
There
are
many books
and
monographs covering
the
subject matter
in
this
chapter:
Intergovernmental
Panel
on
Climate Change, 1990, Climate Change:
The
IPCC
Scien-
tific
Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press),
and
1992, Climate Change
1992:
Supplement
to the
IPCC
Scientific
Assessment (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
sity
Press);
Houghton,
J.
T,
editor, 1984,
The
Global Climate (Cambridge: Cambridge
University
Press); Schlesinger,
W.
H.,
1991,
Biogeochemistry:
An
Analysis
of
Global
Change (New York: Academic Press); Hansen,
J. E., and
Takahashi,
T,
editors, 1984,
Climate Processes
and
Climate Sensitivity (Geophysical Monograph
29;
Washington,
D.C.: American Geophysical Union); Takeuchi,
K, and
Yoshino,
M.,
editors, 1991,
The
Global Environment (Berlin:
Springer-Verlag);
Brasseur,
G., and
Solomon,
S.,
1984,
Aeronomy
of the
Middle Atmosphere (Dordrecht: Reidel); Holland,
H.
D.,
and
Petersen,
U.,
1995, Living Dangerously (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press);
Singh,
H.
B.,
1995, Composition, Chemistry,
and
Climate
of the
Atmosphere (New
York:
Van
Nostrand Reinhold).
Much
of the
material
in
this
chapter
is
based
on
International Panel
on
Climate
Change
(1990;
cited above),
and the
following
three fundamental reports: McElroy,
M.
B.,
1975, "Chemical
Processes
in the
Solar System:
A
kinetic
Perspective,"
p. 127
in
Chemical Kinetics,
ed. D. R.
Herschbach (London:
Butterworths,
1975); Logan,
J. A. et
al.,
1978, "Atmospheric Chemistry: Response
to
Human Influence." Phil.
Trans.
Roy. Soc.
Land.
290, 187; Logan,
J. A. et
al.,
1981,
"Tropospheric
Chemistry:
A
Global
Perspective."
J.
Geophys.
Res.
86,
7210.
10.4 Stratospheric Chemistry
The
Antarctic ozone hole
was
discovered
by
Farman,
J.
C,
Gardiner,
B.
G.,
and
Shanklin,
J.
D.,
1985,
"Large
Losses
of
Total Ozone
in
Antarctica Reveal Seasonal
ClOx/NOx
Interaction." Nature 315, 207.
Author
and
Proper Name Index
Agung,
343,
377
Ahrens,
T.J., 104,
106
Allen,
C.W.,
19
Allende,
98,
110
Andreae,
M.O.,
352
Arrhenius,
65
Atreya,
S.K., 133,
179
Axel-Danielson,
48, 177
Baliunas,
S.L.,
22
Barrow,
J.D.,
80
Barshay,
S.S., 135,
185
Be,
A.W.H.,
334
Beer,
28
Beer,
J., 27
Belcher,
J.W.,
200
Berner,
R.A.,
338
Black,
G.A.,
85, 87, 91
Blake,
G., 63, 65
Bohren,
C.F.,
51
Bowers,
M.T.,
68, 69
Brasseur,
G.,
45
Broadfoot,
A.L., 199,
200
Broadfoot,
L.,
124,
138
Broecker,
W.S.,
82, 354
Brown,
103
Canute,
V.M.,
24
Chamberlain,
J.W.,
5, 47
Chapman,
45, 391
Chapman,
C.R.,
97
Chappuis,
35
Charon,
239
Chuang
Tzu,
77
Clarke,
A.C.,
316
Clayton,
R.N.,
110,
112
Cogley,
J.G.,
105
Coloumb,
68
Columbus,
280
Dansgaard-Oeschger,
343
Demerjian,
K.L.,
49
DeMore,
W.B.,
295, 300-307
Dissly,
R.W.,
78,
108,
111
Donahue,
R.A.,
22
Donahue,
T.M.,
179,248
El
Chichon,
343, 352,
409
Evans-Polanyi,
67
Farmer,
C.B.,
248
Fegley,
B.
Jr.,
93, 94
Festou,
M.C.,
125
447
448
Indexes
Fischer-Tropsch,
98
Fox,
J.L., 260, 262, 272,
279
Frederick,
J.E.,
41
Friedl,
R.R.,
72
Frohlich,
C,
21
Fung,
I.,
355
Genesis,
362
Gibbs,
57
Giotto,
100
G1SS,
379
Gladstone.,
139,
163-177
Goldschmidt,
81
Gregory,
R.P.F.,
53
Grinspoon,
109
Gurwell,
M.A.,
312
Halley,
100
Hammer,
C.U.,
342
Hanel,
R.,
128
Henderson-Sellers,
A.,
105
Henry,
331
Herbert,
F, 142
Herzberg,
34, 45
Herzberg,
L., 46
Holbrook,
K.A.,
71
Holland,
H.D., 350,
353
Houghton,
J.T.,
349
Hsu,
K.J.,
333
Hudson,
R.D.,
41
Huffman,
D.R.,
51
Huggins,
35
Hunten,
D.M.,
5, 47,
192, 248,
284
Jakosky,
B.M.,
248
Jeans,
15
Joseph,
361
Kant,
91
Kass,
D.M.,
276
Kasting,
J.F., 336,
348
Kaye,
J.A., 108,
111,
181
Keller,
C.N., 208, 209,
210
Kliore,
A.J.,
126
Knollenberg,
R.,
284
Kozyra,
J.U.,
275
Krakatoa,
343
Krasnopolsky,
V.A., 309,
310
Kuhn,
W.R.,
179
Kuiper,
99
Kumar,
S., 192
Lange,
M.A.,
106
Langevin,
68, 69
Laplace,
91
Larimer,
J.W.,
81, 83
Lean,
J., 23
Lee,
T,
96
Leighton-Murray,
245
Levine,
J.S., 346,
348
Lewis,
J.S.,
92,
109, 134,
182
Lindal,
G.F.,
127
Lindemann-Hinshelwood,
70
Liu,
L.G.,
314
Lovelock,
J.E.,
11,
322, 323, 326,
361
Luhmann,
J.G.,
275
Lunine,
J.I.,
87,91
Lyons,
J.R., 237,
238
Malicet,
J.,
37
Malthus,
361
Margulis,
L.,
322, 323,
326
Mariner,
282
Mathis,
J.S.,
26
Mauna
Loa,
366
Maunder,
21
Maxwell-Boltzmann,
15
McConnell,
J.C.,
138
McElroy,
245,
248
McKenzie,
J.A.,
333
Mezger,
P.O.,
26
Michelangeli,
D.V.,
49
Mie,
48, 49
Milankovitch,
281,
340
Miller,
84, 98
Molina-Rowland,
305
Muckerman,
J.T.,
64
Murchison,
98
Nagy,
A.F.,
299
Nair,
H.,
251, 257, 261,
263-272,
274,
278
Najjar,
R.,
333
Nier,
A.O.,
246
O'Keefe,
J.D.,
106
Oort,
99
Oort,
A.H., 328,
329
Owen,
T.C.,
240
Panagia,
N., 26
Papanastassiou,
D.A.,
96
Parkinson,
248
Peixoto,
J.P., 328,
329
Indexes
449
Pepin.
R.O.,
107
Pinatubo,
343, 352,
409
Pioneer
Venus,
282
Planck,
18
Pollack,
J.B.,
309,310
Prinn,
R.G.,
92, 93, 94,
135, 185,
309
Raisbeck,
G.M.,
27
Raman,
17
Rayleigh,
17, 46, 277
Raymo,
M.E.,
337
Raynaud,
D., 342
Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus,
70
Robinson,
P.J.,
71
Ruddiman,
W.F.,
337
Sandel,
B.R.,
138
Sander,
S.P.,
72
Sarmiento,
J.L.,
333
Schumann-Runge,
35, 45, 273
Seiff,
A.,
283
Sharp,
T.E.,
31
Shemansky,
D.E.,
206
Solomon,
S., 45
St.Helens,
343
Steinfeld,
J.I.,
36
Stevens,
M.H.,
142
Strobel,
D.F., 142, 181, 192, 195, 198, 206,
237,
241
Su,
T., 68, 69
Suess,
103
Summers,
M.E., 192, 195, 198,
237
Tegen,
I.,
355
Tillman,
J.E.,
246
Tipler,
F.J.,
80
Toggweiler,
J.R.,
333
Urey,
83, 84, 98
van
Dishoeck,
E.F.,
87, 91
Vega,
100
Venera,
282
Voyager,
123,
201
Walker,
J.C.G.,
105
Wasserburg,
G.J.,
96
Weidenschilling,
S.J., 134,
182
Wetherill,
G.W.,
97
Wheeler,
J.A.,
14
Yelle,
R.V.,
235
Yiou,
F, 27
Yung,
Y.L.,
72, 78,
108,
111,
216-233,
300-307
Zielinski,
G.A.,
344
Zinner,
E., 109
Subject
Index
Absorption,
28, 49
Absorption
cross
sections,
28
Accommodation
coefficient,
72
Actinic
flux, 48
Activated
complex,
63
Activation
energy,
66,
110
Adiabatic,
8
Aerosols,
48,
204,
377
Airglow,
17
Albedo, single scattering,
47
Albedo, surface,
11,
325
Alkalinity,
332
Allene,
156,
157
Anoxic
environment,
347
Antarctic
ozone hole, 358,
404
Arrhenius
expression
and
parameters,
65
Asymmetry
parameter,
50
Atmospheric
cratering,
273
ATP,
54
Aurora,
17, 25,
141,
172
Axel-Danielson
dust,
48, 177
Bacteria,
324
Beer's law,
28
Big
Bang,
18
Bimolecular
reactions,
56, 61
Biochemistry,
53, 331
Biogeochemical
cycles,
317,
324
Biomass,
330
Biomass burning,
369
Biosphere, 317,
357
Blackbody radiation,
18
Bond energy,
29, 32, 33
Br
(bromine), 355, 399,
407
Bromine compounds,
407
14
C
(carbon isotope 14),
21
Callisto,
189
Carbohydrate,
53
Carbon cycle,
330
Carbonaceous
chondrites,
104,
119
Carbonic acid,
331
Carbonyl
sulfide
(COS),
43
Catalyst, 249, 289,
404
Catalytic
chemistry
of
Earth,
404
Mars,
249
Venus,
288
CFC,
40,
280,
358
CFC1
3
(CFC-11),
360,
375
CF
2
C1
2
(CFC-12),
360, 375,
397
CH
2
,
153
450
Indexes
451
CH
2
O
(formaldehyde),
386
CH
3
Br,
354,
370
CH
3
C1,
354,
370
CH
3
D,
136,
186
CH
3
I,
354
CHsOj
(methyl peroxy radical),
385
CH
4
,
31,
144,240,385
Earth,
369
Jupiter,
129
Neptune,
130
Pluto,
240
Saturn,
130
Titan,
201
Triton,
235
Uranus,
130
C
2
H
(ethynyl
radical), 145, 154, 155,
218
C
2
H
2
,
31,
154,202
C
2
H
4
,
31,
153,
202
C
2
H
6
,
31,
153,202
Chapman Chemistry,
391
Chapman
function,
45
Chapman layer,
45
Chappuis
bands,
35
Charge
exchange reaction,
69,
196,
311
Charge transfer,
196
Chemical
stability,
4, 52
Chemical time constant,
168
Chlorine compounds,
288
Chlorine dioxide
(OC1O),
407
Chlorine monoxide
dimer,
40, 406
Chlorine
nitrate
(C1ONO
2
),
40, 399
Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC),
28, 40, 358
Chloroformyl
radical,
288
Chlorophyll,
53
Chondrites,
98,
119
Chromophore,
183
Chuang
Tzu,
77
Cl
(chlorine),
404
CIO
(chlorine monoxide),
40,
397,
400
C1O
X
(free
chlorine),
402
C1
2
O
2
,
40, 406
CLIMAP,
340
Climatic
stability,
4, 52
CIONO
2
,
40, 399
Clouds,
132
CN,
44, 224
C
2
N
2
,
43
CO
(carbon monoxide),
37
Earth,
385
Jupiter,
135
Mars,
247
Neptune, 135,
185
Pluto,
240
Saturn, 185,
135
Titan,
228
Uranus, 135,
185
Venus,
286
CO
2
(carbon dioxide),
37
Earth, 330, 366,
377
Mars,
247
Titan,
228
Venus,
286
CO
2
stability,
248,
285
Coloumb force,
68
Columbus,
280
Comparison
of
planets,
12, 203
Composition
of
atmospheres
of
planets,
12
Earth,
318
lo,
195
Jupiter,
129
Mars,
245
Neptune,
130
Pluto,
240
Saturn,
130
Titan,
202
Triton,
237
Uranus,
130
Venus,
284
Conduction,
9
Convection,
9
Corona,
19
COS,
43,
292, 352,
403
Cosmic
abundance,
82, 120
Cosmic
rays,
25, 27, 224
Cosmology,
77
Critical
level,
8, 15
Cross
section,
see
Absorption
cross
section,
Cyano radical (CN),
44, 226
Cyanoacetylenes
(HQjN),
43, 228
Daisies,
325
Dansgaard-Oeschger
events,
343
Degassing
of
gases,
103
Denitrification,
350,
372
Deuterium,
89,
108, 277,
312,
319
Devolatization,
313
Diffusion,
molecular, 137,
257
eddy,
137,257,295
Dissociation energy,
29
Dissociative recombination reactions,
74, 253
DMS,
403
DNA,
389
452
Indexes
Dobson
unit,
247
Dust,
256, 280,
355
Dust
on
Mars, 256,
280
Earth,
11
Eddy
diffusion,
137,
257,
295
Efficiency,
49
Effusion
velocity,
278
Einstein coefficient,
75
Electroglow,
123
Eleven-year
solar cycle,
21,
189,
396
Energy barrier,
61
Enthalpies
of
simple molecules,
58
Entropies
of
simple molecules,
59
Entropy
flux, 24
Equation
of
continuity,
136
Equation
of
radiative transfer,
47
Equilibrium
chemistry,
122, 135,
310
CO, 135
Equilibrium
temperature,
325
Escape
flux, 15,
106,
223
Earth,
325,
346
lo,
196
Mars, 273,
277
Pluto,
242
Titan,
217
Venus,
311
Escape
of
gas,
15
Escape
velocity,
15,
198, 278,
311
Ethynyl
radical
(C
2
H),
145, 155, 218,
310
Europa,
189
EUV,
22, 23, 199
Evans-Polanyi
relationship,
67
Evaporation,
327
Evolution,
3, 4, 13,
110,
189, 273,
310
Excited
species,
73
Exobase,
211,
252
Exosphere,
15
Exospheric
temperature,
15, 141
Earth,
15
lo,
15
Jupiter,
15, 141
Mars,
15
Saturn,
15, 141
Uranus,
15, 141
Venus,
15
Extinction,
49
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV),
22,
123,
199
Ferric iron,
349
Ferrous
iron,
349
Fertilizers,
349
Fixation
of
N
2
,
350
Foraminifera,
332
Formaldehyde (HCHO),
37, 86, 386
Gaia
hypothesis, 317,
325
Galactic
cosmic
rays,
21, 25, 27, 226
Galaxy,
80
Ganymede,
189
Gas-kinetic rate coefficient,
62
Geometric optics,
50
Gibbs
free
energy,
57
Global warming,
363
Grain
chemistry,
90
Grains,
76
Gravitational
binding energies,
14
Greenhouse
effect,
282, 363,
372
Greenhouse
gases,
363
H
(atomic hydrogen),
29
Jupiter,
163
Lyman-a
airglow,
123
H
2
(molecular hydrogen),
39,
129, 179, 253,
263
Earth,
386
Jupiter,
129
Mars, 253,
263
Titan,
202
H
2
CO
(formaldehyde),
37, 86, 386
H
2
O
dissociation energy,
33
Venus,
313
H
2
O
2
(hydrogen peroxide),
33,
249,
383,
395
Earth,
395
Mars,
249
H
2
S
(hydrogen
sulfide),
32, 129
H
2
SO4
(sulfuric
acid),
Earth,
351,377,
410
Venus,
290
Halocarbon,
369
Halogenated compounds,
369
Hartley
bands,
35
HC
3
N,
43, 224
HC1
(hydrogen chloride),
40
Earth,
399
Venus,
287
HCN,
43,
132,223
HD,
136,
186
He
(helium),
29,
129,
130
Jupiter,
129,
138
Neptune,
130
Indexes
453
Saturn,
130
Uranus,
130
Heat,
9
conduction,
9
convection,
9
Henry's Law,
331
Herzberg bands,
45
Herzberg continuum,
34
Heterogeneous reaction,
73
HF
(hydrogen
fluoride),
284,
397
Earth,
397
Venus,
284
HNO
3
(nitric acid),
38,
273,
396
HO
(hydroxyl radical), 230, 248,
394
HO
2
(hydroperoxyl radical), 249,
394
HO
2
NO
2
,
38
Homeorrhesis,
325
Homeostasis,
325
Homeostat,
11
Homo Sapiens,
357
HO
X
(odd hydrogen),
4,
250, 267, 384,
393
Huggins
bands,
35
Hydrazine,
178
Hydrocarbon chemistry, 144,
210
Hydrodynamic
escape,
104,
242
Hydrogen,
29
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN),
43, 223
Hydrogen peroxide
(H
2
O
2
),
33, 383
Hydrogen
sulfide
(H
2
S),
129
Hydrostatic equation,
6
Ice
age, 342,
379
Ice
core,
342,
378
Impact
parameter,
68
Instability,
11
Internal
heat
of
earth,
25
Interstellar
medium,
73
lo
(see composition),
10,
189,
191,
192
Ion-molecule reactions,
68, 69, 89
Ionosphere,
26,
142, 196, 204,
236
Irradiance,
20, 48
Isotopic composition,
319
Isotopic fractionation,
89, 279
Isotope
enrichment,
279
Isotope fractionation resulting
from
escape
of
gases,
279
from
chemical reactions,
89
Jeans,
15
Jovian
wind,
200
Junge layer,
49
Jupiter,
7,
120, 139,
144
Jupiter,
composition,
129
Great
Red
Spot,
183
thermal
structure,
7
K
emission,
198
Kuiper
Belt,
99
Langevin rate constant,
68, 69
Lapse
rate,
7, 8, 10
dry,
10
wet,
10
Last Glacial Maximum
(LGM),
342,
378
Leighton-Murray,
245
Lightning,
25, 27, 60, 349
Lindemann-Hinshelwood rate
coefficient,
70
Lovelock,
361
Lyman
a
(see
H),
123,
273
Lyman
bands,
30
Magmatism,
339
Malthus,
361
Mariners,
244
Mars,
11
Mars,
carbon
dioxide,
247
composition,
245
escape
of
atmospheric compounds,
273
isotope enrichment
of D
over
H, 277
Maunder Minimum,
21
Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution,
15
Mean free path,
8
Mean
temperature,
7
Metamorphism,
339
Methane (see
CH
4
)
Methylacetylene
(propyne,
CH
3
CCH),
156,
157,
202
Methylene
radical
(CH
2
),
145,
153
Mie
scattering,
48, 49
Milankovitch
theory
of
climate,
281,
340
Molecular
diffusion,
137
Molina-Rowland,
305
N
2
(molecular nitrogen),
38,
223, 240,
318
Earth,
318,349
Jupiter,
179
Mars,
245
Titan,
201
Venus,
284
N
2
O,
38,
256,
370
454
Indexes
N
2
O
5
,
38, 256
Na
emission,
198
Neptune,
7,
130, 181,
185
composition,
130
thermal
structure,
7
NH
3
(ammonia),
32,
129,
130
Jupiter,
129
Saturn,
130
Nitrate
radical
(NO
3
),
38, 255
Nitric
acid
(HNO
3
),
38, 255
Nitric
oxide (NO),
38,
255,
383
Nitrogen chemistry
in the
atmosphere
of
Earth, 349,
396
Jupiter,
178
Mars,
255
Titan,
223
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO
2
),
38, 255
Nitrous
oxide
(N
2
O),
38
biological production,
374
Mars,
256
NO
(see
nitric
oxide)
NO
2
(see nitrogen dioxide)
NO
3
(see nitrate radical)
NO
X
(odd nitrogen),
catalytic cycle Earth,
402
catalytic
cycle Mars,
255
N
2
Os
(dinitrogen pentoxide),
38, 256
Ocean
chemical
composition,
320
O('D)
(first
metastable
state),
250
Earth,
382
Mars,
251
O(
3
P)
(ground state),
34
Earth,
402
Mars, 247,
263
Venus,
286
0
2
(molecular oxygen),
34,
191, 263,
348
Earth,
348
Mars, 245,
263
Venus,
286
03
(ozone),
34
biological
screen,
348
Earth abundance, 318, 393,
402
Mars abundance, 247,
266
O
3
bands,
34
0
4
,
34
OC1O,
407
Odd
nitrogen,
255
OH
(hydroxyl), 230, 248, 267, 382,
403
in
HO
X
cycle, 267,
384
OH,
Earth,
382
Oort
cloud,
99
Optical depth,
44
Organic compounds,
204
Organic synthesis,
84, 90
Origin,
3
Oxidants,
382
Oxygen,
34
Oxygen cycle,
347
Ozone
hole,
404
Ozone
hole
(see Antarctic
Ozone
hole)
P
4
,
182,
183
Paleosol,
335
Partition function,
65
Penultimate glacial maximum (PGM),
340
Perfect
gas
law,
6
Periodic table,
81
PH
3
(phosphine),
32,
129, 130,
182
Phase
function,
47
Phosphine,
182
Phosphorus
cycle,
353
Photochemistry, 247,
348
Photodissociation
coefficient,
44
Photoelectrons,
143
Photosensitized dissociation,
32,
144, 155,
210
Photosphere,
19
Photosynthesis,
323,
330
Pioneer,
282
Planck
function
(see blackbody radiation)
Pluto,
240
composition,
240
thermal structure,
241
Polar
stratospheric
clouds,
408
Polarizability,
68
Polymerization,
177
Poly
sulfur,
291,292
Polyynes, 144, 158, 173,
221
Jupiter,
158
Titan,
221
Population,
358
Potential
energy,
13, 64
Precipitation,
327
Present atmospheric level (PAL),
345
Pressure, Venus,
283
Prokaryotes,
324
PSC,
408
Radiation entropy,
24
Radiative
association reactions,
75, 90
Radiative
forcing,
375
Indexes
455
Radiative
transfer.
47
Raman
scattering,
17
Rate
coefficient,
56
gas
kinetic,
62
three-body,
56, 70
two-body,
56, 62
Rates
of
reaction,
56
Rayleigh
distillation,
277
Rayleigh
scattering,
17, 46
Recombination
reaction,
74,
202,
255
Resonance scattering,
17,
123,
202
Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus,
70
S
emission,
198
Saturn,
7,
130,
181,
185
composition,
130
thermal
structure,
7
Scale
height,
7
Scattering,
Mie,
48
Rayleigh,
46
Scattering
by
small particles,
48, 49
Scattering
efficiency,
49
Schumann-Runge
band,
35, 45
Sequestering,
273
Sidereal period,
6
Single scattering albedo,
47
SMOW,
110
SO,
43
SO
2
(Sulfur
dioxide),
43,
191, 284,
377
Earth,
377
lo,
191
Venus,
284
Solar constant,
18, 325
Solar cycle
(see
eleven year
solar
cycle),
22,
200,
396
Solar maximum,
27
Solar minimum,
27
Solar wind,
25,
275,
312
Stability,
4
chemical,
4
climatic,
4
Stability
of
CO
2
,
248,
285
Starlight,
25, 26
Stratosphere,
134,
144, 202,
389
Earth,
389
Jupiter,
134
Titan,
202
Structure,
205
Sulfate,
377
Sulfur,
186
Sulfur
compounds,
32, 43,
193,
289
Sulfur
cycle,
351
Sun,
20
Sun's
variability,
21
Sunspots,
22,
340,
341
Synthesis
of
complex organic molecules,
71
T-Tauri phase,
23, 106
Temperature, thermal structure,
7
Earth,
11
lo,
10,
192
Jupiter,
7, 139
Mars,
11,257
Neptune,
7
Pluto,
241
Saturn,
7
Titan,
10, 205
Triton,
10, 237
Uranus,
7
Venus,
283
Termolecular reactions,
56, 70
thermal,
205
Thermal inversion,
11,52
Thermal structure,
9
Thermochemical
reactions,
56
Thermoequilbrium
chemistry,
60
Three-body
rate
association,
70
Three-body
rate
coefficient,
71
Titan,
10,
205,
223
composition,
202
escape
flux, 223
ionosphere,
204
photochemistry,
210
thermal
structure,
205
Transition state,
63
Transition state,
63
Triton,
10, 234
Troe
formula,
71
Troposphere
of
Earth,
381
Unimolecular
reactions,
55, 61
Uranus,
composition,
7,
130,
185
temperature,
7
UV-A,
UV-B, UV-C,
389
Venera,
282
Venus,
11,282
composition,
284
deuterium,
312